This could be why you're depressed or anxious | Johann Hari | TED

11,255,205 views ใƒป 2019-10-11

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nurit Noy
00:13
For a really long time,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“,
00:14
I had two mysteries that were hanging over me.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช.
00:18
I didn't understand them
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ
00:20
and, to be honest, I was quite afraid to look into them.
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:24
The first mystery was, I'm 40 years old,
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ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 40,
00:27
and all throughout my lifetime, year after year,
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ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™, ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”,
00:31
serious depression and anxiety have risen,
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืงืฉื™ื,
00:34
in the United States, in Britain,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
00:37
and across the Western world.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
00:39
And I wanted to understand why.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”.
00:43
Why is this happening to us?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•?
00:45
Why is it that with each year that passes,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืคืช,
00:48
more and more of us are finding it harder to get through the day?
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื?
00:51
And I wanted to understand this because of a more personal mystery.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ .
00:55
When I was a teenager,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื”,
00:56
I remember going to my doctor
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื™
00:58
and explaining that I had this feeling, like pain was leaking out of me.
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ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืื‘ ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืžืชื•ื›ื™.
01:03
I couldn't control it,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื”,
01:04
I didn't understand why it was happening,
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
01:06
I felt quite ashamed of it.
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ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”.
01:09
And my doctor told me a story
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
01:10
that I now realize was well-intentioned,
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ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
01:12
but quite oversimplified.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ืœืžื“ื™.
01:14
Not totally wrong.
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ืœื ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:15
My doctor said, "We know why people get like this.
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื™ ืืžืจ, "ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
01:18
Some people just naturally get a chemical imbalance in their heads --
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ -
01:22
you're clearly one of them.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืชื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
01:24
All we need to do is give you some drugs,
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืชืช ืœืš ื›ืžื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
01:26
it will get your chemical balance back to normal."
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ."
01:28
So I started taking a drug called Paxil or Seroxat,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคืงืกื™ืœ, ืื• ืกืจื•ืงืกื˜,
01:30
it's the same thing with different names in different countries.
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:34
And I felt much better, I got a real boost.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื“ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“.
01:36
But not very long afterwards,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
01:37
this feeling of pain started to come back.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
01:39
So I was given higher and higher doses
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ืื– ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
01:41
until, for 13 years, I was taking the maximum possible dose
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš 13 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™
01:45
that you're legally allowed to take.
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ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ .
01:47
And for a lot of those 13 years, and pretty much all the time by the end,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืž 13 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืคืŸ,
01:50
I was still in a lot of pain.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ืื‘ ืจื‘.
01:52
And I started asking myself, "What's going on here?
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™, "ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
01:55
Because you're doing everything
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื”
01:56
you're told to do by the story that's dominating the culture --
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช -
02:00
why do you still feel like this?"
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ืœืžื” ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื›ื”?"
02:02
So to get to the bottom of these two mysteries,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื•
02:05
for a book that I've written
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™,
02:06
I ended up going on a big journey all over the world,
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:09
I traveled over 40,000 miles.
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ื› 81,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
02:10
I wanted to sit with the leading experts in the world
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:13
about what causes depression and anxiety
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืจื“ื”
02:15
and crucially, what solves them,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ืคื•ืชืจ ืื•ืชื.
02:17
and people who have come through depression and anxiety
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”
02:19
and out the other side in all sorts of ways.
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ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
02:21
And I learned a huge amount
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“
02:23
from the amazing people I got to know along the way.
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ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
02:26
But I think at the heart of what I learned is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ื™ื”,
02:29
so far, we have scientific evidence
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ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
02:32
for nine different causes of depression and anxiety.
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ืœืชืฉืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”.
02:35
Two of them are indeed in our biology.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:38
Your genes can make you more sensitive to these problems,
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืชื›ื ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื”,
02:41
though they don't write your destiny.
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ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื—ื•ืจืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:43
And there are real brain changes that can happen when you become depressed
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืึทืžึดื™ืชึดื™ึผึดื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
02:46
that can make it harder to get out.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
02:48
But most of the factors that have been proven
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื•
02:50
to cause depression and anxiety
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ื›ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”
02:52
are not in our biology.
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ืื™ื ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:55
They are factors in the way we live.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืคืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:58
And once you understand them,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
02:59
it opens up a very different set of solutions
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ื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
03:02
that should be offered to people
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
03:04
alongside the option of chemical antidepressants.
