The quest to understand consciousness | Antonio Damasio

577,761 views ใƒป 2011-12-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Nitai Gat ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I'm here to talk about
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ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
00:17
the wonder and the mystery
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื•ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
00:20
of conscious minds.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข.
00:23
The wonder is about the fact
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ื”ืคืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
00:25
that we all woke up this morning
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ
00:27
and we had with it
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ื•ื‘ื•-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื•
00:29
the amazing return of our conscious mind.
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ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืข.
00:32
We recovered minds with a complete sense of self
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืชื ื• ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”
00:35
and a complete sense of our own existence,
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•,
00:38
yet we hardly ever pause to consider this wonder.
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืคืœื ื”ื–ื”,
00:40
We should, in fact,
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ื•ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช
00:42
because without having this possibility of conscious minds,
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ื›ื™ ืœืœื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืข,
00:46
we would have no knowledge whatsoever
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ืข
00:48
about our humanity;
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:50
we would have no knowledge whatsoever about the world.
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:53
We would have no pains, but also no joys.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืกื‘ืœ, ืืš ื’ื ืฉื•ื ืฉืžื—ื”.
00:55
We would have no access to love
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื”ื‘ื”
00:58
or to the ability to create.
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ืื• ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
01:01
And of course, Scott Fitzgerald said famously
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ืกืงื•ื˜ ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข:
01:04
that "he who invented consciousness
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"ืžื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
01:07
would have a lot to be blamed for."
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ืืฉื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื"
01:10
But he also forgot
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื›ื—
01:12
that without consciousness,
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ืฉืœืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
01:14
he would have no access to true happiness
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ ืืžื™ืชื™
01:17
and even the possibility of transcendence.
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ื•ืืฃ ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—.
01:19
So much for the wonder, now for the mystery.
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ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื, ื•ื›ืขืช ืœืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
01:22
This is a mystery
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
01:24
that has really been extremely hard to elucidate.
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื”.
01:27
All the way back into early philosophy
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ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”
01:30
and certainly throughout the history of neuroscience,
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ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:33
this has been one mystery
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช
01:36
that has always resisted elucidation,
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื—
01:38
has got major controversies.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
01:40
And there are actually many people
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉื ื ืจื‘ื™ื
01:42
that think we should not even touch it;
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ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืœ ืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”
01:44
we should just leave it alone, it's not to be solved.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
01:46
I don't believe that,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš,
01:48
and I think the situation is changing.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฉืชื ื”.
01:50
It would be ridiculous to claim
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
01:52
that we know how we make consciousness
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
01:55
in our brains,
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ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•
01:57
but we certainly can begin
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
01:59
to approach the question,
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ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื”,
02:01
and we can begin to see the shape of a solution.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
02:04
And one more wonder to celebrate
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ืคืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ื— ื‘ื•
02:07
is the fact that we have imaging technologies
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ืช
02:11
that now allow us to go inside the human brain
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
02:15
and be able to do, for example,
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:17
what you're seeing right now.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
02:19
These are images that come from Hanna Damasio's lab,
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ืืœื• ื”ื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืžืขื‘ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื” ื“ืžืกื™ื•,
02:22
and which show you, in a living brain,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื, ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื™,
02:25
the reconstruction of that brain.
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ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
02:27
And this is a person who is alive.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืื“ื ื—ื™.
02:29
This is not a person
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ
02:31
that is being studied at autopsy.
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ืฉื ืขืจืš ืข"ื™ ื ืชื™ื—ืช ื’ื•ื•ื™ื”
02:34
And even more --
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ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš --
02:36
and this is something that one can be really amazed about --
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•--
02:39
is what I'm going to show you next,
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ืžื” ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืขืช
02:41
which is going underneath the surface of the brain
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
02:44
and actually looking in the living brain
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื™
02:47
at real connections, real pathways.
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ื•ืืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
02:50
So all of those colored lines
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:53
correspond to bunches of axons,
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืจื™ ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื,
02:56
the fibers that join cell bodies
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืื™ื
02:58
to synapses.
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ืœืฆืžืชื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
03:01
And I'm sorry to disappoint you, they don't come in color.
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ื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ ืœืื›ื–ื‘ ืืชื›ื, ื”ื ืœื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
03:03
But at any rate, they are there.
