Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores | Sal Khan

2,240,678 views ใƒป 2016-09-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roni Ravia
00:12
I'm here today to talk about the two ideas that,
0
12954
2926
ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
00:15
at least based on my observations at Khan Academy,
1
15904
2358
ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืงืื”ืŸ,
00:18
are kind of the core, or the key leverage points for learning.
2
18286
3878
ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
00:22
And it's the idea of mastery
3
22188
2016
ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ
00:24
and the idea of mindset.
4
24228
1785
ื•ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
00:26
I saw this in the early days working with my cousins.
5
26037
2834
ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:28
A lot of them were having trouble with math at first,
6
28895
2480
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
00:31
because they had all of these gaps accumulated in their learning.
7
31399
3054
ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
00:34
And because of that, at some point they got to an algebra class
8
34477
2989
ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”
00:37
and they might have been a little bit shaky on some of the pre-algebra,
9
37490
3402
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงื“ื-ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืจื•ืคืฃ,
00:40
and because of that, they thought they didn't have the math gene.
10
40916
3445
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
00:44
Or they'd get to a calculus class,
11
44385
1663
ืื• ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ื“ื•"ื,
00:46
and they'd be a little bit shaky on the algebra.
12
46072
2762
ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืจื•ืคืฃ.
00:48
I saw it in the early days
13
48858
1570
ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:50
when I was uploading some of those videos on YouTube,
14
50452
3528
ื›ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘,
00:54
and I realized that people who were not my cousins were watching.
15
54004
3277
ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
00:57
(Laughter)
16
57305
1865
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:59
And at first, those comments were just simple thank-yous.
17
59194
3866
ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ื”.
01:03
I thought that was a pretty big deal.
18
63084
1969
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
01:05
I don't know how much time you all spend on YouTube.
19
65077
2452
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘.
01:07
Most of the comments are not "Thank you."
20
67553
2087
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ "ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”".
01:09
(Laughter)
21
69664
1457
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:11
They're a little edgier than that.
22
71145
1638
ื”ืŸ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช.
01:12
But then the comments got a little more intense,
23
72807
2431
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:15
student after student saying that they had grown up not liking math.
24
75262
4456
ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืกืคืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:19
It was getting difficult as they got into more advanced math topics.
25
79742
3199
ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:22
By the time they got to algebra,
26
82965
1528
ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืœื’ื‘ืจื”,
01:24
they had so many gaps in their knowledge they couldn't engage with it.
27
84517
3328
ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืข, ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”.
01:27
They thought they didn't have the math gene.
28
87869
2073
ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื’ึตืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:29
But when they were a bit older,
29
89966
1480
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื• ืงืฆืช,
01:31
they took a little agency and decided to engage.
30
91470
2243
ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”.
01:33
They found resources like Khan Academy
31
93737
1852
ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืงืื”ืŸ
01:35
and they were able to fill in those gaps and master those concepts,
32
95613
3150
ื•ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
01:38
and that reinforced their mindset that it wasn't fixed;
33
98787
2590
ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืฆืœื ืืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืข,
01:41
that they actually were capable of learning mathematics.
34
101401
3565
ื•ืฉื”ื ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:44
And in a lot of ways, this is how you would master a lot of things in life.
35
104990
4053
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืš ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:49
It's the way you would learn a martial art.
36
109067
2299
ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”.
01:51
In a martial art, you would practice the white belt skills
37
111390
3166
ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื”,
01:54
as long as necessary,
38
114580
1413
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ,
01:56
and only when you've mastered it
39
116017
1551
ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
01:57
you would move on to become a yellow belt.
40
117592
2135
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”.
01:59
It's the way you learn a musical instrument:
41
119751
2071
ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ื’ืŸ:
02:01
you practice the basic piece over and over again,
42
121846
2294
ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
02:04
and only when you've mastered it,
43
124164
1588
ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”,
02:05
you go on to the more advanced one.
