Why we need the explorers | Brian Cox

454,133 views ใƒป 2010-06-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Tom Bielik ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
We live in difficult and challenging
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื
00:18
economic times, of course.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
00:20
And one of the first victims
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:23
of difficult economic times,
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ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื
00:25
I think, is public spending of any kind,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
00:28
but certainly in the firing line at the moment
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข
00:30
is public spending for science,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข
00:32
and particularly curiosity-led science
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืข"ื™ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช
00:34
and exploration.
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ื•ื—ืงืจ
00:36
So I want to try and convince you in about 15 minutes
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ื‘ื›-15 ื“ืงื•ืช
00:39
that that's a ridiculous
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ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื—ืš
00:41
and ludicrous thing to do.
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ื•ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™.
00:43
But I think to set the scene,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืงืข
00:45
I want to show -- the next slide is not my attempt
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช - ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
00:47
to show the worst TED slide in the history of TED,
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ TED
00:50
but it is a bit of a mess.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ืกื”
00:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:54
But actually, it's not my fault; it's from the Guardian newspaper.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ืืช ืœื ืืฉืžืชื™, ื”ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”-'ื’ืืจื“ื™ืืŸ'
00:57
And it's actually a beautiful demonstration
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื”
00:59
of how much science costs.
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ืœื›ืžื” ื”ืžื“ืข ืขื•ืœื”
01:01
Because, if I'm going to make the case
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ื›ื™ ืื ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ
01:03
for continuing to spend on curiosity-driven science and exploration,
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ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืข"ื™ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืจ
01:06
I should tell you how much it costs.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœื•
01:08
So this is a game called "spot the science budgets."
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื ืงืจื "ื–ื”ื” ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืข"
01:10
This is the U.K. government spend.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
01:12
You see there, it's about 620 billion a year.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›-620 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”
01:15
The science budget is actually --
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ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” -
01:17
if you look to your left, there's a purple set of blobs
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœื›ื, ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื
01:20
and then yellow set of blobs.
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ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:22
And it's one of the yellow set of blobs
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:24
around the big yellow blob.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
01:26
It's about 3.3 billion pounds per year
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืื•ื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”
01:28
out of 620 billion.
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ืžืชื•ืš 620 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
01:30
That funds everything in the U.K.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
01:32
from medical research, space exploration,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืจืคื•ืื™, ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
01:35
where I work, at CERN in Geneva, particle physics,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“, CERN ื‘ื’'ื ื‘ื”, ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช
01:37
engineering, even arts and humanities,
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ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—
01:40
funded from the science budget,
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ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืข
01:42
which is that 3.3 billion, that little, tiny yellow blob
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ืฉื”ื•ื 3.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
01:45
around the orange blob at the top left of the screen.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืš
01:48
So that's what we're arguing about.
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ืื– ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื
01:50
That percentage, by the way, is about the same
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ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื–ื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื”
01:52
in the U.S. and Germany and France.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช
01:54
R&D in total in the economy,
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ืžื•"ืค ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”
01:56
publicly funded, is about
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ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš
01:58
0.6 percent of GDP.
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0.6 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืœ"ื’
02:00
So that's what we're arguing about.
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ืื– ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:02
The first thing I want to say,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
02:04
and this is straight from "Wonders of the Solar System,"
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืžื”ืกื“ืจื” "ืคืœืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ"
02:07
is that our exploration of the solar system and the universe
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื
02:10
has shown us that it is indescribably beautiful.
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ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
02:13
This is a picture that actually was sent back
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื—ื–ืจื”
02:15
by the Cassini space probe around Saturn,
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ืžื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ 'ืงืกื™ื ื™' ืฉืœื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืื™
02:17
after we'd finished filming "Wonders of the Solar System."
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืœืฆืœื ืืช "ืคืœืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ"
02:19
So it isn't in the series.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื“ืจื”
02:21
It's of the moon Enceladus.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืจื— 'ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก'
02:23
So that big sweeping, white
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ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
02:25
sphere in the corner is Saturn,
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ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชืื™
02:27
which is actually in the background of the picture.
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ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
02:30
And that crescent there is the moon Enceladus,
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ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉื ื”ื•ื 'ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก'
02:32
which is about as big as the British Isles.
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ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
02:35
It's about 500 kilometers in diameter.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ืง"ืž ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจื•
02:37
So, tiny moon.