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ืืš ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:06
The colors are codes for the direction,
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ:
03:08
from whether it is back to front
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ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘
03:10
or vice versa.
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ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
03:12
At any rate, what is consciousness?
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช?
03:15
What is a conscious mind?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข?
03:17
And we could take a very simple view
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
03:19
and say, well, it is that which we lose
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื
03:23
when we fall into deep sleep without dreams,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืœื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช,
03:28
or when we go under anesthesia,
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ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื“ืžื”,
03:30
and it is what we regain
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ
03:32
when we recover from sleep
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื”
03:34
or from anesthesia.
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ืื• ืžื”ืจื“ืžื”.
03:36
But what is exactly that stuff that we lose under anesthesia,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื“ืžื”,
03:40
or when we are in deep, dreamless sleep?
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ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื—ืกืจืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช?
03:42
Well first of all,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ,
03:44
it is a mind,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
03:46
which is a flow of mental images.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
03:48
And of course consider images
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
03:50
that can be sensory patterns,
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ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช,
03:52
visual, such as you're having right now
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ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
03:54
in relation to the stage and me,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืžื” ื•ืืœื™,
03:56
or auditory images,
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ืื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฉืžืข,
03:58
as you are having now in relation to my words.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื™.
04:00
That flow of mental images
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ื–ืจื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื
04:02
is mind.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
04:04
But there is something else
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ
04:06
that we are all experiencing in this room.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื:
04:08
We are not passive exhibitors
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ืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื
04:10
of visual or auditory
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ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืจืื™ื”, ืฉืžื™ืขื”
04:13
or tactile images.
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ืื• ืžื’ืข.
04:15
We have selves.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช.
04:17
We have a Me
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืื ื™"
04:19
that is automatically present
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ืฉื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™
04:21
in our minds right now.
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ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข.
04:23
We own our minds.
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ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื•,
04:25
And we have a sense that it's everyone of us
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•
04:28
that is experiencing this --
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-ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื–ืืช-
04:30
not the person who is sitting next to you.
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ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื•.
04:33
So in order to have a conscious mind,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
04:36
you have a self within the conscious mind.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข
04:40
So a conscious mind is a mind with a self in it.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขืฆืžื™.
04:43
The self introduces the subjective perspective in the mind,
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ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
04:46
and we are only fully conscious
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
04:48
when self comes to mind.
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ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
04:50
So what we need to know to even address this mystery
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช
04:53
is, number one, how are minds are put together in the brain,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืš ืชื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—,
04:56
and, number two, how selves are constructed.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื•.
05:00
Now the first part, the first problem,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
05:03
is relatively easy -- it's not easy at all --
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ื”ื™ื ืงืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช-- ื”ื™ื ืœื ืงืœื” ื›ืœืœ--
05:06
but it is something that has been approached gradually in neuroscience.
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ืืš ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”:
05:10
And it's quite clear that, in order to make minds,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ื“ืขื”
05:13
we need to construct neural maps.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช.
05:16
So imagine a grid, like the one I'm showing you right now,
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืจืฉืช ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช
05:19
and now imagine, within that grid,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื•,
05:21
that two-dimensional sheet,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ื–ื”
05:23
imagine neurons.
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ื™ืฉ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘.
05:25
And picture, if you will,
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ื›ืขืช ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”
05:27
a billboard, a digital billboard,
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ืฉืœื˜ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
05:29
where you have elements
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
05:31
that can be either lit or not.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืœื•ืงื™ื ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื
05:33
And depending on how you create the pattern
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
05:36
of lighting or not lighting,
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ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื
05:39
the digital elements,
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ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื
05:41
or, for that matter, the neurons in the sheet,
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ืื• ืฉืœ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:43
you're going to be able to construct a map.
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ืืชื ืชื™ืฆืจื• ืžืคื”.
05:45
This, of course, is a visual map that I'm showing you,
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ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช
05:48
but this applies to any kind of map --
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืคื” --
05:50
auditory, for example, in relation to sound frequencies,
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ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืข,
05:53
or to the maps that we construct with our skin
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ืื• ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจื ื•
05:56
in relation to an object that we palpate.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืฉืฉื™ื ืขืฆื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
05:59
Now to bring home the point
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ
06:01
of how close it is --
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื”
06:03
the relationship between the grid of neurons
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืช ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘
06:06
and the topographical arrangement
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™
06:08
of the activity of the neurons
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ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืื™-ื”ืขืฆื‘
06:10
and our mental experience --
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช โ€“
06:12
I'm going to tell you a personal story.