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ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
03:07
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”:
03:09
if you're lonely, you're more likely to become depressed.
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.
03:12
If, when you go to work, you don't have any control over your job,
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ืื ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:15
you've just got to do what you're told,
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื,
03:17
you're more likely to become depressed.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.
03:19
If you very rarely get out into the natural world,
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
03:22
you're more likely to become depressed.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
03:23
And one thing unites a lot of the causes of depression and anxiety
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”
03:27
that I learned about.
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ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:28
Not all of them, but a lot of them.
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ืœื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
03:30
Everyone here knows
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:32
you've all got natural physical needs, right?
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ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:34
Obviously.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
03:35
You need food, you need water,
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ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื,
03:38
you need shelter, you need clean air.
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ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื—ืกื”, ืืชื” ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™.
03:40
If I took those things away from you,
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:42
you'd all be in real trouble, real fast.
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ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช
03:44
But at the same time,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
03:46
every human being has natural psychological needs.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
03:50
You need to feel you belong.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืชื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื.
03:52
You need to feel your life has meaning and purpose.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช.
03:55
You need to feel that people see you and value you.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืชื›ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืชื›ื.
03:57
You need to feel you've got a future that makes sense.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืœื›ื ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
04:00
And this culture we built is good at lots of things.
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ื•ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
04:03
And many things are better than in the past --
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ -
04:05
I'm glad to be alive today.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:07
But we've been getting less and less good
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื
04:09
at meeting these deep, underlying psychological needs.
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ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
04:13
And it's not the only thing that's going on,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื”,
04:16
but I think it's the key reason why this crisis keeps rising and rising.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:20
And I found this really hard to absorb.
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:24
I really wrestled with the idea
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ืžืžืฉ ื ืื‘ืงืชื™ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
04:26
of shifting from thinking of my depression as just a problem in my brain,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™,
04:31
to one with many causes,
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
04:32
including many in the way we're living.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:34
And it only really began to fall into place for me
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ
04:36
when one day, I went to interview a South African psychiatrist
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™
04:40
named Dr. Derek Summerfield.
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ื‘ืฉื ื“"ืจ ื“ืจืง ืกืืžืจืคื™ืœื“.
04:41
He's a great guy.
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ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื ื”ื“ืจ.
04:43
And Dr. Summerfield happened to be in Cambodia in 2001,
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ื•ื“"ืจ ืกืืžืจืคื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001,
04:46
when they first introduced chemical antidepressants
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
04:50
for people in that country.
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ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
04:51
And the local doctors, the Cambodians, had never heard of these drugs,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
04:55
so they were like, what are they?
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื›ื”, ืžื” ื–ื”?
04:56
And he explained.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
04:58
And they said to him,
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ื•ื”ื ืขื ื• ืœื•,
04:59
"We don't need them, we've already got antidepressants."
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ."
05:02
And he was like, "What do you mean?"
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ, "ืœืžื” ืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื?"
05:04
He thought they were going to talk about some kind of herbal remedy,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืฆืžื—ื™ ืžืจืคื,
05:07
like St. John's Wort, ginkgo biloba, something like that.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื ื˜ ื’'ื•ื 'ืก ื•ื•ืจื˜, ื’'ื™ื ืงื• ื‘ื™ืœื•ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
05:11
Instead, they told him a story.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
05:14
There was a farmer in their community who worked in the rice fields.
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื›ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื–.
05:18
And one day, he stood on a land mine
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืขืœ ืžื•ืงืฉ ื ืขืœ
05:20
left over from the war with the United States,
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ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:22
and he got his leg blown off.
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ื•ืจื’ืœื• ื”ืชืจืกืงื”.
05:23
So they him an artificial leg,
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืœื• ืจื’ืœ ืชื•ืชื‘ืช,
05:25
and after a while, he went back to work in the rice fields.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื–.
05:28
But apparently, it's super painful to work under water
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
05:30
when you've got an artificial limb,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ืคื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
05:32
and I'm guessing it was pretty traumatic
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™
05:34
to go back and work in the field where he got blown up.
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคืฆืข.
05:36
The guy started to cry all day,
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:39
he refused to get out of bed,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื”,
05:40
he developed all the symptoms of classic depression.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™.
05:44
The Cambodian doctor said,
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืจ,
05:45
"This is when we gave him an antidepressant."
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"ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ื ื•ื’ื“ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ."
05:47
And Dr. Summerfield said, "What was it?"
