Sarah-Jayne Blakemore: The mysterious workings of the adolescent brain

840,911 views ใƒป 2012-09-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Karine Jospe ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Fifteen years ago, it was widely assumed
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื”, ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
00:18
that the vast majority of brain development
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ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—
00:20
takes place in the first few years of life.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:23
Back then, 15 years ago, we didn't have the ability
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ืื–, ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
00:26
to look inside the living human brain
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื™
00:29
and track development across the lifespan.
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ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:32
In the past decade or so, mainly due to advances
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
00:35
in brain imaging technology
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช
00:37
such as magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI,
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื• MRI,
00:40
neuroscientists have started to look inside the living
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื™
00:43
human brain of all ages, and to track changes
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื, ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
00:45
in brain structure and brain function,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื•,
00:48
so we use structural MRI if you'd like to take a snapshot,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-MRI ืžื‘ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ,
00:52
a photograph, at really high resolution of the inside
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—
00:55
of the living human brain, and we can ask questions like,
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ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื—ื™, ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•:
00:58
how much gray matter does the brain contain,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
01:00
and how does that change with age?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ?
01:02
And we also use functional MRI, called fMRI,
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ื•ืื ื• ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-MRI ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™, fMRI,
01:06
to take a video, a movie, of brain activity
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืกืจื˜, ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—
01:09
when participants are taking part in some kind of task
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:12
like thinking or feeling or perceiving something.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืื• ืชืคื™ืกื”.
01:15
So many labs around the world are involved in this kind
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช
01:18
of research, and we now have a really rich
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื”
01:20
and detailed picture of how the living human brain develops,
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ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:24
and this picture has radically changed the way
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
01:27
we think about human brain development
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
01:29
by revealing that it's not all over in early childhood,
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ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
01:32
and instead, the brain continues to develop
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ืืœื, ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
01:35
right throughout adolescence and into the '20s and '30s.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ื”-30 ืฉืœื ื•.
01:39
So adolescence is defined as the period of life that starts
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ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”
01:43
with the biological, hormonal, physical changes of puberty
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ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™, ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
01:47
and ends at the age at which an individual attains
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ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง
01:51
a stable, independent role in society.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:56
It can go on a long time. (Laughter)
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:59
One of the brain regions that changes most dramatically
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ืื—ื“ ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:02
during adolescence is called prefrontal cortex.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื ืงืจื, ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช.
02:05
So this is a model of the human brain,
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ื–ื” ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:08
and this is prefrontal cortex, right at the front.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช, ืžืžืฉ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”.
02:11
Prefrontal cortex is an interesting brain area.
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ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
02:13
It's proportionally much bigger in humans than
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
02:16
in any other species, and it's involved in a whole range of
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
02:20
high level cognitive functions, things like decision-making,
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ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
02:23
planning, planning what you're going to do tomorrow
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ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืจ
02:25
or next week or next year, inhibiting
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ืื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ืื• ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืžื ื™ืขื”
02:28
inappropriate behavior, so stopping yourself saying
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ื ืื•ืชื”, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืžืœื•ืžืจ
02:31
something really rude or doing something really stupid.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžื ื•ืžืกื™ื ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืžื˜ืžื™ื.
02:34
It's also involved in social interaction,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
02:35
understanding other people, and self-awareness.
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
02:39
So MRI studies looking at the development of this region
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ MRI ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”
02:42
have shown that it really undergoes dramatic development
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ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช
02:44
during the period of adolescence.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
02:47
So if you look at gray matter volume, for example,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:50
gray matter volume across age from age four to 22 years
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ื ืคื— ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ืœ-22
02:55
increases during childhood, which is what you can see
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ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
02:57
on this graph. It peaks in early adolescence.
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ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
03:01
The arrows indicate peak gray matter volume
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ื”ื—ืฆื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ
03:03
in prefrontal cortex. You can see that that peak happens
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ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช. ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ื
03:07
a couple of years later in boys relative to girls,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช,
03:10
and that's probably because boys go through puberty
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
03:12
a couple of years later than girls on average,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘,
03:15
and then during adolescence, there's a significant decline
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
03:18
in gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex.
