Elizabeth Pisani: Sex, drugs and HIV -- let's get rational

164,140 views ใƒป 2010-04-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: shai krontal ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
"People do stupid things.
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โ€œืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืคืฉื™ื™ื -
00:18
That's what spreads HIV."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”-HIV."
00:20
This was a headline in a U.K. newspaper,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™
00:22
The Guardian, not that long ago.
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ื”-"ื’ืืจื“ื™ืืŸ" ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ.
00:24
I'm curious, show of hands, who agrees with it?
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ืื ื™ ืกืงืจื ื™ืช -- ื‘ื”ืจืžืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื -- ืžื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื–ื”?
00:29
Well, one or two brave souls.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืฉืžื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื•ืช.
00:31
This is actually a direct quote from an epidemiologist
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
00:34
who's been in field of HIV for 15 years,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช HIV ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:36
worked on four continents,
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ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
00:38
and you're looking at her.
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ื•... ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
00:40
And I am now going to argue
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
00:42
that this is only half true.
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ืฉื–ื• ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืืžืช.
00:44
People do get HIV because they do stupid things,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘-HIV ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:47
but most of them are doing stupid things
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช
00:49
for perfectly rational reasons.
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
00:52
Now, "rational" is the dominant paradigm
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ืื–, "ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช
00:55
in public health,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
00:57
and if you put your public health nerd glasses on,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
01:00
you'll see that if we give people the information that they need
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ืชืจืื• ืฉืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื•
01:03
about what's good for them and what's bad for them,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ื•ืžื” ืจืข ืœื”ื,
01:05
if you give them the services
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ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
01:07
that they can use to act on that information,
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื”
01:09
and a little bit of motivation,
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ื•ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”,
01:11
people will make rational decisions
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
01:13
and live long and healthy lives.
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ื•ื™ื—ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
01:15
Wonderful.
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ื ื”ื“ืจ.
01:17
That's slightly problematic for me because I work in HIV,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื HIV,
01:20
and although I'm sure you all know
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:22
that HIV is about poverty and gender inequality,
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ืฉ-HIV ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™,
01:25
and if you were at TED '07
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘-TED 2007
01:27
it's about coffee prices ...
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืคื”,
01:29
Actually, HIV's about sex and drugs,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, HIV ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกืงืก ื•ืกืžื™ื.
01:32
and if there are two things that make
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื
01:34
human beings a little bit irrational,
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
01:36
they are erections and addiction.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืงืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:41
So, let's start with what's rational for an addict.
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื•ืจ.
01:44
Now, I remember speaking to an Indonesian friend of mine, Frankie.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ ืฉืœื™, ืคืจื ืงื™,
01:47
We were having lunch and he was telling me
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ืื›ืœื ื• ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™
01:49
about when he was in jail in Bali for a drug injection.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ื‘ืืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจืงืช ืกืžื™ื.
01:52
It was someone's birthday, and they had very kindly
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื”ื
01:54
smuggled some heroin into jail,
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ืงืฆืช ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœื
01:56
and he was very generously sharing it out
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช
01:59
with all of his colleagues.
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:01
And so everyone lined up,
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช,
02:03
all the smackheads in a row,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”,
02:05
and the guy whose birthday it was
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœื•
02:07
filled up the fit,
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ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื–ืจืง
02:10
and he went down and started injecting people.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
02:12
So he injects the first guy,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืจื™ืง ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ
02:14
and then he's wiping the needle on his shirt,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฉืœื•
02:17
and he injects the next guy.
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ื•ืžื–ืจื™ืง ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
02:19
And Frankie says, "I'm number 22 in line,
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ื•ืคืจื ืงื™ ืืžืจ "ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ 22 ื‘ืชื•ืจ"
02:23
and I can see the needle coming down towards me,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืืœื™
02:26
and there is blood all over the place.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
02:28
It's getting blunter and blunter.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืงื”ื” ื•ืงื”ื”
02:30
And a small part of my brain is thinking,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
02:33
'That is so gross
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"ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ื—ื”
02:35
and really dangerous,'
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,"
02:37
but most of my brain is thinking,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
02:39
'Please let there be some smack left
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"ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:41
by the time it gets to me.