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ื•ื“"ืจ ืกืืžืจืคื™ืœื“ ืืžืจ, "ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”?"
05:50
They explained that they went and sat with him.
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ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืชื•.
05:53
They listened to him.
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ื”ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื•.
05:56
They realized that his pain made sense --
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ -
05:59
it was hard for him to see it in the throes of his depression,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
06:01
but actually, it had perfectly understandable causes in his life.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•.
06:05
One of the doctors, talking to the people in the community, figured,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘,
06:09
"You know, if we bought this guy a cow,
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"ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื• ืงื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืคืจื”,
06:11
he could become a dairy farmer,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืคืชืŸ,
06:13
he wouldn't be in this position that was screwing him up so much,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
06:16
he wouldn't have to go and work in the rice fields."
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื–."
06:18
So they bought him a cow.
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ืื– ืงื ื• ืœื• ืคืจื”.
06:20
Within a couple of weeks, his crying stopped,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช,
06:22
within a month, his depression was gone.
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ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื ืขืœื.
06:24
They said to doctor Summerfield,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื“"ืจ ืกืืžืจืคื™ืœื“,
06:25
"So you see, doctor, that cow, that was an antidepressant,
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"ืื– ืืชื” ืจื•ืื”, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื’ื“ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
06:28
that's what you mean, right?"
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ืœื–ื” ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
06:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:34
If you'd been raised to think about depression the way I was,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
ื•ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
06:37
and most of the people here were,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:38
that sounds like a bad joke, right?
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"ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจื•ืคืื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
06:40
"I went to my doctor for an antidepressant,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืคืจื”."
06:42
she gave me a cow."
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06:43
But what those Cambodian doctors knew intuitively,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืชื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
06:46
based on this individual, unscientific anecdote,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื–ื•,
06:49
is what the leading medical body in the world,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
06:53
the World Health Organization,
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
06:55
has been trying to tell us for years,
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
06:57
based on the best scientific evidence.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:00
If you're depressed,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
07:02
if you're anxious,
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ืื ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ืจื“ื”,
07:05
you're not weak, you're not crazy,
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ืืชื ืœื ื—ืœืฉื™ื, ืืชื ืœื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื,
07:08
you're not, in the main, a machine with broken parts.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื
07:12
You're a human being with unmet needs.
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ืืชื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื.
07:15
And it's just as important to think here about what those Cambodian doctors
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื™ื
07:19
and the World Health Organization are not saying.
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
07:21
They did not say to this farmer,
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ื”ื ืœื ืืžืจื• ืœืื™ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:23
"Hey, buddy, you need to pull yourself together.
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ื”ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
07:26
It's your job to figure out and fix this problem on your own."
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš."
07:29
On the contrary, what they said is,
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ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ื–ื”,
07:31
"We're here as a group to pull together with you,
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ื ืฉืชืฃ ืื™ืชืš ืคืขื•ืœื”,
07:35
so together, we can figure out and fix this problem."
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”."
07:40
This is what every depressed person needs,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš,
07:44
and it's what every depressed person deserves.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
07:47
This is why one of the leading doctors at the United Nations,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•"ื,
07:50
in their official statement for World Health Day,
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ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
07:53
couple of years back in 2017,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ 2017,
07:54
said we need to talk less about chemical imbalances
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ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™
07:57
and more about the imbalances in the way we live.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:00
Drugs give real relief to some people --
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื -
08:02
they gave relief to me for a while --
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืงืœื• ืขืœื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” -
08:05
but precisely because this problem goes deeper than their biology,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
08:09
the solutions need to go much deeper, too.
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ื’ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:12
But when I first learned that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
08:15
I remember thinking,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
08:16
"OK, I could see all the scientific evidence,
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"ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช,
ืงืจืืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื,
08:19
I read a huge number of studies,
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ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื–ื”,
08:20
I interviewed a huge number of the experts who were explaining this,"
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?"
08:23
but I kept thinking, "How can we possibly do that?"
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
08:26
The things that are making us depressed
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08:28
are in most cases more complex than what was going on
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ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
08:30
with this Cambodian farmer.
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ืขื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
08:32
Where do we even begin with that insight?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื, ืขื ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื•?
08:34
But then, in the long journey for my book,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืืจื•ืš ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™,
08:38
all over the world,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:39
I kept meeting people who were doing exactly that,
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”,
08:42
from Sydney, to San Francisco,
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ืžืกื™ื“ื ื™ ืœืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
08:44
to Sรฃo Paulo.