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™.
06:14
So if I cover my left eye --
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ืื ืื›ืกื” ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช โ€“
06:17
I'm talking about me personally, not all of you --
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ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœื ืืœื™ื›ื โ€“
06:19
if I cover my left eye,
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ืื ืื›ืกื” ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช
06:21
I look at the grid -- pretty much like the one I'm showing you.
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ื•ืื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืฉืช -- ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืœื–ื•
06:24
Everything is nice and fine and perpendicular.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืœืืœื”.
06:27
But sometime ago, I discovered
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
06:29
that if I cover my left eye,
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ืฉืื ืื ื™ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช,
06:32
instead what I get is this.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”.
06:34
I look at the grid and I see a warping
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื•ืจื•ืื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืช
06:37
at the edge of my central-left field.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™-ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœื™.
06:40
Very odd -- I've analyzed this for a while.
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ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื“ โ€“ ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื”,
06:42
But sometime ago,
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ืืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
06:45
through the help of an opthamologist colleague of mine,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื•ืคืืช-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™,
06:48
Carmen Puliafito,
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ื›ืจืžืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืืคื™ื˜ื•
06:50
who developed a laser scanner of the retina,
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ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ืกื•ืจืง ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช,
06:53
I found out the the following.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
06:55
If I scan my retina
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืกื•ืจืง ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™
06:57
through the horizontal plane that you see there in the little corner,
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ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”,
07:00
what I get is the following.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
07:02
On the right side, my retina is perfectly symmetrical.
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
07:05
You see the going down towards the fovea
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืžื”
07:08
where the optic nerve begins.
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ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ.
07:10
But on my left retina there is a bump,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื”,
07:12
which is marked there by the red arrow.
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ืฉืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื—ืฅ ื”ืื“ื•ื.
07:14
And it corresponds to a little cyst
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉืœื—ื•ืคื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”
07:16
that is located below.
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ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”.
07:18
And that is exactly what causes
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื
07:21
the warping of my visual image.
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ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
07:24
So just think of this:
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ื›ืขืช ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš:
07:26
you have a grid of neurons,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘,
07:28
and now you have a plane mechanical change
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ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜
07:32
in the position of the grid,
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจืฉืช,
07:34
and you get a warping of your mental experience.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช.
07:36
So this is how close
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ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื”
07:38
your mental experience
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช
07:40
and the activity of the neurons in the retina,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช,
07:43
which is a part of the brain located in the eyeball,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
07:46
or, for that matter, a sheet of visual cortex.
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ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
07:49
So from the retina
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ืื– ืžื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช
07:51
you go onto visual cortex.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
07:53
And of course, the brain adds on
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ
07:55
a lot of information
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข
07:57
to what is going on
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ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
07:59
in the signals that come from the retina.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
08:01
And in that image there,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•
08:03
you see a variety of islands
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ื™ื
08:05
of what I call image-making regions in the brain.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—.
08:08
You have the green for example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื,
08:10
that corresponds to tactile information,
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ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉื™,
08:12
or the blue that corresponds to auditory information.
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ืื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™.
08:15
And something else that happens
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืงื•ืจื”:
08:17
is that those image-making regions
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ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™-ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
08:20
where you have the plotting
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ
08:22
of all these neural maps,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช
08:24
can then provide signals
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื
08:26
to this ocean of purple that you see around,
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ืœื™ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
08:29
which is the association cortex,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
08:31
where you can make records of what went on
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
08:34
in those islands of image-making.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™-ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื.
08:36
And the great beauty
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื
08:38
is that you can then go from memory,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื—"ื› ืœืงื—ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
08:41
out of those association cortices,
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ืžืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
08:43
and produce back images
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
08:46
in the very same regions that have perception.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื’ื”.
08:49
So think about how wonderfully convenient and lazy
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืฆืœื•ืช
08:52
the brain is.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:54
So it provides certain areas
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
08:56
for perception and image-making.
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ืœืชืคื™ืฉื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
08:58
And those are exactly the same
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”
09:00
that are going to be used for image-making
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ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
09:03
when we recall information.
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ื›ืฉื ืื—ื–ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข.