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ื™ืจื— ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ
02:39
What's fascinating and beautiful ...
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืคืœื™ื ื”ื•ื
02:41
this an unprocessed picture, by the way, I should say,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
02:43
it's black and white, straight from Saturnian orbit.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™
02:46
What's beautiful is, you can probably see on the limb there
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉื
02:48
some faint, sort of,
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ืื ื™ืฆื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื
02:50
wisps of almost smoke
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ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืฉืŸ
02:52
rising up from the limb.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฆื”
02:54
This is how we visualize that in "Wonders of the Solar System."
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ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘"ืคืœืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ"
02:57
It's a beautiful graphic.
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ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื”
02:59
What we found out were that those faint wisps
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ื™ืฆื™ื ื“ื”ื•ื™ื™ื
03:01
are actually fountains of ice
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
03:03
rising up from the surface of this tiny moon.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:06
That's fascinating and beautiful in itself,
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•,
03:09
but we think that the mechanism
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ
03:11
for powering those fountains
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ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช
03:13
requires there to be lakes of liquid water
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื
03:16
beneath the surface of this moon.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื–ื”
03:18
And what's important about that
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
03:20
is that, on our planet, on Earth,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:22
wherever we find liquid water,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื
03:24
we find life.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
03:26
So, to find strong evidence
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ืื– ืžืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช
03:29
of liquid, pools of liquid, beneath the surface of a moon
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ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
03:32
750 million miles away from the Earth
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750 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:35
is really quite astounding.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
03:38
So what we're saying, essentially,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™
03:40
is maybe that's a habitat for life in the solar system.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:44
Well, let me just say, that was a graphic. I just want to show this picture.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืจืง ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจืคื™. ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
03:47
That's one more picture of Enceladus.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก
03:49
This is when Cassini flew beneath Enceladus.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืกื™ื ื™ ื˜ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก
03:52
So it made a very low pass,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš
03:54
just a few hundred kilometers above the surface.
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
03:56
And so this, again, a real picture of the ice fountains rising up into space,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
03:59
absolutely beautiful.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงืกื™ื
04:01
But that's not the prime candidate for life in the solar system.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
04:04
That's probably this place,
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”
04:06
which is a moon of Jupiter, Europa.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง - ืื™ื•ืจื•ืคื”
04:08
And again, we had to fly to the Jovian system
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื˜ืกื ื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’'ื•ื‘ื™ืื ื™ืช
04:11
to get any sense that this moon, as most moons,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื
04:14
was anything other than a dead ball of rock.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ืกืœืข ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ื™ื
04:16
It's actually an ice moon.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืจื— ืงืจื—
04:18
So what you're looking at is the surface of the moon Europa,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ืจื•ืคื”
04:21
which is a thick sheet of ice, probably a hundred kilometers thick.
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ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 100 ืง"ืž
04:24
But by measuring the way that
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื”
04:26
Europa interacts
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ื™ืจื— ืื™ื•ืจื•ืคื” ืžื’ื™ื‘
04:28
with the magnetic field of Jupiter,
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ืขื ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง
04:30
and looking at how those cracks in the ice
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—
04:32
that you can see there on that graphic move around,
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ืื•ืชื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”
04:35
we've inferred very strongly
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ื”ืกืงื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™
04:37
that there's an ocean of liquid surrounding
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
04:39
the entire surface of Europa.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ืจื•ืคื”
04:42
So below the ice, there's an ocean of liquid around the whole moon.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื—, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
04:45
It could be hundreds of kilometers deep, we think.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:48
We think it's saltwater, and that would mean that
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
04:50
there's more water on that moon of Jupiter
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง
04:53
than there is in all the oceans of the Earth combined.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
04:56
So that place, a little moon around Jupiter,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืจื— ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง
04:59
is probably the prime candidate
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
05:02
for finding life on a moon
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ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืจื—
05:04
or a body outside the Earth, that we know of.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
05:07
Tremendous and beautiful discovery.
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ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืจืขื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืžื”
05:10
Our exploration of the solar system
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ื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
05:12
has taught us that the solar system is beautiful.
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ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื”
05:14
It may also have pointed the way to answering
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื ืกืœืœื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
05:17
one of the most profound questions that you can possibly ask,
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ืœืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ
05:20
which is: "Are we alone in the universe?"
