The quest to understand consciousness | Antonio Damasio

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I'm here to talk about

Pričat ću vam ovdje

the wonder and the mystery

o čudu i misteriji

of conscious minds.

svjesnih umova.

The wonder is about the fact

Čudo je to što

that we all woke up this morning

smo se svi ujutro probudili

and we had with it

i s time smo

the amazing return of our conscious mind.

povratili naš svjesni um.

We recovered minds with a complete sense of self

Povratili smo um potpuno svjesni sebe

and a complete sense of our own existence,

i svog postojanja,

yet we hardly ever pause to consider this wonder.

ali rijetko kad zastanemo i razmotrimo to čudo.

We should, in fact,

Trebali bismo, jer

because without having this possibility of conscious minds,

zapravo bez te mogućnosti svjesnog uma,

we would have no knowledge whatsoever

ne bismo imali nikakvo znanje

about our humanity;

o čovječanstvu;

we would have no knowledge whatsoever about the world.

ne bismo imali nikakvo znanje o svijetu.

We would have no pains, but also no joys.

Ne bismo patili niti uživali.

We would have no access to love

Ne bismo mogli voljeti

or to the ability to create.

ili imali mogućnost stvaranja.

And of course, Scott Fitzgerald said famously

I naravno, poznata izreka Scotta Fitzgeralda:

that "he who invented consciousness

„Onaj koji je izmislio svijest

would have a lot to be blamed for."

bi se trebao kriviti za mnogo toga.“

But he also forgot

Ali on je zaboravio

that without consciousness,

da bez svijesti

he would have no access to true happiness

ne bi imao mogućnost za istinsku sreću

and even the possibility of transcendence.

i čak mogućnost transcendencije.

So much for the wonder, now for the mystery.

Toliko o čudu, a sada o misteriju.

This is a mystery

To je misterij

that has really been extremely hard to elucidate.

koji je jako teško razriješiti.

All the way back into early philosophy

Sve od početaka filozofije

and certainly throughout the history of neuroscience,

i naravno kroz povijest neuroznanosti

this has been one mystery

to je bio jedan misterij

that has always resisted elucidation,

koji se uvijek odupirao razrješenju,

has got major controversies.

koji je sadržavao velike kontroverze.

And there are actually many people

I postoji, zapravo, mnogo ljudi

that think we should not even touch it;

koji misle da to ne bismo trebali niti dirati;

we should just leave it alone, it's not to be solved.

trebali bismo to ostaviti na miru, ne rješavati.

I don't believe that,

Ne vjerujem u to

and I think the situation is changing.

i mislim da se situacija mijenja.

It would be ridiculous to claim

Bilo bi smiješno tvrditi

that we know how we make consciousness

da znamo kako se stvara svijest

in our brains,

u našem mozgu,

but we certainly can begin

ali svakako možemo početi

to approach the question,

približavati se pitanju,

and we can begin to see the shape of a solution.

i možemo početi uviđati oblik rješenja.

And one more wonder to celebrate

I još jedno čudo koje možemo slaviti

is the fact that we have imaging technologies

je činjenica da imamo slikovne tehnologije

that now allow us to go inside the human brain

koje nam omogućuju da uđemo unutar ljudskog mozga

and be able to do, for example,

i učinimo, na primjer,

what you're seeing right now.

ovo što vidite sada.

These are images that come from Hanna Damasio's lab,

Ti prikazi dolaze iz laboratorija Hanne Damasio

and which show you, in a living brain,

i u živom mozgu prikazuju

the reconstruction of that brain.

rekonstrukciju tog mozga.

And this is a person who is alive.

Ovo je osoba koja je živa.

This is not a person

Ovo nije osoba

that is being studied at autopsy.

čiji se mozak proučava na autopsiji.

And even more --

I još bolje --

and this is something that one can be really amazed about --

ovo je nešto što može stvarno zadiviti --

is what I'm going to show you next,

ovo što ću vam sada pokazati

which is going underneath the surface of the brain

je prodiranje ispod površine mozga

and actually looking in the living brain

i zapravo gledanje živog mozga

at real connections, real pathways.

i njegovih stvarnih poveznica, pravih putova.

So all of those colored lines

Sve ove obojene linije

correspond to bunches of axons,

prikazuju grupe aksona,

the fibers that join cell bodies

vlakna koja povezuju tijela stanice

to synapses.

sa sinapsama.