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ื‘ื ืคื— ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช.
03:21
Now that might sound bad, but actually this is
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
03:23
a really important developmental process, because
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ
03:26
gray matter contains cell bodies and connections
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
03:30
between cells, the synapses, and this decline
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื–ืืช
03:33
in gray matter volume during prefrontal cortex
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ื‘ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช,
03:36
is thought to correspond to synaptic pruning,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ืคื•ื™ ืกื™ื ืคืชื™,
03:39
the elimination of unwanted synapses.
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:41
This is a really important process. It's partly dependent
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ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืช
03:44
on the environment that the animal or the human is in,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืื“ื,
03:48
and the synapses that are being used are strengthened,
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ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
03:51
and synapses that aren't being used
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
03:53
in that particular environment are pruned away.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžื ื•ืคื•ืช.
03:55
You can think of it a bit like pruning a rosebush.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื— ื•ืจื“ื™ื.
03:58
You prune away the weaker branches so that
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ืืชื” ื’ื•ื–ื ืืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:01
the remaining, important branches, can grow stronger,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื ืคื™ื, ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื,
04:04
and this process, which effectively fine-tunes brain tissue
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช
04:08
according to the species-specific environment,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ
04:10
is happening in prefrontal cortex and in other brain regions
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ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
04:13
during the period of human adolescence.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
04:17
So a second line of inquiry that we use to track changes
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
04:20
in the adolescent brain is using functional MRI
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื–ื” ืข"ื™ MRI ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™
04:24
to look at changes in brain activity across age.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:27
So I'll just give you an example from my lab.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
04:29
So in my lab, we're interested in the social brain, that is
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
04:32
the network of brain regions that we use to understand
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™
04:36
other people and to interact with other people.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืืชื.
04:38
So I like to show a photograph of a soccer game
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ
04:42
to illustrate two aspects of how your social brains work.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
04:46
So this is a soccer game. (Laughter)
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:48
Michael Owen has just missed a goal, and he's lying
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคืกืคืก ืฉืขืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘
04:50
on the ground, and the first aspect of the social brain
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื, ื•ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
04:53
that this picture really nicely illustrates is how automatic
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ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื”, ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช
04:56
and instinctive social emotional responses are,
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ื•ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:59
so within a split second of Michael Owen missing this goal,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืคืกืคื•ืก ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ,
05:02
everyone is doing the same thing with their arms
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
05:04
and the same thing with their face, even Michael Owen
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ
05:06
as he slides along the grass, is doing the same thing
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื, ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื”
05:08
with his arms, and presumably has a similar
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ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื’ื ื”ื‘ืขืช ืคื ื™ื ื–ื”ื”,
05:10
facial expression, and the only people who don't
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื
05:12
are the guys in yellow at the back โ€” (Laughs) โ€”
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ื”ื ืืœื• ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืžืื—ื•ืจ (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:15
and I think they're on the wrong end of the stadium,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
05:18
and they're doing another social emotional response
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืช
05:20
that we all instantly recognize, and that's the second aspect
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ ืžื–ื”ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™
05:23
of the social brain that this picture really nicely illustrates,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
05:26
how good we are at reading other people's behavior,
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช,
05:30
their actions, their gestures, their facial expressions,
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ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:33
in terms of their underlying emotions and mental states.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:36
So you don't have to ask any of these guys.
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ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
05:38
You have a pretty good idea of what they're feeling
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
05:41
and thinking at this precise moment in time.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืืช.
05:43
So that's what we're interested in looking at in my lab.
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ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
05:45
So in my lab, we bring adolescents and adults into the lab
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”
05:49
to have a brain scan, we give them some kind of task
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ืœืกืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืฉื™ืžื”
05:51
that involves thinking about other people, their minds,
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื,
05:54
their mental states, their emotions, and one of the findings
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื
05:57
that we've found several times now, as have other labs
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ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
06:00
around the world, is part of the prefrontal cortex called
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจื
06:03
medial prefrontal cortex, which is shown in blue on the slide,
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ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ืืœื™ืช,
06:06
and it's right in the middle of prefrontal cortex
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช
06:09
in the midline of your head.