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ืฉื”ื™ื, "ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื?"
05:23
Is there any other use to exploration and science,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ื
05:25
other than just a sense of wonder?
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ืคืจื˜ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืœื™ืื”?
05:27
Well, there is.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ.
05:29
This is a very famous picture
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช
05:31
taken, actually, on my first Christmas Eve,
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ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
05:33
December 24th, 1968,
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24 ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, 1968
05:36
when I was about eight months old.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
05:38
It was taken by Apollo 8
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืคื•ืœื• 8
05:40
as it went around the back of the moon.
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
05:42
Earthrise from Apollo 8.
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ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืืคื•ืœื• 8
05:44
A famous picture; many people have said that it's the picture
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
05:46
that saved 1968,
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช 1968
05:48
which was a turbulent year --
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืกื•ืขืจืช
05:50
the student riots in Paris,
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ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืก
05:52
the height of the Vietnam War.
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ืฉื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื
05:54
The reason many people think that about this picture,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
05:57
and Al Gore has said it many times, actually, on the stage at TED,
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ื•ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœ TED
06:00
is that this picture, arguably, was
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื”
06:02
the beginning of the environmental movement.
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ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
06:04
Because, for the first time,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
06:06
we saw our world,
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•
06:08
not as a solid, immovable,
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ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง, ื™ืฆื™ื‘
06:11
kind of indestructible place,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ืกื”
06:13
but as a very small, fragile-looking world
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ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจ
06:16
just hanging against the blackness of space.
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ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
06:19
What's also not often said
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช
06:21
about the space exploration, about the Apollo program,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ, ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื•
06:24
is the economic contribution it made.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”
06:26
I mean while you can make arguments that it was wonderful
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
06:29
and a tremendous achievement
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ื•ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืขืฆื•ื
06:31
and delivered pictures like this,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื”
06:33
it cost a lot, didn't it?
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื“ ื™ืงืจื”, ืœื?
06:35
Well, actually, many studies have been done
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขืฉื•
06:37
about the economic effectiveness,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
06:39
the economic impact of Apollo.
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ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•
06:41
The biggest one was in 1975 by Chase Econometrics.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘-1975 ืข"ื™ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืก ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก
06:44
And it showed that for every $1 spent on Apollo,
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ืฉื”ืจืื• ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืืคื•ืœื•
06:47
14 came back into the U.S. economy.
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14 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘
06:50
So the Apollo program paid for itself
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”
06:52
in inspiration,
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ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื”
06:54
in engineering, achievement
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ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื
06:56
and, I think, in inspiring young scientists and engineers
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
06:59
14 times over.
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ืคื™ 14
07:01
So exploration can pay for itself.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”
07:03
What about scientific discovery?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื?
07:06
What about driving innovation?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช?
07:08
Well, this looks like a picture of virtually nothing.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
07:11
What it is, is a picture of the spectrum
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื
07:13
of hydrogen.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ
07:16
See, back in the 1880s, 1890s,
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ืชืจืื•, ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1880, 1890
07:19
many scientists, many observers,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
07:22
looked at the light given off from atoms.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืœื˜ ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
07:24
And they saw strange pictures like this.
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ื•ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
07:26
What you're seeing when you put it through a prism
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืคืจื™ื–ืžื”
07:28
is that you heat hydrogen up and it doesn't just glow
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ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื–ื•ื”ืจ
07:31
like a white light,
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ื‘ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ
07:33
it just emits light at particular colors,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
07:35
a red one, a light blue one, some dark blue ones.
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ืื—ื“ ืื“ื•ื, ืื—ื“ ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื
07:38
Now that led to an understanding of atomic structure
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื˜ื•ื
07:41
because the way that's explained
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
07:43
is atoms are a single nucleus
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ื–ื” ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื—ื“
07:45
with electrons going around them.
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ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•
07:47
And the electrons can only be in particular places.
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ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
07:50
And when they jump up to the next place they can be,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
07:52
and fall back down again,
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ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
07:54
they emit light at particular colors.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
07:56
And so the fact that atoms, when you heat them up,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืื•ืชื
07:58
only emit light at very specific colors,
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ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
08:01
was one of the key drivers
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
08:03
that led to the development of the quantum theory,
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
08:05
the theory of the structure of atoms.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
08:08
I just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”
08:11
This is actually a picture of the spectrum of the Sun.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
08:13
And now, this is a picture of atoms in the Sun's atmosphere
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
08:16
absorbing light.