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ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™,
02:43
Please let there be some left.'"
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช."
02:45
And then, telling me this story,
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ื•ืื–, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื™
02:47
Frankie said,
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ืคืจื ืงื™ ืื•ืžืจ
02:49
"You know ... God,
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"ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
02:51
drugs really make you stupid."
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ืกืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื˜ื™ืคืฉ."
02:55
And, you know, you can't fault him for accuracy.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช,
02:58
But, actually, Frankie, at that time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืคืจื ืงื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”
03:01
was a heroin addict and he was in jail.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื,
03:03
So his choice was either
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:05
to accept that dirty needle or not to get high.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช ืื• ืœื ืœื”ืชืžืกื˜ืœ.
03:08
And if there's one place you really want to get high,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืกื˜ืœ
03:10
it's when you're in jail.
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ื–ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื›ืœื.
03:12
But I'm a scientist
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช
03:14
and I don't like to make data out of anecdotes,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช,
03:16
so let's look at some data.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืงืฆืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
03:18
We talked to 600 drug addicts
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขื 600 ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืžื™ื
03:21
in three cities in Indonesia,
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”
03:23
and we said, "Well, do you know how you get HIV?"
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื•, ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื HIV?
03:25
"Oh yeah, by sharing needles."
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"ืื” ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื"
03:27
I mean, nearly 100 percent. Yeah, by sharing needles.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ 100%. ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื
03:30
And, "Do you know where you can get a clean needle
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ื•ืื–, "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ื˜ ื ืงื™ื”
03:32
at a price you can afford to avoid that?"
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื–ื”?"
03:34
"Oh yeah." Hundred percent.
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"ืื• ื›ืŸ." 100 ืื—ื•ื–.
03:36
"We're smackheads; we know where to get clean needles."
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื ืงื™ื•ืช."
03:38
"So are you carrying a needle?"
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"ืื– ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื—ื˜?"
03:40
We're actually interviewing people on the street,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:42
in the places where they're hanging out and taking drugs.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืกืžื™ื
03:44
"Are you carrying clean needles?"
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"ืืชื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื—ื˜ ื ืงื™ื”?"
03:46
One in four, maximum.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขื”, ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื.
03:49
So no surprises then that
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข
03:51
the proportion that actually used clean needles
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ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ื ืงื™ื”
03:53
every time they injected in the last week
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื
03:55
is just about one in 10,
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื”,
03:58
and the other nine in 10 are sharing.
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ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืชืฉืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฉืจื”, ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื.
04:01
So you've got this massive mismatch;
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
04:03
everyone knows that
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:05
if they share they're going to get HIV,
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ืฉืื ื™ื—ืœืงื• ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• HIV,
04:07
but they're all sharing anyway.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช
04:09
So what's that about? Is it like you get a better high if you share or something?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืงื˜ืข? ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืฃ ืืชื” ืžืชืžืกื˜ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
04:12
We asked that to a junkie and they're like, "Are you nuts?"
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ืืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช?
04:15
You don't want to share a needle anymore than you want
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ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ
04:17
to share a toothbrush even with someone you're sleeping with.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ืช ืื™ืชื•.
04:20
There's just kind of an ick factor there.
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ืื™ื›ืก!
04:22
"No, no. We share needles because we don't want to go to jail."
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ืœื, ืœื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ืœื."
04:26
So, in Indonesia at this time,
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ืื–, ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
04:29
if you were carrying a needle and the cops rounded you up,
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ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœื™ืš ืžื—ื˜ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืชืš
04:32
they could put you into jail.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื›ืœื.
04:34
And that changes the equation slightly, doesn't it?
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื ืงืฆืช, ืœื?
04:36
Because your choice now is either
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ:
04:39
I use my own needle now,
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืขืช -
04:43
or I could share a needle now
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ืื• ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ
04:45
and get a disease that's going to
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ื•ืื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ
04:47
possibly kill me 10 years from now,
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ื•ืชื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
04:49
or I could use my own needle now
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ืื• ืฉืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ืฉืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
04:52
and go to jail tomorrow.
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ื•ืืœืš ืœื›ืœื ืžื—ืจ.