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ื‘ืงื• ื”ืืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
06:12
This region is more active in adolescents when they make
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
06:15
these social decisions and think about other people
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:17
than it is in adults, and this is actually a meta-analysis
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื˜ื-ืื ืœื™ื–ื”
06:20
of nine different studies in this area from labs around
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ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
06:23
the world, and they all show the same thing, that activity
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ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืจืื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
06:26
in this medial prefrontal cortex area decreases
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ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช
06:29
during the period of adolescence.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
06:32
And we think that might be because adolescents and adults
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
06:34
use a different mental approach, a different
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”
06:37
cognitive strategy, to make social decisions,
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ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
06:40
and one way of looking at that is to do behavioral studies
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™
06:44
whereby we bring people into the lab and we give them
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื
06:45
some kind of behavioral task, and I'll just give you
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ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
06:48
another example of the kind of task that we use in my lab.
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ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
06:51
So imagine that you're the participant in one of our
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:54
experiments. You come into the lab,
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ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
06:56
you see this computerized task.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ืืช.
06:58
In this task, you see a set of shelves.
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ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื•ื ื ื™ืช ืžื“ืคื™ื.
07:01
Now, there are objects on these shelves, on some of them,
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ื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื, ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื,
07:04
and you'll notice there's a guy standing behind the set
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื™ืช
07:07
of shelves, and there are some objects that he can't see.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:10
They're occluded, from his point of view, with a kind of
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ื”ื ื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ืข"ื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
07:13
gray piece of wood.
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ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืขืฅ ืืคื•ืจื”.
07:15
This is the same set of shelves from his point of view.
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ื•ื ื ื™ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•.
07:19
Notice that there are only some objects that he can see,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืจืง ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
07:22
whereas there are many more objects that you can see.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:25
Now your task is to move objects around.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืขืฆืžื™ื.
07:27
The director, standing behind the set of shelves,
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ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื™ืช,
07:29
is going to direct you to move objects around,
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ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืขืฆืžื™ื,
07:32
but remember, he's not going to ask you to move objects
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื–ื›ืจื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืขืฆืžื™ื
07:34
that he can't see. This introduces a really interesting
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช. ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
07:38
condition whereby there's a kind of conflict
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ื›ืืฉืจ, ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜
07:40
between your perspective and the director's perspective.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉืœื•.
07:43
So imagine he tells you to move the top truck left.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืœื”
07:46
There are three trucks there. You're going to instinctively
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช. ื•ืืชื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช
07:48
go for the white truck, because that's the top truck
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ืชื™ื’ืฉื• ืœืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
07:51
from your perspective, but then you have to remember,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
07:53
"Oh, he can't see that truck, so he must mean
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"ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ
07:55
me to move the blue truck," which is the top truck
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”," ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
07:58
from his perspective. Now believe it or not,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•. ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
08:01
normal, healthy, intelligent adults like you make errors
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ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื›ื, ื˜ื•ืขื™ื
08:04
about 50 percent of the time on that kind of trial.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-50% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื–ื”.
08:07
They move the white truck instead of the blue truck.
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ื”ื ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”.
08:10
So we give this kind of task to adolescents and adults,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
08:13
and we also have a control condition
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
08:15
where there's no director and instead we give people a rule.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื—ื” ืืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื“ืง ื›ืœืœ.
08:19
We tell them, okay, we're going to do exactly the same thing
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
08:21
but this time there's no director. Instead you've got to
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ืžื ื—ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืืชื
08:23
ignore objects with the dark gray background.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืืคื•ืจ.