And I'm sorry to disappoint you, they don't come in color.

I žao mi je što ću vas razočarati, ne dolaze u bojama.

But at any rate, they are there.

Ali u svakom slučaju, oni su tu.

The colors are codes for the direction,

Boje su kodovi za smjerove,

from whether it is back to front

ovisno idu li od nazad prema naprijed

or vice versa.

ili obratno.

At any rate, what is consciousness?

U svakom slučaju, što je svijest?

What is a conscious mind?

Što je to svjesni um?

And we could take a very simple view

Mogli bismo odabrati jednostavno objašnjenje

and say, well, it is that which we lose

i reći da je to ono što izgubimo

when we fall into deep sleep without dreams,

kada zapadnemo u duboki san bez snova

or when we go under anesthesia,

ili kada smo pod anestezijom

and it is what we regain

i da je to ono što povratimo

when we recover from sleep

kada se oporavimo od spavanja

or from anesthesia.

ili anestezije.

But what is exactly that stuff that we lose under anesthesia,

Ali što je točno to što izgubimo pod anestezijom

or when we are in deep, dreamless sleep?

ili kada smo u dubokom snu bez snova?

Well first of all,

Pa, prvo,

it is a mind,

to je um

which is a flow of mental images.

koji je tijek mentalnih slika.

And of course consider images

I naravno smatrajte te slike

that can be sensory patterns,

nekakvim osjetnim uzorcima,

visual, such as you're having right now

vizualnim kao što imate upravo sada

in relation to the stage and me,

gledajući pozornicu i mene

or auditory images,

ili zvučne slike

as you are having now in relation to my words.

kao što imate sada slušajući moje riječi.

That flow of mental images

Taj tijek mentalnih slika

is mind.

je um.

But there is something else

Ali postoji nešto drugo

that we are all experiencing in this room.

što svi doživljavamo u ovoj sobi.

We are not passive exhibitors

Nismo pasivni izlagači

of visual or auditory

vizualnih, auditivnih

or tactile images.

ili taktilnih slika.

We have selves.

Mi imamo sebstvo.

We have a Me

Imamo Ja

that is automatically present

koje je automatski prisutno

in our minds right now.

u našim umovima upravo sada.

We own our minds.

Posjedujemo svoje umove.

And we have a sense that it's everyone of us

I svjesni smo da svi mi

that is experiencing this --

doživljavamo ovo --

not the person who is sitting next to you.

ne osoba koja sjedi pored vas.

So in order to have a conscious mind,

Znači kako bismo imali svjesni um,

you have a self within the conscious mind.

moramo imati sebstvo unutar svjesnog uma.

So a conscious mind is a mind with a self in it.

Znači svjesni um je um koji ima sebstvo u sebi. .

The self introduces the subjective perspective in the mind,

Sebstvo uvodi subjektivnu percepciju u um

and we are only fully conscious

i mi smo jedino potpuno svjesni

when self comes to mind.

kada sebstvo dođe u um.

So what we need to know to even address this mystery

Ono što trebamo znati kako bismo mogli govoriti o tom misteriju

is, number one, how are minds are put together in the brain,

je, pod broj jedan, kako su umovi sastavljeni u mozgu

and, number two, how selves are constructed.

i , pod broj dva, kako je sebstvo konstruirano.

Now the first part, the first problem,

Prvi dio, prvi problem

is relatively easy -- it's not easy at all --

je relativno lagan -- nije nimalo lagan --

but it is something that has been approached gradually in neuroscience.

ali to je nešto čega se neuroanatomija široko dotakla.

And it's quite clear that, in order to make minds,

I potpuno je jasno da kako biste imali um,

we need to construct neural maps.

morate napraviti neuralne karte.

So imagine a grid, like the one I'm showing you right now,

Stoga zamislite ploču poput ove koju vam sada pokazujem,

and now imagine, within that grid,

i sad zamislite na toj ploči .

that two-dimensional sheet,

dvodimenzionalni list,

imagine neurons.

zamislite neurone.

And picture, if you will,

I slika, ako želite

a billboard, a digital billboard,

je plakat, digitalni plakat

where you have elements

gdje možete imati elemente

that can be either lit or not.

koji mogu biti osvjetljeni ili ne.