04:55
And while junkies think that
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:57
it's a really bad idea to expose themselves to HIV,
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ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื ืœHIV,
05:00
they think it's a much worse idea
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข
05:02
to spend the next year in jail
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ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœื
05:04
where they'll probably end up in Frankie's situation
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ืฉื ื”ื ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืคืจื ืงื™ ืžืฆื•ื™
05:06
and expose themselves to HIV anyway.
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ื•ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ืœHIV ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
05:09
So, suddenly it becomes perfectly rational
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ืื– ืคืชืื•ื, ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
05:11
to share needles.
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ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื—ื˜ื™ื.
05:13
Now, let's look at it from a policy maker's point of view.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:15
This is a really easy problem.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื”.
05:17
For once, your incentives are aligned.
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
05:20
We've got what's rational for public health.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
05:23
You want people to use clean needles --
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื ืงื™ื•ืช
05:25
and junkies want to use clean needles.
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ื•ื”ื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื ืงื™ื•ืช.
05:27
So we could make this problem go away
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
05:29
simply by making clean needles universally available
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื ืงื™ื•ืช ืœื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:32
and taking away the fear of arrest.
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ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืžืขืฆืจ.
05:34
Now, the first person to figure that out
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื–ื”
05:36
and do something about it on a national scale
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ื•ืขืฉืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ืืจืฆื™ืช
05:38
was that well-known, bleeding heart liberal
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช
05:41
Margaret Thatcher.
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ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืชืืฆ'ืจ.
05:43
And she put in the world's first
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื”
05:45
national needle exchange program,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื
05:47
and other countries followed suit: Australia, The Netherlands and few others.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
05:50
And in all of those countries, you can see,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช
05:52
not more than four percent of injectors
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ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-4%
05:54
ever became infected with HIV.
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ืžื”ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘HIV,
05:57
Now, places that didn't do this -- New York City for example,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืžืฉืœ,
06:00
Moscow, Jakarta --
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ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื’'ืืงืจืื˜ื”,
06:02
we're talking, at its peak,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ื,
06:04
one in two injectors
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ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื
06:07
infected with this fatal disease.
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ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช ื–ืืช.
06:10
Now, Margaret Thatcher didn't do this
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืชืืฆ'ืจ ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื”
06:12
because she has any great love for junkies.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ื,
06:15
She did it because she ran a country
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”
06:18
that had a national health service.
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ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™
06:20
So, if she didn't invest in effective prevention,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
06:23
she was going to have pick up the costs
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช
06:25
of treatment later on,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
06:27
and obviously those are much higher.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืœื” ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:29
So she was making a politically rational decision.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
06:32
Now, if I take out my
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืื•ืฆื™ื ืืช
06:34
public health nerd glasses here
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
06:36
and look at these data,
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ื•ืืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
06:39
it seems like a no-brainer, doesn't it?
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ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ืœื?
06:42
But in this country,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช,
06:44
where the government apparently does not feel compelled
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ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘
06:47
to provide health care for citizens, (Laughter)
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ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
06:49
we've taken a very different approach.
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ื ืงื˜ื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช.
06:52
So what we've been doing in the United States
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
06:54
is reviewing the data -- endlessly reviewing the data.
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ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
06:57
So, these are reviews of hundreds of studies
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
07:00
by all the big muckety-mucks
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ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ืช
07:02
of the scientific pantheon in the United States,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ืชื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:05
and these are the studies that show
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื
07:07
needle programs are effective -- quite a lot of them.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื”,
07:09
Now, the ones that show that needle programs aren't effective --
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
07:12
you think that's one of these annoying dynamic slides
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช
07:15
and I'm going to press my dongle and the rest of it's going to come up,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื•,
07:17
but no -- that's the whole slide.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื, ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช.
07:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:22
There is nothing on the other side.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
07:27
So, completely irrational,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
07:29
you would think.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:31
Except that, wait a minute, politicians are rational, too,
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ืจืง ืฉ... ืจื’ืข, ื’ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
07:34
and they're responding to what they think the voters want.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืจืฆื•.
07:37
So what we see is that voters respond
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื
07:39
very well to things like this
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ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื•
07:41
and not quite so well to things like this.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื•.
07:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:51
So it becomes quite rational
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
07:54
to deny services to injectors.
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื.
07:57
Now let's talk about sex.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืงืก.
07:59
Are we any more rational about sex?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกืงืก?
08:02
Well, I'm not even going to address
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
08:04
the clearly irrational positions
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ืœืขืžื“ื” ื”ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ
08:06
of people like the Catholic Church,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช.
08:08
who think somehow that if you give out condoms,
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื
08:11
everyone's going to run out and have sex.
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ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฆื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
08:15
I don't know if Pope Benedict
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜
08:17
watches TEDTalks online,
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ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘-TEDTalks ื‘ืจืฉืช,
08:19
but if you do, I've got news for you Benedict --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜,
08:22
I carry condoms all the time
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
08:25
and I never get laid.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
08:27
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:29
It's not that easy!
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ.
08:31
Here, maybe you'll have better luck.
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ื”ื ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ืœ.
08:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:39
Okay, seriously,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
08:41
HIV is actually not that easy
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HIV ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
08:44
to transmit sexually.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ,
08:46
So, it depends on how much virus there is
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ืฉ
08:48
in your blood and in your body fluids.
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ื‘ื“ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
08:50
And what we've got is a very, very high level of virus
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืจืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ
08:53
right at the beginning when you're first infected,
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ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”,
08:55
then you start making antibodies,
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื,
08:57
and then it bumps along at quite low levels
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
08:59
for a long time -- 10 or 12 years --
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ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” 10 ืื• 12 ืฉื ื™ื.
09:01
you have spikes if you get another sexually transmitted infection.
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ื™ืฉ ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช
09:04
But basically, nothing much is going on
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ
09:06
until you start to get symptomatic AIDS,
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ืขื“ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ AIDS.
09:08
and by that stage,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืืŸ,
09:10
you're not looking great, you're not feeling great,
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ืืชื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”, ื•ืืชื” ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
09:12
you're not having that much sex.
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ื•ืืชื” ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
09:14
So the sexual transmission of HIV
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ HIV
09:16
is essentially determined by how many partners you have
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ื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš
09:19
in these very short spaces of time
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื™ื
09:22
when you have peak viremia.
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ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืขื•ืžืก ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
09:24
Now, this makes people crazy
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื’ืข ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:27
because it means that you have to talk about
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื”ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
09:30
some groups having more sexual partners
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื
09:32
in shorter spaces of time than other groups,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
09:34
and that's considered stigmatizing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื”.
09:36
I've always been a bit curious about that
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
09:38
because I think stigma is a bad thing,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข
09:40
whereas lots of sex is quite a good thing,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืงืก ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
09:42
but we'll leave that be.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”.
09:45
The truth is that 20 years
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”
09:47
of very good research
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“
09:49
have shown us that
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ื”ืจืื• ืœื ื•
09:51
there are groups that are more likely to turnover
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื
09:54
large numbers of partners in a short space of time.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
09:56
And those groups are, globally,
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื
09:58
people who sell sex and their more regular partners.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืกืงืก, ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
10:01
They are gay men on the party scene
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ื•ื’ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ืกืฆื™ื ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
10:03
who have, on average, three times more partners
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ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื™ืฉ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื
10:05
than straight people on the party scene.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืฆื™ื ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
10:07
And they are heterosexuals
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื
10:09
who come from countries that have
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ
10:11
traditions of polygamy
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื”
10:13
and relatively high levels of female autonomy,
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ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื ืฉื™ืช,
10:16
and almost all of those countries are in east or southern Africa.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
10:19
And that is reflected in the epidemic that we have today.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ืœื” ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
10:22
You can see these horrifying figures from Africa.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”,
10:25
These are all countries in southern Africa
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ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
10:27
where between one in seven,
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ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขื”
10:29
and one in three
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ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื”
10:31
of all adults,
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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
10:33
are infected with HIV.
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ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘-HIV.
10:35
Now, in the rest of the world,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:37
we've got basically nothing going on in the general population --
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ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืœื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
10:40
very, very low levels --
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ืจืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช.