08:27
You'll see that this is exactly the same condition, only
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืชื ืื™, ืจืง
08:29
in the no-director condition they just have to remember
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ืฉื‘ืชื ืื™ ืœืœื ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
08:32
to apply this somewhat arbitrary rule, whereas
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
08:35
in the director condition, they have to remember
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชื ืื™ ืขื ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
08:37
to take into account the director's perspective
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ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•
08:40
in order to guide their ongoing behavior.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:45
Okay, so if I just show you the percentage errors
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ืื ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช
08:47
in a large developmental study we did,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
08:50
this is in a study ranging from age seven to adulthood,
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืขื“ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
08:53
and what you're going to see is the percentage errors
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช
08:55
in the adult group in both conditions,
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื,
08:57
so the gray is the director condition, and you see
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ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชื ืื™ ืขื ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
09:00
that our intelligent adults are making errors about 50 percent
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ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›-50%
09:03
of the time, whereas they make far fewer errors
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ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
09:05
when there's no director present, when they just have
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื—ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
09:07
to remember that rule of ignoring the gray background.
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ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืข ืืคื•ืจ
09:10
Developmentally, these two conditions develop
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื
09:13
in exactly the same way. Between late childhood
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช
09:16
and mid-adolescence, there's an improvement,
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ืœืืžืฆืข ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ,
09:18
in other words a reduction of errors, in both of these trials,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
09:22
in both of these conditions.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื.
09:23
But it's when you compare the last two groups,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
09:25
the mid-adolescent group and the adult group
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืžืฆืข ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
09:27
where things get really interesting, because there, there is
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ืฉื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ
09:30
no continued improvement in the no-director condition.
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ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืชืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืœืœื ื”ืžื ื—ื”.
09:33
In other words, everything you need to do in order to
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™
09:36
remember the rule and apply it seems to be fully developed
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื•, ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืคื•ืชื—
09:39
by mid-adolescence, whereas in contrast,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
09:41
if you look at the last two gray bars, there's still
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
09:44
a significant improvement in the director condition
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืขื ื”ืžื ื—ื”
09:47
between mid-adolescence and adulthood, and what
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืฆืข ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช
09:49
this means is that the ability to take into account someone
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ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ
09:53
else's perspective in order to guide ongoing behavior,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
09:56
which is something, by the way, that we do in everyday life all
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ืžืฉื”ื•, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื
09:58
the time, is still developing in mid-to-late adolescence.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
10:03
So if you have a teenage son or a daughter and you
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื ืขืจ ืื• ื ืขืจื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
10:05
sometimes think they have problems taking other people's
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜
10:08
perspectives, you're right. They do. And this is why.
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ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื. ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
10:11
So we sometimes laugh about teenagers.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื.
10:15
They're parodied, sometimes even demonized in the media
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืกื˜ื™ืจื” ื•ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
10:19
for their kind of typical teenage behavior. They take risks,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื,
10:22
they're sometimes moody, they're very self-conscious.
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ื”ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืฆื•ื‘ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
10:25
I have a really nice anecdote from a friend of mine
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™
10:28
who said that the thing he noticed most
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ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•
10:30
about his teenage daughters before and after puberty
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
10:33
was their level of embarrassment in front of him.
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืžื ื•.
10:35
So, he said, "Before puberty, if my two daughters
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืื ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
10:38
were messing around in a shop, I'd say, 'Hey,
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ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื™ื™, ืชืคืกื™ืงื•
10:40
stop messing around and I'll sing your favorite song,'
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ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœ ื•ืื ื™ ืืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื›ืŸ."
10:42
and instantly they'd stop messing around and he'd sing
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ
10:44
their favorite song. After puberty, that became the threat.
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ื•ื.
10:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:49
The very notion of their dad singing in public
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ืจืง ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™
10:53
was enough to make them behave.
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ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื™ืคื”.
10:55
So people often ask,
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
10:56
"Well, is adolescence a kind of recent phenomenon?
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"ื”ืื ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื”?
10:59
Is it something we've invented recently in the West?"
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘?"