09:06
So far the mystery of the conscious mind
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข
09:09
is diminishing a little bit
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ื ืคืชืจื” ืžืขื˜
09:11
because we have a general sense
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืœืœื™
09:13
of how we make these images.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
09:15
But what about the self?
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ืืš ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช?
09:17
The self is really the elusive problem.
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ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
09:20
And for a long time,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
09:22
people did not even want to touch it,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื”,
09:24
because they'd say,
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ื›ื™ ืืžืจื•,
09:26
"How can you have this reference point, this stability,
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"ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”
09:29
that is required to maintain
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ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ
09:31
the continuity of selves day after day?"
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•?"
09:34
And I thought about a solution to this problem.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
09:37
It's the following.
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ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:
09:39
We generate brain maps
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ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืช-ืžื•ื—
09:41
of the body's interior
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ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื-ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
09:43
and use them as the reference for all other maps.
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ื•ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืช.
09:46
So let me tell you just a little bit about how I came to this.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืš.
09:49
I came to this because,
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
09:51
if you're going to have a reference that we know as self --
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ืฉืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ื›ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช-
09:55
the Me, the I
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ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื”ืื ื™
09:57
in our own processing --
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื• --
10:00
we need to have something that is stable,
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘,
10:02
something that does not deviate much
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”
10:05
from day to day.
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ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื.
10:07
Well it so happens that we have a singular body.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™.
10:09
We have one body, not two, not three.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“, ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:12
And so that is a beginning.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:14
There is just one reference point, which is the body.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื—ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
10:16
But then, of course, the body has many parts,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
10:19
and things grow at different rates,
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื”,
10:21
and they have different sizes and different people;
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื;
10:23
however, not so with the interior.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
10:26
The things that have to do
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื
10:28
with what is known as our internal milieu --
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•--
10:30
for example, the whole management
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ
10:32
of the chemistries within our body
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ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
10:34
are, in fact, extremely maintained
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ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
10:36
day after day
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•
10:38
for one very good reason.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
10:40
If you deviate too much
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ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™
10:42
in the parameters
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ื‘ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื
10:44
that are close to the midline
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ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืืžืฆืข
10:46
of that life-permitting survival range,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
10:49
you go into disease or death.
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืชื™ื.
10:51
So we have an in-built system
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ื›ืœืœืช
10:54
within our own lives
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
10:56
that ensures some kind of continuity.
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช.
10:59
I like to call it an almost infinite sameness from day to day.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื” "ื›ืžืขื˜-ื—ื“ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช"
11:02
Because if you don't have that sameness, physiologically,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื—ื“ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช
11:06
you're going to be sick or you're going to die.
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืชื™ื
11:08
So that's one more element for this continuity.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
11:11
And the final thing
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
11:13
is that there is a very tight coupling
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ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืžืื“
11:15
between the regulation of our body within the brain
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื—
11:19
and the body itself,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•,
11:21
unlike any other coupling.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืจ.
11:24
So for example, I'm making images of you,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
11:26
but there's no physiological bond
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
11:29
between the images I have of you as an audience
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื›ื ื›ืงื”ืœ
11:32
and my brain.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™.
11:34
However, there is a close, permanently maintained bond
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืžืจ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื•ืงื‘ื•ืข
11:38
between the body regulating parts of my brain
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
11:41
and my own body.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™.
11:43
So here's how it looks. Look at the region there.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
11:46
There is the brain stem in between the cerebral cortex
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
11:49
and the spinal cord.
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ื•ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
11:51
And it is within that region
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:53
that I'm going to highlight now
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ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
11:55
that we have this housing
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ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืืจื–
11:58
of all the life-regulation devices
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:01
of the body.
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ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
12:03
This is so specific that, for example,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืขื“ ืฉืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
12:06
if you look at the part that is covered in red
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ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื
12:09
in the upper part of the brain stem,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—,
12:11
if you damage that as a result of a stroke, for example,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื‘ืฅ, ืœืžืฉืœ
12:14
what you get is coma
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื“ืžืช
12:16
or vegetative state,
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ืื• ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—,
12:18
which is a state, of course,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื‘
12:20
in which your mind disappears,
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ื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื ืขืœืžืช,
12:22
your consciousness disappears.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื ืขืœืžืช.