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ื•ืœืกืืŸ ืคืื•ืœื•.
08:45
I kept meeting people who were understanding
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
08:48
the deeper causes of depression and anxiety
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”
08:50
and, as groups, fixing them.
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ื•ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืชื™ืงื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
08:52
Obviously, I can't tell you about all the amazing people
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
08:55
I got to know and wrote about,
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ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
08:57
or all of the nine causes of depression and anxiety that I learned about,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
09:00
because they won't let me give a 10-hour TED Talk --
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืช TED ืฉืœ 10 ืฉืขื•ืช -
09:03
you can complain about that to them.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื.
09:04
But I want to focus on two of the causes
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
09:06
and two of the solutions that emerge from them, if that's alright.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื, ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
09:10
Here's the first.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:
09:12
We are the loneliest society in human history.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
09:15
There was a recent study that asked Americans,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉืืœื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื:
09:18
"Do you feel like you're no longer close to anyone?"
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“?"
09:21
And 39 percent of people said that described them.
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ื•- 39% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืื•ืชื.
09:25
"No longer close to anyone."
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"ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“."
09:26
In the international measurements of loneliness,
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ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
09:28
Britain and the rest of Europe are just behind the US,
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ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืืจื”"ื‘,
09:31
in case anyone here is feeling smug.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ึธื—ื•ึผื—ึท.
09:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:34
I spent a lot of time discussing this
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš
09:36
with the leading expert in the world on loneliness,
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ืขื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช,
09:38
an incredible man named professor John Cacioppo,
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ืื“ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงืกื™ื•ืคื•,
09:40
who was at Chicago,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
09:42
and I thought a lot about one question his work poses to us.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
09:44
Professor Cacioppo asked,
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงืกื™ื•ืคื• ืฉืืœ,
09:47
"Why do we exist?
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื?
09:48
Why are we here, why are we alive?"
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื?"
09:50
One key reason
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื
09:53
is that our ancestors on the savannas of Africa
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ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ื•ืื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
09:56
were really good at one thing.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
09:58
They weren't bigger than the animals they took down a lot of the time,
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ,
10:01
they weren't faster than the animals they took down a lot of the time,
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ,
10:04
but they were much better at banding together into groups
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
10:07
and cooperating.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
10:09
This was our superpower as a species --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ --
10:11
we band together,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืื’ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
10:13
just like bees evolved to live in a hive,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืจืช,
10:15
humans evolved to live in a tribe.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜.
10:17
And we are the first humans ever
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื
10:22
to disband our tribes.
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ืฉืคื™ืจืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
10:24
And it is making us feel awful.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืจื.
10:27
But it doesn't have to be this way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
10:29
One of the heroes in my book, and in fact, in my life,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
10:31
is a doctor named Sam Everington.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืฉื ืกื ืื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
10:33
He's a general practitioner in a poor part of East London,
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
10:36
where I lived for many years.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
10:38
And Sam was really uncomfortable,
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ื•ืœืกื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืงืœ,
10:40
because he had loads of patients
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ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
10:41
coming to him with terrible depression and anxiety.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
10:44
And like me, he's not opposed to chemical antidepressants,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
10:46
he thinks they give some relief to some people.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืžืงืœื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
10:49
But he could see two things.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:50
Firstly, his patients were depressed and anxious a lot of the time
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ
10:54
for totally understandable reasons, like loneliness.
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
10:57
And secondly, although the drugs were giving some relief to some people,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ืชื ื• ื”ืงืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
11:01
for many people, they didn't solve the problem.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
11:03
The underlying problem.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
11:05
One day, Sam decided to pioneer a different approach.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืกื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช.
11:08
A woman came to his center, his medical center,
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ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœื•,
11:11
called Lisa Cunningham.
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ืงืจืื• ืœื” ืœื™ืกื” ืงื ื™ื ื’ื”ื.
11:12
I got to know Lisa later.
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ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืœื™ืกื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:14
And Lisa had been shut away in her home with crippling depression and anxiety
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ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื ืกื’ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืง ื•ื—ืจื“ื”
11:18
for seven years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 7 ืฉื ื™ื.