11:01
And actually, the answer is probably not. There are lots
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ
11:04
of descriptions of adolescence in history that sound
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื
11:07
very similar to the descriptions we use today.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:09
So there's a famous quote by Shakespeare from "The Winter's Tale"
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืž"ืื’ื“ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ"
11:14
where he describes adolescence as follows:
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืš:
11:16
"I would there were no age between ten and
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"ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 10
11:19
three-and-twenty, or that youth would sleep out the rest;
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ืœ-23, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
11:22
for there is nothing in the between but getting wenches
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื—ื•ืจื•ืช
11:25
with child, wronging the ancientry, stealing, fighting." (Laughter)
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ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืฆืืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืœื’ื ื•ื‘, ืœืจื™ื‘." (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:31
He then goes on to say, "Having said that, would any
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืืš ืชืฉืžืขื•, ืžื™ ื—ื•ืฅ
11:35
but these boiled brains of nineteen and two-and-twenty
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ืžืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื”-ืขืฉืจื”-ืขืฉืจื™ื-ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื
11:38
hunt in this weather?" (Laughter)
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ื™ืฆื ืœืฆื•ื“ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”?" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:41
So almost 400 years ago, Shakespeare was portraying
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ืื– ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 400 ืฉื ื”, ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืชื™ืืจ
11:44
adolescents in a very similar light to the light that we
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ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
11:47
portray them in today, but today we try to understand
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ืื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:50
their behavior in terms of the underlying changes
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
11:53
that are going on in their brain.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
11:55
So for example, take risk-taking. We know that adolescents
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื
11:59
have a tendency to take risks. They do.
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ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืืžืช.
12:01
They take more risks than children or adults,
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ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
12:04
and they are particularly prone to taking risks
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
12:06
when they're with their friends. There's an important drive
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื™ืฉ ื“ื—ืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
12:09
to become independent from one's parents
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื
12:12
and to impress one's friends in adolescence.
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ื•ืœื”ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
12:14
But now we try to understand that in terms of
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ
12:17
the development of a part of their brain called the limbic system,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืช.
12:20
so I'm going to show you the limbic system in red
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื“ื•ื
12:22
in the slide behind me, and also on this brain.
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ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
12:24
So the limbic system is right deep inside the brain,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื—,
12:27
and it's involved in things like emotion processing
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื’ืฉื™
12:31
and reward processing. It gives you the rewarding feeling
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ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ
12:34
out of doing fun things, including taking risks.
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ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ืคื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
12:38
It gives you the kick out of taking risks.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
12:40
And this region, the regions within the limbic system,
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ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืช,
12:43
have been found to be hypersensitive to the rewarding
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ื ืžืฆื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ
12:46
feeling of risk-taking in adolescents compared with adults,
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ืžืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
12:50
and at the very same time, the prefrontal cortex,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช,
12:54
which you can see in blue in the slide here,
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
12:56
which stops us taking excessive risks,
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื,
12:59
is still very much in development in adolescents.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื.
13:02
So brain research has shown that the adolescent brain
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ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ
13:06
undergoes really quite profound development,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“,
13:09
and this has implications for education, for rehabilitation,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื,
13:13
and intervention. The environment, including teaching,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
13:17
can and does shape the developing adolescent brain,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ,
13:21
and yet it's only relatively recently that we have been
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื•
13:24
routinely educating teenagers in the West.
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ืžืœืžื“ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ, ืืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
13:26
All four of my grandparents, for example, left school
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
13:30
in their early adolescence. They had no choice.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
13:34
And that's still the case for many, many teenagers
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืฆืœ, ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื
13:37
around the world today. Forty percent of teenagers
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœ-40% ืžื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื
13:40
don't have access to secondary school education.
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
13:44
And yet, this is a period of life where the brain is
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื—
13:47
particularly adaptable and malleable.
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ืกืชื’ืœื ื™ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
13:49
It's a fantastic opportunity for learning and creativity.
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ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ืคืœื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
13:53
So what's sometimes seen as the problem
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ืžื” ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™
13:55
with adolescents โ€” heightened risk-taking, poor impulse
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ืืฆืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช
13:58
control, self-consciousness โ€” shouldn't be stigmatized.
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ื‘ื“ื—ืคื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš - ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื”.
14:02
It actually reflects changes in the brain that provide
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืืฉืจ ืžืงื ื™ื
14:05
an excellent opportunity for education
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš
14:08
and social development. Thank you. (Applause)
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ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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