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ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืื•ืจ
08:18
And again, they only absorb light at particular colors
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืื•ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
08:20
when electrons jump up and fall down,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ื–ืจื”
08:22
jump up and fall down.
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ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื
08:24
But look at the number of black lines in that spectrum.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื
08:27
And the element helium
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ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืœื™ื•ื
08:29
was discovered just by staring at the light from the Sun
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ื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
08:32
because some of those black lines were found
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชื ืงื•ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื•
08:34
that corresponded to no known element.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืืฃ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจ
08:36
And that's why helium's called helium.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื›ืš
08:38
It's called "helios" -- helios from the Sun.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื 'ื”ืœื™ื•ื'- ื”ืœื™ื•ืก ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžืฉ
08:41
Now, that sounds esoteric,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืื–ื•ื˜ืจื™
08:43
and indeed it was an esoteric pursuit,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ื˜ืจื™
08:46
but the quantum theory quickly led
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ืืš ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื”
08:48
to an understanding of the behaviors of electrons in materials
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ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
08:51
like silicon, for example.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื
08:53
The way that silicon behaves,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืชื ื”ื’
08:55
the fact that you can build transistors,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื
08:57
is a purely quantum phenomenon.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
08:59
So without that curiosity-driven
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืœื ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืกืงืจื ื™
09:01
understanding of the structure of atoms,
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ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
09:03
which led to this rather esoteric theory, quantum mechanics,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ืช, ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื
09:06
then we wouldn't have transistors, we wouldn't have silicon chips,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ
09:09
we wouldn't have pretty much the basis
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก
09:12
of our modern economy.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
09:14
There's one more, I think, wonderful twist to that tale.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืชืคื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ
09:17
In "Wonders of the Solar System,"
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ื‘"ืคืœืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ"
09:19
we kept emphasizing the laws of physics are universal.
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ื”ื“ื’ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”
09:22
It's one of the most incredible things about the physics
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”
09:25
and the understanding of nature that you get on Earth,
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
09:28
is you can transport it, not only to the planets,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื, ืœื ืจืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช
09:31
but to the most distant stars and galaxies.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:33
And one of the astonishing predictions
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
09:35
of quantum mechanics,
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ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื
09:37
just by looking at the structure of atoms --
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ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
09:39
the same theory that describes transistors --
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ืื•ืชื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืชืืจืช ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื
09:41
is that there can be no stars in the universe
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
09:44
that have reached the end of their life
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
09:46
that are bigger than, quite specifically, 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
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ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืžืคื™ 1.4 ืžื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
09:49
That's a limit imposed on the mass of stars.
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืกืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
09:52
You can work it out on a piece of paper in a laboratory,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
09:55
get a telescope, swing it to the sky,
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ืชืฉื™ื’ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
09:57
and you find that there are no dead stars
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ื•ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื
10:00
bigger than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 1.4 ืžืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
10:02
That's quite an incredible prediction.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™
10:05
What happens when you have a star that's right on the edge of that mass?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื–ืืช?
10:08
Well, this is a picture of it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”
10:10
This is the picture of a galaxy, a common "our garden" galaxy
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช "ื’ื™ื ื”" ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช
10:13
with, what, 100 billion
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ืขื ื›ืžื”? 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
10:15
stars like our Sun in it.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”
10:17
It's just one of billions of galaxies in the universe.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
10:20
There are a billion stars in the galactic core,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™
10:22
which is why it's shining out so brightly.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
10:25
This is about 50 million light years away,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ
10:27
so one of our neighboring galaxies.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
10:29
But that bright star there
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืง ืฉื
10:31
is actually one of the stars in the galaxy.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
10:34
So that star is also
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ืื– ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’ื
10:36
50 million light years away.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ
10:38
It's part of that galaxy, and it's shining as brightly
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง
10:41
as the center of the galaxy
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ื›ืžื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
10:43
with a billion suns in it.