11:20
And when she came to Sam's center, she was told, "Don't worry,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืกื, ืืžืจื• ืœื”: "ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื™,
11:23
we'll carry on giving you these drugs,
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ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
11:25
but we're also going to prescribe something else.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืฉื•ื ืœืš ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
11:28
We're going to prescribe for you to come here to this center twice a week
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ืื ื• ื ืจืฉื•ื ืœืš ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืืŸ, ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื–ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข
11:31
to meet with a group of other depressed and anxious people,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”.
11:34
not to talk about how miserable you are,
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ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืืช ืื•ืžืœืœื”,
11:37
but to figure out something meaningful you can all do together
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ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
11:41
so you won't be lonely and you won't feel like life is pointless."
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื˜ืขื"
11:44
The first time this group met,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื”,
11:47
Lisa literally started vomiting with anxiety,
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ืœื™ืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ื—ืจื“ื”,
11:49
it was so overwhelming for her.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืžื ืขื‘ื•ืจื”.
11:51
But people rubbed her back, the group started talking,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืคื—ื• ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘, ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
11:54
they were like, "What could we do?"
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• "ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
11:55
These are inner-city, East London people like me,
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ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ.
11:58
they didn't know anything about gardening.
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืœืžื“ ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ?"
12:00
They were like, "Why don't we learn gardening?"
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื
12:02
There was an area behind the doctors' offices
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ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ื›ื™ื.
12:04
that was just scrubland.
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœื’ืŸ?"
12:05
"Why don't we make this into a garden?"
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”,
12:07
They started to take books out of the library,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘.
12:09
started to watch YouTube clips.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชื—ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
12:11
They started to get their fingers in the soil.
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12:13
They started to learn the rhythms of the seasons.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช.
12:16
There's a lot of evidence
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
ืฉื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
12:18
that exposure to the natural world
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12:19
is a really powerful antidepressant.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืืžืช.
12:21
But they started to do something even more important.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
12:25
They started to form a tribe.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜.
12:27
They started to form a group.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
12:29
They started to care about each other.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
12:31
If one of them didn't show up,
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ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข,
12:32
the others would go looking for them -- "Are you OK?"
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ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื• - "ืืชื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ?"
12:35
Help them figure out what was troubling them that day.
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.
12:38
The way Lisa put it to me,
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืœื™ืกื” ืชื™ืืจื” ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื”,
12:39
"As the garden began to bloom,
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"ื›ืฉื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื•ื—,
12:42
we began to bloom."
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคืจื•ื—."
12:44
This approach is called social prescribing,
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืชืŸ ืžืจืฉื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
12:46
it's spreading all over Europe.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
12:48
And there's a small, but growing body of evidence
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
12:50
suggesting it can produce real and meaningful falls
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช
12:53
in depression and anxiety.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”.
12:55
And one day, I remember standing in the garden
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ
12:59
that Lisa and her once-depressed friends had built --
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ืฉืœื™ืกื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื• --
13:01
it's a really beautiful garden --
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ื–ื” ื’ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื” -
13:03
and having this thought,
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ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื•,
13:04
it's very much inspired by a guy called professor Hugh Mackay in Australia.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื• ืžืงืื™ ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
13:08
I was thinking, so often when people feel down in this culture,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™: ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืข, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
13:12
what we say to them -- I'm sure everyone here said it, I have --
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื - ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ืืžืจื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™
13:15
we say, "You just need to be you, be yourself."
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ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืืชื” ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืš"
13:19
And I've realized, actually, what we should say to people is,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื”,
13:22
"Don't be you.
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"ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืืชื”.
13:24
Don't be yourself.
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ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืฆืžืš.
13:26
Be us, be we.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื•, ืชื”ื™ื” ืื ื•.
13:28
Be part of a group."
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื”"
13:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:33
The solution to these problems
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
13:36
does not lie in drawing more and more on your resources
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
13:39
as an isolated individual --
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ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื -
13:41
that's partly what got us in this crisis.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
13:43
It lies on reconnecting with something bigger than you.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื.
13:45
And that really connects to one of the other causes
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
13:48
of depression and anxiety that I wanted to talk to you about.
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ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื.
ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
13:51
So everyone knows
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13:53
junk food has taken over our diets and made us physically sick.
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ืฉื”ื’'ืื ืง ืคื•ื“ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
13:56
I don't say that with any sense of superiority,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
13:59
I literally came to give this talk from McDonald's.
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื–ื• ืžืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก.
14:01
I saw all of you eating that healthy TED breakfast, I was like no way.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ TED,
ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘.