12:25
What happens then actually
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื
12:27
is that you lose the grounding of the self,
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ืฉืื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช
12:30
you have no longer access to any feeling of your own existence,
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ืื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื
12:33
and, in fact, there can be images going on,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
12:36
being formed in the cerebral cortex,
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
12:38
except you don't know they're there.
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš
12:40
You have, in effect, lost consciousness
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ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืช
12:43
when you have damage to that red section of the brain stem.
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ื›ืฉื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—.
12:47
But if you consider the green part of the brain stem,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—,
12:50
nothing like that happens.
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ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”.
12:52
It is that specific.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ื“ืœ.
12:54
So in that green component of the brain stem,
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ืฉืื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—
12:57
if you damage it, and often it happens,
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ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง, ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
13:00
what you get is complete paralysis,
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื›ืœืœื™
13:02
but your conscious mind is maintained.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื›ื ื ืฉืืจ.
13:05
You feel, you know, you have a fully conscious mind
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ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื’ืžืจื™
13:08
that you can report very indirectly.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ
13:11
This is a horrific condition. You don't want to see it.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•
13:14
And people are, in fact, imprisoned
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœื•ืื™ื
13:16
within their own bodies,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื,
13:18
but they do have a mind.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
13:20
There was a very interesting film,
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืกืจื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“,
13:22
one of the rare good films done
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื•
13:24
about a situation like this,
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ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”,
13:26
by Julian Schnabel some years ago
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ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื ืื‘ืœ, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
13:28
about a patient that was in that condition.
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ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
13:31
So now I'm going to show you a picture.
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ื›ืขืช ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื”.
13:33
I promise not to say anything about this,
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ,
13:35
except this is to frighten you.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืืชื›ื
13:37
It's just to tell you
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ืื•ืžืจ ืจืง
13:39
that in that red section of the brain stem,
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ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—,
13:42
there are, to make it simple,
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ื™ืฉื ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
13:44
all those little squares that correspond to modules
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
13:47
that actually make brain maps
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืžืคื•ืช ืžื•ื—
13:50
of different aspects of our interior,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื•,
13:53
different aspects of our body.
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ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:55
They are exquisitely topographic
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
13:58
and they are exquisitely interconnected
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ื•ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
14:00
in a recursive pattern.
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ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
14:02
And it is out of this and out of this tight coupling
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื“ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”
14:05
between the brain stem and the body
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
14:07
that I believe -- and I could be wrong,
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ -- ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”,
14:09
but I don't think I am --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš --
14:11
that you generate this mapping of the body
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
14:14
that provides the grounding for the self
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ืฉืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช
14:17
and that comes in the form of feelings --
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ื•ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช --
14:19
primordial feelings, by the way.
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ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
14:21
So what is the picture that we get here?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ?
14:23
Look at "cerebral cortex," look at "brain stem,"
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘"ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—", ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘"ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—,"
14:25
look at "body,"
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘"ื’ื•ืฃ,"
14:27
and you get the picture of the interconnectivity
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ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
14:30
in which you have the brain stem providing the grounding for the self
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ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืžืกืคืง ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืœืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช
14:34
in a very tight interconnection with the body.
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ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
14:37
And you have the cerebral cortex
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
14:39
providing the great spectacle of our minds
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ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืžื•ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ
14:42
with the profusion of images
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืคืข ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
14:44
that are, in fact, the contents of our minds
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ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
14:47
and that we normally pay most attention to,
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ื•ืœื”ื ืื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืจื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘,
14:50
as we should, because that's really
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช
14:52
the film that is rolling in our minds.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืจืฅ ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื—.
14:54
But look at the arrows.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ื.
14:56
They're not there for looks.
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ื”ื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืกืชื ืœื™ื•ืคื™.
14:58
They're there because there's this very close interaction.
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ืืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
15:01
You cannot have a conscious mind
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”
15:03
if you don't have the interaction
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ืœืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ
15:05
between cerebral cortex and brain stem.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—.
15:07
You cannot have a conscious mind
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”
15:09
if you don't have the interaction
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ืœืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ
15:11
between the brain stem and the body.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
15:13
Another thing that is interesting
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
15:15
is that the brain stem that we have
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
15:17
is shared with a variety of other species.
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ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:19
So throughout vertebrates,
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
15:21
the design of the brain stem is very similar to ours,
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœืฉืœื ื•,
15:24
which is one of the reasons why I think
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
15:26
those other species have conscious minds like we do.