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ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•
10:45
That's a Type Ia supernova explosion.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื’ 1A
10:48
Now that's an incredible phenomena,
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
10:50
because it's a star that sits there.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ื•ื›ื‘
10:52
It's called a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
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ืฉื ืงืจื 'ื ื ืก ืคื—ืžืŸ-ื—ืžืฆืŸ'
10:54
It sits there about, say, 1.3 times the mass of the Sun.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืฉื, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ 1.3 ืžืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
10:57
And it has a binary companion that goes around it,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•
11:00
so a big star, a big ball of gas.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื–
11:03
And what it does is it sucks gas
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ ื’ื–
11:05
off its companion star,
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ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื•
11:07
until it gets to this limit called the Chandrasekhar limit,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฆ'ื ื“ืจืกืงืืจ
11:10
and then it explodes.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ
11:12
And it explodes, and it shines as brightly
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื”ืง ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”
11:14
as a billion suns for about two weeks,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื
11:16
and releases, not only energy,
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืœื ืจืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
11:19
but a huge amount of chemical elements into the universe.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื™ืงื•ื
11:22
In fact, that one is a carbon-oxygen dwarf.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื ืก ืคื—ืžืŸ-ื—ืžืฆืŸ
11:25
Now, there was no carbon and oxygen
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ
11:27
in the universe at the Big Bang.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:29
And there was no carbon and oxygen in the universe
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
11:31
throughout the first generation of stars.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
11:34
It was made in stars like that,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
11:36
locked away and then returned to the universe
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ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื™ืงื•ื
11:38
in explosions like that
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ื‘ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
11:40
in order to recondense into planets,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช
11:42
stars, new solar systems
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
11:44
and, indeed, people like us.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•
11:47
I think that's a remarkable demonstration of the power
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื—
11:49
and beauty and universality of the laws of physics,
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ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”
11:52
because we understand that process,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
11:54
because we understand
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
11:56
the structure of atoms here on Earth.
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ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
11:58
This is a beautiful quote that I found --
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ื–ื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื™ืคื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ -
12:00
we're talking about serendipity there -- from Alexander Fleming:
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื ื“ื™ืคื™ื˜ื™ (ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ)- ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’
12:03
"When I woke up just after dawn
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"ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืขื ืฉื—ืจ
12:05
on September 28, 1928,
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ื‘-28 ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, 1928
12:07
I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืชื›ื ื ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”
12:09
by discovering the world's first antibiotic."
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื"
12:12
Now, the explorers of the world of the atom
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื
12:14
did not intend to invent the transistor.
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ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ
12:16
And they certainly didn't intend to
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•
12:18
describe the mechanics of supernova explosions,
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ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”
12:21
which eventually told us where
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืœื ื•
12:23
the building blocks of life
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ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื
12:25
were synthesized in the universe.
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:28
So, I think science can be --
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช -
12:30
serendipity is important.
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ื”ืกืจื ื“ื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
12:32
It can be beautiful. It can reveal quite astonishing things.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
12:35
It can also, I think, finally
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
12:38
reveal the most profound
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ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื
12:40
ideas to us
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:42
about our place in the universe
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
12:44
and really the value of our home planet.
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ื•ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•
12:46
This is a spectacular picture of our home planet.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
12:49
Now, it doesn't look like our home planet.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•
12:51
It looks like Saturn because, of course, it is.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™
12:54
It was taken by the Cassini space probe.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืงืกื™ื ื™
12:56
But it's a famous picture, not because of
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช, ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
12:58
the beauty and majesty of Saturn's rings,
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™
13:01
but actually because of a tiny, faint blob
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื“ื”ื•ื™ื”
13:04
just hanging underneath one of the rings.
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ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื—ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช
13:06
And if I blow it up there, you see it.
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
13:08
It looks like a moon,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืจื—
13:10
but in fact, it's a picture of Earth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
13:12
It was a picture of Earth captured in that frame of Saturn.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™
13:15
That's our planet from 750 million miles away.
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืจื—ืง 750 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœ
13:19
I think the Earth has got a strange property
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”
13:21
that the farther away you get from it,
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืžื ื•
13:23
the more beautiful it seems.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืคื”
13:25
But that is not the most distant or most famous picture of our planet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•
13:28
It was taken by this thing, which is called the Voyager spacecraft.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ
13:31
And that's a picture of me in front of it for scale.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
13:34
The Voyager is a tiny machine.
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ื”ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
13:36
It's currently 10 billion miles away from Earth,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
13:39
transmitting with that dish, with the power of 20 watts,
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ืžืฉื“ืจืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆืœื—ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ 20 ื•ื•ืื˜
13:42
and we're still in contact with it.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื”
13:44
But it visited Jupiter, Saturn,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
13:46
Uranus and Neptune.