10:42
but we have extraordinarily high levels of HIV
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ HIV
10:45
in these other populations who are at highest risk:
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
10:48
drug injectors, sex workers
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ืื– ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ ืกืžื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ
10:50
and gay men.
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ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื.
10:52
And you'll note, that's the local data from Los Angeles:
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก
10:54
25 percent prevalence among gay men.
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ื”ืืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ 25% ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืื™ื.
10:58
Of course, you can't get HIV just by having unprotected sex.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ HIV ืจืง ืžืžื’ืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื’ืŸ,
11:01
You can only HIV by having unprotected sex
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ HIV ืžืžื’ืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื’ืŸ
11:04
with a positive person.
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ืขื ืื“ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœHIV.
11:07
In most of the world,
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:09
these few prevention failures
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ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
11:11
notwithstanding,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช
11:13
we are actually doing quite well these days
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื ืจืข ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•
11:15
in commercial sex:
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ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™.
11:17
condom use rates are between 80 and 100 percent
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 80 ืœ-100%
11:19
in commercial sex in most countries.
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ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
11:22
And, again, it's because of an alignment of the incentives.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
11:25
What's rational for public health
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
11:27
is also rational for individual sex workers
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ,
11:29
because it's really bad for business to have another STI.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืจืข ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืœืช ืžื™ืŸ.
11:32
No one wants it.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื–ื”.
11:34
And, actually, clients don't want to go home with a drip either.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื ื”ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขื ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ.
11:36
So essentially, you're able to achieve
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
11:39
quite high rates of condom use in commercial sex.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
11:42
But in "intimate" relations
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื "ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื"
11:44
it's much more difficult because,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
11:46
with your wife or your boyfriend
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ืฉืขื ื”ืืฉื” ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจ,
11:48
or someone that you hope might turn into one of those things,
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ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ื–ื”,
11:51
we have this illusion of romance
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”
11:54
and trust and intimacy,
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ื•ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
11:56
and nothing is quite so unromantic
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช
11:59
as the, "My condom or yours, darling?" question.
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ืžืืฉืจ "ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ื ืฉืœื™ ืื• ืฉืœืš ืžื•ืชืง?"
12:02
So in the face of that,
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ื•ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื–ื”
12:05
you really need quite a strong incentive
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืงื”
12:08
to use condoms.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ื.
12:11
This, for example, this gentleman is called Joseph.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ,
12:14
He's from Haiti and he has AIDS.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• AIDS
12:16
And he's probably not having a lot of sex right now,
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืขืช.
12:19
but he is a reminder in the population,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
12:21
of why you might want to be
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ืœืžื” ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ
12:23
using condoms.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
12:25
This is also in Haiti and is a reminder
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช
12:27
of why you might want to be having sex, perhaps.
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ืœืžื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
12:31
Now, funnily enough, this is also Joseph
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ืžืฆื—ื™ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื’ื ื›ืŸ
12:34
after six months on antiretroviral treatment.
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ืื—ืจื™ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื™ ืจื˜ืจื•-ื•ื™ืจืืœื™
12:38
Not for nothing do we call it the Lazarus Effect.
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ืœื ืกืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ืœืื–ืืจื•ืก.
12:43
But it is changing the equation
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”
12:46
of what's rational
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
12:48
in sexual decision-making.
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ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:51
So, what we've got --
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• --
12:53
some people say, "Oh, it doesn't matter very much
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
12:55
because, actually, treatment is effective prevention
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง,
12:58
because it lowers your viral load and therefore
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ
13:00
makes it more difficult to transmit HIV."
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ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”-HIV."
13:02
So, if you look at the viremia thing again,
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ืื– ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจืžื™ื” (ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ื,)
13:05
if you do start treatment when you're sick,
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ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื,
13:07
well, what happens? Your viral load comes down.
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”? ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ืคื•ื—ืช,
13:10
But compared to what? What happens if you're not on treatment?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื”? ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ?