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ืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•.
15:29
Except that they're not as rich as ours,
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ืืœื ืฉืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื ื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•,
15:32
because they don't have a cerebral cortex like we do.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืงืœื™ืคืช ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•.
15:34
That's where the difference is.
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ื›ืืŸ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
15:36
And I strongly disagree with the idea
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
15:39
that consciousness should be considered
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ืฉืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘
15:42
as the great product of the cerebral cortex.
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ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
15:44
Only the wealth of our minds is,
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ืจืง ืขื•ืฉืจ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื•,
15:46
not the very fact that we have a self
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ืœื ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช,
15:49
that we can refer
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ืจืง ืืช ื–ืืช ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ื—ืก
15:51
to our own existence,
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ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:53
and that we have any sense of person.
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื.
15:57
Now there are three levels of self to consider --
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช --
16:00
the proto, the core and the autobiographical.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•, ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™.
16:03
The first two are shared
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื ื•
16:05
with many, many other species,
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ื•ืœืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“,
16:07
and they are really coming out
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
16:09
largely of the brain stem
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื—
16:11
and whatever there is of cortex in those species.
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ื•ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื•.
16:14
It's the autobiographical self
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ื–ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช
16:16
which some species have, I think.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื.
16:18
Cetaceans and primates have also
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ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื
16:21
an autobiographical self to a certain degree.
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ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
16:23
And everybody's dogs at home
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ื•ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื
16:25
have an autobiographical self to a certain degree.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
16:28
But the novelty is here.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ:
16:30
The autobiographical self is built
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ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”
16:32
on the basis of past memories
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ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ
16:34
and memories of the plans that we have made;
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ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•;
16:37
it's the lived past and the anticipated future.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™.
16:40
And the autobiographical self
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ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช
16:42
has prompted extended memory, reasoning,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ,
16:45
imagination, creativity and language.
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ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืคื”.
16:47
And out of that came the instruments of culture --
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื” ื ื‘ืขื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช --
16:50
religions, justice,
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ื“ืชื•ืช, ืžืฉืคื˜,
16:52
trade, the arts, science, technology.
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ืžืกื—ืจ, ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
16:54
And it is within that culture
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ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
16:56
that we really can get --
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ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’--
16:58
and this is the novelty --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ--
17:00
something that is not entirely set by our biology.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืงื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
17:04
It is developed in the cultures.
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ืืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
17:06
It developed in collectives of human beings.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื.
17:10
And this is, of course, the culture
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
17:12
where we have developed something that I like to call
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ืฉื‘ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื”
17:15
socio-cultural regulation.
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ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
17:17
And finally, you could rightly ask,
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ืง,
17:19
why care about this?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
17:21
Why care if it is the brain stem or the cerebral cortex
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ืื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
17:24
and how this is made?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ?
17:26
Three reasons. First, curiosity.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช: ืกืงืจื ื•ืช.
17:28
Primates are extremely curious --
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ื”ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“--
17:30
and humans most of all.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
17:32
And if we are interested, for example,
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ื•ืื ืื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
17:35
in the fact that anti-gravity
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ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื˜ื™-ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”
17:37
is pulling galaxies away from the Earth,
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ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
17:39
why should we not be interested in what is going on
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
17:41
inside of human beings?
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื?
17:44
Second, understanding society and culture.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
17:46
We should look
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
17:48
at how society and culture
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
17:50
in this socio-cultural regulation
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
17:52
are a work in progress.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•.
17:54
And finally, medicine.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ: ืจืคื•ืื”.
17:56
Let's not forget that some of the worst diseases
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ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:58
of humankind
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
18:00
are diseases such as depression,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
18:02
Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction.
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ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืกืžื™ื.
18:05
Think of strokes that can devastate your mind
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—
18:08
or render you unconscious.
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ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื”.
18:10
You have no prayer
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ืื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื”
18:13
of treating those diseases effectively
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื”
18:16
and in a non-serendipitous way
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ื•ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืช ืืœื™ืœืช-ื”ืžื–ืœ
18:18
if you do not know how this works.
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ืื ืœื ื ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
18:20
So that's a very good reason
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“
18:22
beyond curiosity
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืงืจื ื•ืช
18:24
to justify what we're doing,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
18:26
and to justify having some interest in what is going on in our brains.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
18:29
Thank you for your attention.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
18:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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