And depending on how you create the pattern

I ovisno o tome kako kreirate uzorke

of lighting or not lighting,

osvjetljenog i neosvjetljenog,

the digital elements,

digitalni elementi

or, for that matter, the neurons in the sheet,

ili u ovom slučaju neuroni na ploči,

you're going to be able to construct a map.

bit ćete u mogućnosti konstruirati kartu.

This, of course, is a visual map that I'm showing you,

Ovo je naravno vizualna karta koju vam pokazujem,

but this applies to any kind of map --

ali to se može primijeniti na bilo kakvu kartu --

auditory, for example, in relation to sound frequencies,

auditivnu na primjer, u odnosu na frekvenciju zvuka

or to the maps that we construct with our skin

ili karte koju konstruiramo svojom kožom

in relation to an object that we palpate.

zbog objekta koji opipavamo.

Now to bring home the point

A sad da objasnimo

of how close it is --

smisao o njihovoj povezanosti --

the relationship between the grid of neurons

odnos između ploče neurona

and the topographical arrangement

i topografskog poretka

of the activity of the neurons

aktivnosti neurona

and our mental experience --

i našeg mentalnog doživljaja --

I'm going to tell you a personal story.

ispričat ću vam osobnu priču.

So if I cover my left eye --

Ako pokrijem svoje lijevo oko --

I'm talking about me personally, not all of you --

govorim o sebi osobno, ne vama svima --

if I cover my left eye,

ako pokrijem svoje lijevo oko

I look at the grid -- pretty much like the one I'm showing you.

i pogledam ploču -- neku poput ove koju vam pokazujem.

Everything is nice and fine and perpendicular.

Sve je lijepo i dobro i okomito.

But sometime ago, I discovered

Ali nedavno sam otkrio

that if I cover my left eye,

da kada pokrijem svoje lijevo oko

instead what I get is this.

zapravo dobijem ovo.

I look at the grid and I see a warping

Kada pogledam na ploču vidim promjenu

at the edge of my central-left field.

na kraju mog centralnog lijevog polja.

Very odd -- I've analyzed this for a while.

Čudno -- analizirao sam ovo neko vrijeme.

But sometime ago,

Nedavno sam

through the help of an opthamologist colleague of mine,

uz pomoć oftalmologa i kolegice

Carmen Puliafito,

Carmen Puliafito

who developed a laser scanner of the retina,

koja je napravila laserski skener retine,

I found out the the following.

otkrio sam sljedeće.

If I scan my retina

Ako skeniram svoju retinu

through the horizontal plane that you see there in the little corner,

kroz horizontalnu ravninu koju vidite u malom kutu,

what I get is the following.

dobijem sljedeće.

On the right side, my retina is perfectly symmetrical.

Na desnoj strani, moja retina je savršeno simetrična.

You see the going down towards the fovea

Vidite udolinu prema fovei

where the optic nerve begins.

gdje počinje optički živac.

But on my left retina there is a bump,

Ali na mojoj lijevoj retini na tom je mjestu izbočenje

which is marked there by the red arrow.

koje je označeno crvenom strelicom.

And it corresponds to a little cyst

I to odgovara maloj cisti

that is located below.

koja se nalazi ispod.

And that is exactly what causes

I to je točno ono što uzrokuje

the warping of my visual image.

promjene moje vizualne slike.

So just think of this:

I sada pomislite ovo:

you have a grid of neurons,

imamo ploču neurona,

and now you have a plane mechanical change

i postoji čista mehanička promjena

in the position of the grid,

u položaju te ploče

and you get a warping of your mental experience.

i dobijete promjene u mentalnom iskustvu.

So this is how close

To pokazuje koliko su bliski

your mental experience

vaše mentalno iskustvo

and the activity of the neurons in the retina,

i aktivnost neurona retine

which is a part of the brain located in the eyeball,

koja je dio mozga smješten u očnoj jabučici,

or, for that matter, a sheet of visual cortex.

ili u našem slučaju, list vizualog korteksa.

So from the retina

Znači iz retine

you go onto visual cortex.

idemo u vizualni korteks.

And of course, the brain adds on

I naravno mozak doda

a lot of information

mnogo informacija

to what is going on

na ono što se prenosi

in the signals that come from the retina.

signalom koji dolazi iz retine.