14:04
But just like junk food has taken over our diets and made us physically sick,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื’'ืื ืง ืคื•ื“ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
14:10
a kind of junk values have taken over our minds
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื’'ืื ืง ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ื•
14:14
and made us mentally sick.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ.
14:16
For thousands of years, philosophers have said,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืืžืจื•,
14:19
if you think life is about money, and status and showing off,
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฉื,
14:23
you're going to feel like crap.
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ืืชื ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืžื’ืขื™ืœ.
14:25
That's not an exact quote from Schopenhauer,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืžืฉื•ืคื ื”ืื•ืืจ,
14:27
but that is the gist of what he said.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
14:29
But weirdly, hardy anyone had scientifically investigated this,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ,ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ืงืจ ื–ืืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
14:32
until a truly extraordinary person I got to know, named professor Tim Kasser,
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ืขื“ ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื ืงืืกืจ,
14:36
who's at Knox College in Illinois,
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ืžืžื›ืœืœืช ื ื•ืงืก ื‘ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™,
14:38
and he's been researching this for about 30 years now.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ 30 ืฉื ื”.
14:40
And his research suggests several really important things.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
14:43
Firstly, the more you believe
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
14:47
you can buy and display your way out of sadness,
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขืฆื‘,
14:51
and into a good life,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
14:53
the more likely you are to become depressed and anxious.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืชื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ื•ื—ืจื“ื™ื.
14:56
And secondly,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
14:58
as a society, we have become much more driven by these beliefs.
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ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืคื›ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•.
15:02
All throughout my lifetime,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™,
15:04
under the weight of advertising and Instagram and everything like them.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื•ืฉื›ืžื•ืชื.
15:08
And as I thought about this,
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”
15:10
I realized it's like we've all been fed since birth, a kind of KFC for the soul.
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื ื•, ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื ืคืฉ.
15:16
We've been trained to look for happiness in all the wrong places,
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ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
15:19
and just like junk food doesn't meet your nutritional needs
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื’'ืื ืง ืคื•ื“ ืœื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื›ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื
15:22
and actually makes you feel terrible,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืจื,
15:25
junk values don't meet your psychological needs,
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ื›ืš ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื’'ืื ืง ืื™ื ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
15:28
and they take you away from a good life.
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ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืชื›ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
15:30
But when I first spent time with professor Kasser
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงืืกืจ
15:33
and I was learning all this,
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
15:35
I felt a really weird mixture of emotions.
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ื—ืฉืชื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
15:37
Because on the one hand, I found this really challenging.
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ื›ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืืชื’ืจ.
15:40
I could see how often in my own life, when I felt down,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื’ืจื•ืข,
15:43
I tried to remedy it with some kind of show-offy, grand external solution.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืคืœื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืจืฉื™ื.
15:49
And I could see why that did not work well for me.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
15:52
I also thought, isn't this kind of obvious?
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื’ื, ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื•?
15:55
Isn't this almost like banal, right?
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื ืืœื™?
15:57
If I said to everyone here,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ,
15:58
none of you are going to lie on your deathbed
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื”ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•
ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืงื ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
16:01
and think about all the shoes you bought and all the retweets you got,
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ืืชื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจื’ืขื™ื
16:04
you're going to think about moments
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ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
16:06
of love, meaning and connection in your life.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืงืœื™ืฉืื”.
16:08
I think that seems almost like a clichรฉ.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงืืกืจ,
16:10
But I kept talking to professor Kasser and saying,
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16:12
"Why am I feeling this strange doubleness?"
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"ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื•?"
16:15
And he said, "At some level, we all know these things.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
16:18
But in this culture, we don't live by them."
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื."
16:21
We know them so well they've become clichรฉs,
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงืœื™ืฉืื•ืช,
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื.
16:23
but we don't live by them.
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16:24
I kept asking why, why would we know something so profound,
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ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ืฉืืœืชื™, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื—ืจืฅ,
16:27
but not live by it?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื•?
16:29
And after a while, professor Kasser said to me,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงืืกืจ ืืžืจ ืœื™,
16:32
"Because we live in a machine
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"ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”
16:35
that is designed to get us to neglect what is important about life."
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื."
16:39
I had to really think about that.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
16:40
"Because we live in a machine
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"ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”
16:42
that is designed to get us to neglect what is important about life."
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื."
16:46
And professor Kasser wanted to figure out if we can disrupt that machine.