13:14
Well, you die,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื ืžืชื™ื,
13:16
so your viral load goes to zero.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืืคืก,
13:18
And all of this green stuff here, including the spikes --
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืคื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช
13:21
which are because you couldn't get to the pharmacy,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช,
13:25
or you ran out of drugs, or you went on a three day party binge
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ืื• ืฉื ื’ืžืจื• ืœื›ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื
13:28
and forgot to take your drugs,
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ื•ืฉื›ื—ืชื ืœืงื—ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
13:30
or because you've started to get resistance, or whatever --
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ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื ืœืคืชื— ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช,
13:33
all of that is virus
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื–ื” ืžื ื’ื™ืคื™ื
13:35
that wouldn't be out there, except for treatment.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืœื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
13:38
Now, am I saying, "Oh, well, great prevention strategy.
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ืื– ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช
13:41
Let's just stop treating people."
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคืกื™ืง ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื?
13:43
Of course not, of course not.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื.
13:45
We need to expand antiretroviral treatment as much as we can.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืจื˜ืจื•-ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
13:48
But what I am doing is calling into question
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืคืงืคืง
13:50
those people who say that more treatment
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
13:52
is all the prevention we need.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
13:54
That's simply not necessarily true,
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:57
and I think we can learn a lot from the experience of gay men
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื
13:59
in rich countries where treatment has been widely available
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืคื•ืฅ
14:02
for going on 15 years now.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-15 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
14:04
And what we've seen is
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื
14:06
that, actually, condom use rates,
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
14:08
which were very, very high --
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
14:10
the gay community responded very rapidly to HIV,
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื” ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœHIV
14:13
with extremely little help
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื–ืจื”
14:15
from public health nerds, I would say --
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ืžื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ
14:17
that condom use rate has come down dramatically since treatment
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืคื—ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืื– ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
14:20
for two reasons really:
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
14:22
One is the assumption of, "Oh well,
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ืื—ืช ื–ื• ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ "ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื•,
14:24
if he's infected, he's probably on meds,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื’ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ,
14:26
and his viral load's going to be low, so I'm pretty safe."
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ืฉืœื• ื“ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื•ื’ืŸ."
14:29
And the other thing is that people are simply
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜
14:31
not as scared of HIV
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ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืž-HIV
14:33
as they were of AIDS, and rightly so.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื—ื“ื• ืž-AIDS, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง.
14:36
AIDS was a disfiguring disease that killed you,
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AIDS ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืช
14:39
and HIV is an invisible virus
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ื•-HIV ื”ื•ื ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”
14:41
that makes you take a pill every day.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
14:43
And that's boring,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืžื.
14:45
but is it as boring as
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืžื ื›ืžื•
14:48
having to use a condom every time you have sex,
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื™ื ืงื•ื ื“ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ,
14:50
no matter how drunk you are,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืืชื”,
14:52
no matter how many poppers you've taken, whatever?
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขืช?
14:55
If we look at the data, we can see that
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
14:57
the answer to that question
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ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื
14:59
is, mmm.
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ืืžื”ื”ืžืžื.
15:01
So these are data from Scotland.
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ืืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“.
15:03
You see the peak in drug injectors
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ ืกืžื™ื
15:05
before they started the national needle exchange program.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช.
15:07
Then it came way down.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
15:09
And both in heterosexuals -- mostly in commercial sex --
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ื‘ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ,
15:11
and in drug users,
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืกืžื™ื
15:13
you've really got nothing much going on after treatment begins,
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ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
15:16
and that's because of that alignment of incentives
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื
15:18
that I talked about earlier.
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื.
15:20
But in gay men,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื
15:22
you've got quite a dramatic rise
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ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช
15:24
starting three or four years
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื• ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื
15:26
after treatment became widely available.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœื ืคื•ืฅ
15:28
This is of new infections.
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ื–ื” ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
15:30
What does that mean?
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”?
15:32
It means that the combined effect of being less worried
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืคื—ื•ืช
15:35
and having more virus out there in the population --
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
15:38
more people living longer, healthier lives,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:40
more likely to be getting laid
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื
15:42
with HIV --
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ืขื HIV,
15:44
is outweighing the effects of lower viral load,
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ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืก ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:47
and that's a very worrisome thing.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ืื™ื’. 385 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:36,000 ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
15:49
What does it mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
15:51
It means we need to be doing more prevention the more treatment we have.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
15:54
Is that what's happening?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”?
15:56
No, and I call it the "compassion conundrum."
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ืœื, ื•ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื–ื” ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ืžืœื”.