And in that image there,

A na ovoj slici

you see a variety of islands

možete vidjeti različite otoke

of what I call image-making regions in the brain.

koje zovem regije za stvaranje slika u mozgu.

You have the green for example,

Imate zelenu koja na primjer

that corresponds to tactile information,

odgovara taktilnim informacijama

or the blue that corresponds to auditory information.

ili plavu koja odgovara auditivnim informacijama.

And something else that happens

I nešto drugo se događa

is that those image-making regions

u tim regijama za stvaranje slike

where you have the plotting

gdje imate polja

of all these neural maps,

svih tih neuralnih karti,

can then provide signals

one šalju signale

to this ocean of purple that you see around,

u ovaj ocean ljubičastog koji vidite uokolo,

which is the association cortex,

a to je asocijacijski korteks

where you can make records of what went on

gdje možete zabilježiti što je došlo

in those islands of image-making.

u te otoke za stvaranje slike.

And the great beauty

I velika ljepota toga

is that you can then go from memory,

je ta da možete tada iz svoje memorije,

out of those association cortices,

iz asocijacijskih korteksa,

and produce back images

proizvesti ponovno slike

in the very same regions that have perception.

u istim regijama koje imaju percepciju.

So think about how wonderfully convenient and lazy

Razmislite kako je prekrasno komforan

the brain is.

i lijen mozak.

So it provides certain areas

Znači omogućuje određena područja

for perception and image-making.

za percepciju i stvaranje slike.

And those are exactly the same

I to su upravo ta

that are going to be used for image-making

koja će se koristiti za stvaranje slika

when we recall information.

kada se prisjetimo informacija.

So far the mystery of the conscious mind

I tako se misterij svjesnog uma

is diminishing a little bit

smanjuje pomalo

because we have a general sense

zato što imamo opći dojam

of how we make these images.

o tome kako se stvaraju slike.

But what about the self?

A što je sa sebstvom?

The self is really the elusive problem.

Sebstvo je zapravo lukav problem.

And for a long time,

I dosta dugo

people did not even want to touch it,

ljudi ga nisu ni htjeli dirati,

because they'd say,

rekli bi:

"How can you have this reference point, this stability,

„Kako se može imati referentna točka, ta stabilnost,

that is required to maintain

koja je potrebna za održavanje

the continuity of selves day after day?"

kontinuiteta sebstva dan za danom?“

And I thought about a solution to this problem.

I razmišljao sam o rješenju tog problema.

It's the following.

A to je sljedeće.

We generate brain maps

Proizvodimo karte u mozgu

of the body's interior

o tjelesnoj unutrašnjosti

and use them as the reference for all other maps.

i koristimo ih kao referencu za sve ostale karte.

So let me tell you just a little bit about how I came to this.

A sada ću vam malo pričati kako sam došao do toga.

I came to this because,

Došao sam zato,

if you're going to have a reference that we know as self --

ako će te imati referencu koju poznamo kao sebstvo --

the Me, the I

Sebe, Ja

in our own processing --

u našem procesiranju --

we need to have something that is stable,

trebamo imati nešto što je stabilno,

something that does not deviate much

nešto što se ne mijenja previše

from day to day.

iz dana u dan.

Well it so happens that we have a singular body.

A slučaj je da imamo jedno tijelo.

We have one body, not two, not three.

Imamo jedno tijelo, ne dva, ne tri.

And so that is a beginning.

I to je početak.

There is just one reference point, which is the body.

Postoji samo jedna referentna točka, koja je tijelo.

But then, of course, the body has many parts,

Ali onda, naravno, tijelo ima mnogo dijelova

and things grow at different rates,

i stvari različito rastu

and they have different sizes and different people;

i imaju različite veličine i ljudi se razlikuju;

however, not so with the interior.

ali i ne toliko u unutrašnjosti.

The things that have to do

To su stvari koje su povezane

with what is known as our internal milieu --

s nečim što se zove unutarnji ambijent --

for example, the whole management

na primjer, cijelo upravljanje

of the chemistries within our body

kemikalijama u tijelu

are, in fact, extremely maintained

održava se i

day after day

iz dana u dan

for one very good reason.

zbog dobrog razloga.