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ืื•ืจืื ื•ืก ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ
13:48
And after it visited all four of those planets,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช
13:51
Carl Sagan, who's one of my great heroes,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืืจืœ ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™
13:54
had the wonderful idea
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ
13:56
of turning Voyager around
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ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ
13:58
and taking a picture of every planet it had visited.
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ื•ืœืฆืœื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื”
14:00
And it took this picture of Earth.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
14:02
Now it's very hard to see the Earth there, it's called the "Pale Blue Dot" picture,
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ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช "ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจืช"
14:05
but Earth is suspended in that red shaft of light.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
14:08
That's Earth from four billion miles away.
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ื–ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื
14:11
And I'd like to read you what
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ื
14:13
Sagan wrote about it, just to finish,
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืงืืจืœ ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืกื™ื•ื
14:15
because I cannot say words as beautiful as this
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
14:18
to describe what he saw
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ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”
14:20
in that picture that he had taken.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื
14:22
He said, "Consider again that dot.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
14:24
That's here. That's home. That's us.
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ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•.
14:27
On it, everyone you love,
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ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘
14:29
everyone you know, everyone you've ever heard of,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœื™ื•,
14:32
every human being who ever was
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื”
14:34
lived out their lives.
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ื—ื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
14:36
The aggregates of joy and suffering
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ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ
14:38
thousands of confident religions,
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ืืœืคื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช-ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ,
14:40
ideologies and economic doctrines,
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
14:43
every hunter and forager, every hero and coward,
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ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื•ืžืœืงื˜, ื›ืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืคื—ื“ืŸ,
14:46
every creator and destroyer of civilization,
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
14:49
every king and peasant, every young couple in love,
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ื›ืœ ืžืœืš ื•ืื™ื›ืจ, ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืื•ื”ื‘
14:52
every mother and father, hopeful child,
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ื›ืœ ืื ื•ืื‘, ื™ืœื“ ืžืœื ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
14:54
inventor and explorer,
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ืžืžืฆื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ
14:56
every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician,
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ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืžื•ืฉื—ืช
14:59
every superstar, every supreme leader,
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ืคืจืกื˜ืืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
15:02
every saint and sinner in the history of our species,
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ื›ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
15:05
lived there, on a mote of dust,
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ื—ื™ ืฉื, ืขืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ืื‘ืง
15:07
suspended in a sunbeam.
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ืžืจื—ืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืจืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ
15:09
It's been said that astronomy's a humbling
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ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”
15:11
and character-building experience.
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ืžืฆื ื™ืขื” ื•ื‘ื•ื ืช ืื•ืคื™
15:13
There is perhaps no better demonstration
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
15:15
of the folly of human conceits
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ืœื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
15:17
than this distant image of our tiny world.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
15:19
To me, it underscores our responsibility
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
15:21
to deal more kindly with one another
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™
15:24
and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot,
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจืช
15:27
the only home we've ever known."
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ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื."
15:29
Beautiful words about
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ
15:31
the power of science and exploration.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”
15:33
The argument has always been made, and it will always be made,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื”
15:35
that we know enough about the universe.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
15:37
You could have made it in the 1920s; you wouldn't have had penicillin.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘-1920: ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ
15:40
You could have made it in the 1890s; you wouldn't have the transistor.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘-1890: ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื
15:43
And it's made today in these difficult economic times.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืืœื”
15:46
Surely, we know enough.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
15:48
We don't need to discover anything else about our universe.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
15:50
Let me leave the last words to someone
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
15:52
who's rapidly becoming a hero of mine,
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™
15:54
Humphrey Davy, who did his science at the turn of the 19th century.
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ื”ืืžืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™, ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
15:57
He was clearly under assault all the time.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคื”
16:00
"We know enough at the turn of the 19th century.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
16:03
Just exploit it; just build things."
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
16:05
He said this, he said, "Nothing is more fatal
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื˜ืืœื™
16:07
to the progress of the human mind
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ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
16:09
than to presume that our views of science
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข
16:11
are ultimate,
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ื”ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช
16:13
that our triumphs are complete,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื
16:15
that there are no mysteries in nature,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
16:17
and that there are no new worlds to conquer."
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ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ"
16:19
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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