15:59
We've talked a lot about compassion the last couple of days,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
16:02
and what's happening really is that people are
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
16:05
unable quite to bring themselves to put in
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
16:07
good sexual and reproductive health services for sex workers,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ,
16:10
unable quite to be giving out needles to junkies.
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ื,
16:13
But once they've gone from being
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช
16:16
transgressive people whose behaviors we don't want to condone
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ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ื ื•ืช
16:19
to being AIDS victims,
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ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ AIDS
16:21
we come over all compassionate
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืœื”
16:23
and buy them incredibly expensive drugs for the rest of their lives.
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ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
16:25
It doesn't make any sense
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
16:27
from a public health point of view.
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ืžื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
16:29
I want to give what's very nearly the last word to Ines.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืื™ื ืก.
16:33
Ines is a a transgender hooker on the streets of Jakarta;
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ืื™ื ืก ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื” ื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’'ืงืจื˜ื”
16:36
she's a chick with a dick.
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ื”ื™ื "ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ."
16:38
Why does she do that job?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืืช?
16:40
Well, of course, because she's forced into it
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืคืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš
16:43
because she doesn't have any better option, etc., etc.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื•ืœื™
16:45
And if we could just teach her to sew
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ื•ืื ืจืง ื”ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ
16:47
and get her a nice job in a factory, all would be well.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
16:50
This is what factory workers earn in an hour in Indonesia:
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื”
16:52
on average, 20 cents.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, 20 ืกื ื˜,
16:54
It varies a bit province to province.
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ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื– ืœืžื—ื•ื–.
16:56
I do speak to sex workers, 15,000 of them
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ, 15000 ืžื”ื
16:59
for this particular slide,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื–ืืช,
17:01
and this is what sex workers
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ
17:03
say they earn in an hour.
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื”.
17:05
So it's not a great job, but for a lot of people
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ืื– ื–ืืช ืœื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
17:08
it really is quite a rational choice.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
17:10
Okay, Ines.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ื ืก
17:15
We've got the tools, the knowledge and the cash,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
17:20
and commitment to preventing HIV too.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข HIV ื’ื ื›ืŸ
17:24
Ines: So why is prevalence still rising?
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ืื™ื ืก: ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื”?
17:30
It's all politics.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
17:33
When you get to politics, nothing makes sense.
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ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืœื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
17:36
Elizabeth Pisani: "When you get to politics, nothing makes sense."
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ืคื™ื–ืื ื™: "ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืœื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™."
17:39
So, from the point of view of a sex worker,
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ืื–, ืžื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ
17:42
politicians are making no sense.
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ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
17:44
From the point of view of a public health nerd,
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ื•ืžื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
17:46
junkies are doing dumb things.
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ื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
17:50
The truth is that everyone has a different rationale.
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจ
17:53
There are as many different ways of being rational
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
17:55
as there are human beings on the planet,
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ื›ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
17:57
and that's one of the glories of human existence.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
17:59
But those ways of being rational
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
18:01
are not independent of one another,
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
18:03
so it's rational for
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
18:05
a drug injector to share needles
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ ืกืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื—ื˜ื™ื
18:07
because of a stupid decision that's made by a politician,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื˜ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™,
18:10
and it's rational for a politician
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™
18:12
to make that stupid decision
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื˜ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉื›ื–ืืช
18:15
because they're responding to
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื
18:17
what they think the voters want.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
18:19
But here's the thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ
18:21
we are the voters.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื.
18:23
We're not all of them, of course, but TED is a community of opinion leaders.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ TED ื”ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื“ืขื”,
18:26
And everyone who's in this room,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
18:28
and everyone who's watching this out there on the web,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
18:31
I think, has a duty to demand of their politicians
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
18:34
that we make policy based on scientific evidence
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ืฉื™ื’ื‘ืฉื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
18:37
and on common sense.
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื.
18:39
It's going to be really hard for us
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
18:41
to individually affect what's rational
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
18:44
for every Frankie and every Ines out there,
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ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื ืงื™ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื ืก ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื,
18:46
but you can at least use your vote
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœืš
18:49
to stop politicians doing stupid things
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช
18:52
that spread HIV.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœHIV ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
18:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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