If you deviate too much

Ako se promjeni previše

in the parameters

u parametrima

that are close to the midline

koji su blizu srednje linije

of that life-permitting survival range,

u opsegu dopuštenog za preživljavanje,

you go into disease or death.

postanete bolesni ili umrete.

So we have an in-built system

Znači imamo jedan izgrađeni sustav

within our own lives

u našim životima

that ensures some kind of continuity.

koji osigurava nekakav kontinuitet.

I like to call it an almost infinite sameness from day to day.

Volim to nazivati skoro beskonačna istost iz dana u dan.

Because if you don't have that sameness, physiologically,

Jer ako nemate istost, fiziološki,

you're going to be sick or you're going to die.

obolit ćete ili umrijeti.

So that's one more element for this continuity.

To je još jedan element za ovaj kontinuitet.

And the final thing

I zadnja stvar

is that there is a very tight coupling

je ta da postoji veoma uska povezanost

between the regulation of our body within the brain

između regulacije našeg tijela unutar mozga

and the body itself,

i samog tijela,

unlike any other coupling.

naprotiv drugih veza.

So for example, I'm making images of you,

Na primjer, ja stvaram slike vas

but there's no physiological bond

ali ne postoji nikakva fiziološka veza

between the images I have of you as an audience

između slika koje imam o vama kao publici

and my brain.

i mog mozga.

However, there is a close, permanently maintained bond

Ali postoji bliska vječno održavana veza

between the body regulating parts of my brain

između dijelova mozga koji reguliraju tijelo

and my own body.

i mog tijela.

So here's how it looks. Look at the region there.

Ovdje vidimo kako to izgleda. Pogledajte regije ovdje.

There is the brain stem in between the cerebral cortex

Ovdje je moždano deblo između moždanog korteksa

and the spinal cord.

i kralježnične moždine.

And it is within that region

I u regiji

that I'm going to highlight now

koju ću sada označiti

that we have this housing

imamo smještene

of all the life-regulation devices

sve uređaje za reguliranje

of the body.

života u tijelu.

This is so specific that, for example,

To je tako posebno da, na primjer,

if you look at the part that is covered in red

ako gledate u dijelove koji su pokriveni crveno

in the upper part of the brain stem,

u gornjem dijelu moždanog debla,

if you damage that as a result of a stroke, for example,

ako oštetite to kao rezultat moždanog udara, na primjer,

what you get is coma

ono što dobijete je koma

or vegetative state,

ili vegetativno stanje,

which is a state, of course,

koje je stanje, naravno,

in which your mind disappears,

kada vaš um nestane,

your consciousness disappears.

vaša svijest se rasprši.

What happens then actually

Ono što se tada zapravo dogodi

is that you lose the grounding of the self,

je da izgubite temelj sebstva,

you have no longer access to any feeling of your own existence,

nemate više pristup nijednom osjećaju postojanja,

and, in fact, there can be images going on,

i, činjenično, mogu se stvarati slike,

being formed in the cerebral cortex,

stvarane u moždanom korteksu,

except you don't know they're there.

samo što ne znate da su tamo.

You have, in effect, lost consciousness

Izgubite svijest

when you have damage to that red section of the brain stem.

kada oštetite taj crveni dio moždanog debla.

But if you consider the green part of the brain stem,

Ali ako promatramo zeleni dio moždanog debla,

nothing like that happens.

ništa se ne dogodi.

It is that specific.

Toliko su specifični.

So in that green component of the brain stem,

U zelenom dijelu moždanog debla, a

if you damage it, and often it happens,

ako ga oštetite, a to se često dogodi,

what you get is complete paralysis,

ono što dobijete je potpuna paraliza,

but your conscious mind is maintained.

ali svjesni um ostaje.

You feel, you know, you have a fully conscious mind

Osjetite, znate, imate potpunu svijest

that you can report very indirectly.

koja se bilježi indirektno.

This is a horrific condition. You don't want to see it.

To je strašno stanje. Ne želite to vidjeti.

And people are, in fact, imprisoned

Ljudi su zapravo zatočeni

within their own bodies,

unutar svojih tijela,

but they do have a mind.

ali imaju um.

There was a very interesting film,

Postoji jedan zanimljiv film,

one of the rare good films done

jedan od rijetkih dobrih filmova

about a situation like this,

snimljenih o ovoj situaciji,

by Julian Schnabel some years ago

film Juliana Schnabela snimljen prije nekoliko godina

about a patient that was in that condition.

o pacijentu u ovakvom stanju.