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ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงืืกืจ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
16:50
He's done loads of research into this;
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ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”;
16:51
I'll tell you about one example,
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ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช,
16:53
and I really urge everyone here to try this with their friends and family.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
16:57
With a guy called Nathan Dungan, he got a group of teenagers and adults
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื ื’ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
17:00
to come together for a series of sessions over a period of time, to meet up.
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ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืœืกื“ืจืช ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ,
17:04
And part of the point of the group
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
17:06
was to get people to think about a moment in their life
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจื’ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
17:09
they had actually found meaning and purpose.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช.
17:12
For different people, it was different things.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
17:14
For some people, it was playing music, writing, helping someone --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืขื–ืจื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช -
17:18
I'm sure everyone here can picture something, right?
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:21
And part of the point of the group was to get people to ask,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
17:24
"OK, how could you dedicate more of your life
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"ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื
17:26
to pursuing these moments of meaning and purpose,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช,
17:29
and less to, I don't know, buying crap you don't need,
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืงืฉืงื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื,
17:32
putting it on social media and trying to get people to go,
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘,
17:35
'OMG, so jealous!'"
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"ื•ื•ืื™ื™, ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืงื ืื™ื!"
17:36
And what they found was,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื™ื”,
17:38
just having these meetings,
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ืฉืจืง ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
17:39
it was like a kind of Alcoholics Anonymous for consumerism, right?
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืœืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช,
17:43
Getting people to have these meetings, articulate these values,
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
17:46
determine to act on them and check in with each other,
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
17:49
led to a marked shift in people's values.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
17:52
It took them away from this hurricane of depression-generating messages
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
17:56
training us to seek happiness in the wrong places,
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
17:59
and towards more meaningful and nourishing values
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ื•ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื
18:02
that lift us out of depression.
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ืฉื™ืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
18:05
But with all the solutions that I saw and have written about,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
18:08
and many I can't talk about here,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืŸ,
18:11
I kept thinking,
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
18:12
you know: Why did it take me so long to see these insights?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืœืงื— ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
18:16
Because when you explain them to people --
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื -
18:18
some of them are more complicated, but not all --
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ,
18:21
when you explain this to people, it's not like rocket science, right?
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ื›ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
18:24
At some level, we already know these things.
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18:26
Why do we find it so hard to understand?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื?
18:29
I think there's many reasons.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
18:31
But I think one reason is that we have to change our understanding
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
18:35
of what depression and anxiety actually are.
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ืžื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”.
18:39
There are very real biological contributions
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
18:41
to depression and anxiety.
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ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืจื“ื”.
18:44
But if we allow the biology to become the whole picture,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
18:47
as I did for so long,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
18:49
as I would argue our culture has done pretty much most of my life,
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ื›ืฉื˜ืขื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™
18:53
what we're implicitly saying to people is, and this isn't anyone's intention,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื”,
18:57
but what we're implicitly saying to people is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื:
19:00
"Your pain doesn't mean anything.
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"ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœื•ื.
19:02
It's just a malfunction.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืชืงืœื”.
19:03
It's like a glitch in a computer program,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘,
19:06
it's just a wiring problem in your head."
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ื–ื• ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื."
19:10
But I was only able to start changing my life
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™,
19:13
when I realized your depression is not a malfunction.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืื™ื ื• ืชืงืœื”.
19:18
It's a signal.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ืชื•ืช.
19:20
Your depression is a signal.
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ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ืชื•ืช.
19:23
It's telling you something.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
19:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:29
We feel this way for reasons,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืš,
19:31
and they can be hard to see in the throes of depression --
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ --
19:34
I understand that really well from personal experience.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
19:37
But with the right help, we can understand these problems
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
19:40
and we can fix these problems together.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
19:43
But to do that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
19:44
the very first step
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
19:46
is we have to stop insulting these signals
457
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
19:48
by saying they're a sign of weakness, or madness or purely biological,
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ืชื•ืš ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ืื• ืœืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื,
19:53
except for a tiny number of people.
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ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
19:55
We need to start listening to these signals,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
19:58
because they're telling us something we really need to hear.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
20:02
It's only when we truly listen to these signals,
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
20:07
and we honor these signals and respect these signals,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
20:11
that we're going to begin to see
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
20:13
the liberating, nourishing, deeper solutions.
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ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื, ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:19
The cows that are waiting all around us.
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ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
20:23
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
20:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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