So now I'm going to show you a picture.

A sada ću vam pokazati sliku.

I promise not to say anything about this,

Obećavam da neću reći ništa o tome,

except this is to frighten you.

osim da je tu kako bi vas zastrašila.

It's just to tell you

Tu je samo kako bi vam rekla

that in that red section of the brain stem,

da u onom crvenom dijelu moždanog debla

there are, to make it simple,

postoje, da pojednostavimo,

all those little squares that correspond to modules

svi oni mali kvadratići koji odgovaraju modulima

that actually make brain maps

koji zapravo stvaraju moždane karte

of different aspects of our interior,

različitih karti našeg interijera,

different aspects of our body.

različite aspekte našeg tijela.

They are exquisitely topographic

Oni su posebno topografski

and they are exquisitely interconnected

i posebno su povezani

in a recursive pattern.

u rekurzivne uzorke.

And it is out of this and out of this tight coupling

I iz ove uske povezanosti

between the brain stem and the body

između moždanog debla i tijela

that I believe -- and I could be wrong,

mislim -- a možda i griješim,

but I don't think I am --

ali mislim da ne --

that you generate this mapping of the body

da se generiraju karte tijela

that provides the grounding for the self

koje daju temelj za sebstvo

and that comes in the form of feelings --

koje dolazi u obliku osjeta --

primordial feelings, by the way.

primordijalnih osjeta, usput.

So what is the picture that we get here?

I kakvu sliku dobivamo ovdje?

Look at "cerebral cortex," look at "brain stem,"

Pogledajte „moždanu koru“, pogledajte „moždano deblo“,

look at "body,"

pogledajte „tijelo“

and you get the picture of the interconnectivity

i vidjet ćete međupovezanost

in which you have the brain stem providing the grounding for the self

u kojoj moždano deblo daje temelje za sebstvo

in a very tight interconnection with the body.

u jako uskoj vezi s tijelom.

And you have the cerebral cortex

I imate moždanu koru

providing the great spectacle of our minds

koja daje velike spektakle našeg uma

with the profusion of images

s obiljem slika

that are, in fact, the contents of our minds

koje su zapravo sadržaj našeg uma

and that we normally pay most attention to,

i na koje obično najviše obraćamo pozornost,

as we should, because that's really

kao što bi i trebali jer je to zaista

the film that is rolling in our minds.

film koji se odvija u našim umovima.

But look at the arrows.

Ali pogledajte strelice.

They're not there for looks.

Nisu tu samo zbog izgleda.

They're there because there's this very close interaction.

Tu su zbog ove jako bliske interakcije.

You cannot have a conscious mind

Ne možete imati svjesni um

if you don't have the interaction

ako nemate interakciju

between cerebral cortex and brain stem.

između moždane kore i moždanog debla.

You cannot have a conscious mind

Ne možete imati svjesni um

if you don't have the interaction

ako nemate interakciju

between the brain stem and the body.

između moždanog debla i tijela.

Another thing that is interesting

Još jedna svar koja je zanimljiva

is that the brain stem that we have

je da moždano deblo koje imamo

is shared with a variety of other species.

dijelimo s raznim drugim vrstama.

So throughout vertebrates,

A kod kralježnjaka

the design of the brain stem is very similar to ours,

dizajn moždanog debla sličan je našem,

which is one of the reasons why I think

a to je jedan od razloga zašto mislim

those other species have conscious minds like we do.

da i druge vrste imaju svjestan um kao i mi.

Except that they're not as rich as ours,

Samo što njihov nije toliko bogat kao naš,

because they don't have a cerebral cortex like we do.

jer nemaju moždanu koru kao i mi.

That's where the difference is.

U tome je razlika.

And I strongly disagree with the idea

I u potpunosti se protivim ideji

that consciousness should be considered

da se svijest smatra

as the great product of the cerebral cortex.

velikim produktom moždane kore.

Only the wealth of our minds is,

Jedino je bogatstvo naših umova,

not the very fact that we have a self

ne i sama činjenica da imamo sebstvo

that we can refer

koje pripisujemo

to our own existence,

egzistenciji,

and that we have any sense of person.

i tako imamo dojam osobe.

Now there are three levels of self to consider --

Postoje tri razine sebstva koje razmatramo --

the proto, the core and the autobiographical.

proto, srž i autobiografsko.

The first two are shared

Prva dva dijelimo

with many, many other species,

s raznim drugim vrstama

and they are really coming out

i poprilično se primijete

largely of the brain stem

u moždanom deblu

and whatever there is of cortex in those species.

i, ako postoji, kori tih vrsta.

It's the autobiographical self

A autobiografsko sebstvo

which some species have, I think.

neke vrste imaju, mislim.

Cetaceans and primates have also

Kitovi i primati također imaju

an autobiographical self to a certain degree.

autobiografsko sebstvo do određene razine.

And everybody's dogs at home

I svačiji psi kod kuće

have an autobiographical self to a certain degree.

imaju autobiografsko sebstvo do određene razine.

But the novelty is here.

Ali novina je ovdje.

The autobiographical self is built

Autobiografsko je sebstvo izgrađeno

on the basis of past memories

na bazi prošlih memorija

and memories of the plans that we have made;

i memorija planova koje smo napravili;

it's the lived past and the anticipated future.

to je proživljena prošlost i očekivana budućnost.

And the autobiographical self

I autobiografsko sebstvo

has prompted extended memory, reasoning,

ponukalo je produljenu memoriju, traženje razloga,

imagination, creativity and language.

maštu, kreativnost i jezik.

And out of that came the instruments of culture --

A iz njih su proizašli instrumenti društva --

religions, justice,

religija, pravda,

trade, the arts, science, technology.

trgovina, umjetnost, znanost i tehnologija.

And it is within that culture

A u toj kulturi

that we really can get --

možemo dobiti nešto --

and this is the novelty --

a to je novost --

something that is not entirely set by our biology.

nešto što nije potpuno određeno biologijom.

It is developed in the cultures.

Razvija se u kulturama.

It developed in collectives of human beings.

Razvija se u zajedništvu ljudskih bića.

And this is, of course, the culture

A to je, naravno, kultura

where we have developed something that I like to call

gdje smo razvili nešto što ja volim zvati

socio-cultural regulation.

sociokulturna regulacija.

And finally, you could rightly ask,

I na kraju, možete se pitati,

why care about this?

koga briga za ovo?

Why care if it is the brain stem or the cerebral cortex

Zašto brinuti je li u pitanju moždano deblo ili moždana kora

and how this is made?

i kako se stvara?

Three reasons. First, curiosity.

Tri razloga. Prvo, znatiželja.

Primates are extremely curious --

Primati su jako znatiželjni --

and humans most of all.

i ljudi ponajviše.

And if we are interested, for example,

I mi se zanimamo, na primjer,

in the fact that anti-gravity

za činjenicu da antigravitacija

is pulling galaxies away from the Earth,

odvlači galaksije dalje od Zemlje,

why should we not be interested in what is going on

zašto se onda ne bismo zanimali i za ono što se događa

inside of human beings?

unutar ljudskog bića?

Second, understanding society and culture.

Drugo, razumijevanje društva i kulture.

We should look

Trebali bismo razmišljati

at how society and culture

kako su društvo i kultura

in this socio-cultural regulation

u ovoj socio-kulturnoj regulaciji

are a work in progress.

rad u tijeku.

And finally, medicine.

I na kraju, medicina.

Let's not forget that some of the worst diseases

Ne zaboravimo da su neke od najgorih bolesti

of humankind

čovječanstva

are diseases such as depression,

bolesti poput depresije,

Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction.

Alzheimerove bolesti, ovisnosti o drogama.

Think of strokes that can devastate your mind

Razmislite o moždanom udaru koji razori vaš um

or render you unconscious.

ili svijest.

You have no prayer

Nema smisla

of treating those diseases effectively

tretirati te bolesti efektivno

and in a non-serendipitous way

i bez pozitivnih očekivanja

if you do not know how this works.

ako ne znate kako djeluju.

So that's a very good reason

To je veoma dobar razlog

beyond curiosity

viši od radoznalosti

to justify what we're doing,

koji opravdava ono što mi radimo,

and to justify having some interest in what is going on in our brains.

i opravdava zanimanje za ono što se događa u našim mozgovima.

Thank you for your attention.

Hvala vam na pozornosti.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)