44
125776
1671
ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:07
But what we point out --
45
127471
1340
ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ
02:08
this is not the way a traditional academic model is structured,
46
128835
4485
ืฉื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™,
02:13
the type of academic model that most of us grew up in.
47
133344
3335
ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืชื—ื ื›ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื•.
02:16
In a traditional academic model,
48
136703
1542
ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™,
02:18
we group students together, usually by age,
49
138269
2419
ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื‘ื“"ื› ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ,
02:20
and around middle school,
50
140712
1279
ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:22
by age and perceived ability,
51
142015
1846
ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืœืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื ืชืคืกืช,
02:23
and we shepherd them all together at the same pace.
52
143885
2558
ื•ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฆื‘.
02:27
And what typically happens,
53
147038
1297
ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื“"ื›,
02:28
let's say we're in a middle school pre-algebra class,
54
148359
2501
ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ื˜"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื“ื-ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”,
02:30
and the current unit is on exponents,
55
150884
1794
ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืงื•ืช,
02:32
the teacher will give a lecture on exponents,
56
152702
2190
ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืขืœ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช,
02:34
then we'll go home, do some homework.
57
154916
2285
ื•ืื– ื ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื.
02:37
The next morning, we'll review the homework,
58
157225
2054
ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
02:39
then another lecture, homework, lecture, homework.
59
159303
2348
ื•ืื– ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืฆืื”, ืฉ"ื‘, ื”ืจืฆืื”, ืฉ"ื‘.
02:41
That will continue for about two or three weeks,
60
161675
2261
ื–ื” ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขืจืš 2-3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
02:43
and then we get a test.
61
163960
1175
ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
02:45
On that test, maybe I get a 75 percent,
62
165159
3318
ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืืงื‘ืœ 75%,
02:48
maybe you get a 90 percent,
63
168501
1417
ืืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชืงื‘ืœ 90%,
02:49
maybe you get a 95 percent.
64
169942
1984
ืืช ืื•ืœื™ ืชืงื‘ืœื™ 95%.
02:51
And even though the test identified gaps in our knowledge,
65
171950
2747
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•,
02:54
I didn't know 25 percent of the material.
66
174721
1959
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ 25% ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
02:56
Even the A student, what was the five percent they didn't know?
67
176704
2972
ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช, ืžื” ื”ื™ื• 5% ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื”?
02:59
Even though we've identified the gaps,
68
179700
1813
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
03:01
the whole class will then move on to the next subject,
69
181537
2538
ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื,
03:04
probably a more advanced subject that's going to build on those gaps.
70
184099
3402
ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ืžืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
03:07
It might be logarithms or negative exponents.
71
187525
3373
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
03:10
And that process continues, and you immediately start to realize
72
190922
3031
ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
03:13
how strange this is.
73
193977
1175
ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
03:15
I didn't know 25 percent of the more foundational thing,
74
195176
2771
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ 25% ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:17
and now I'm being pushed to the more advanced thing.
75
197971
2445
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:20
And this will continue for months, years, all the way until at some point,
76
200440
3712
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
03:24
I might be in an algebra class or trigonometry class
77
204176
2440
ืื•ืœื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”, ืื• ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
03:26
and I hit a wall.
78
206640
1257
ื•ืืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
03:27
And it's not because algebra is fundamentally difficult
79
207921
2654
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”,
03:30
or because the student isn't bright.
80
210599
3992
ืื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื ื—ื›ื.
03:34
It's because I'm seeing an equation and they're dealing with exponents
81
214615
3311
ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื—ื–ืงื•ืช,
03:37
and that 30 percent that I didn't know is showing up.
82
217950
2729
ื•ื”-30% ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฆืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:40
And then I start to disengage.
83
220703
2829
ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืชืง.
03:44
To appreciate how absurd that is,
84
224469
3426
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™,
03:47
imagine if we did other things in our life that way.
85
227919
2745
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
03:51
Say, home-building.
86
231124
1454
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช.
03:52
(Laughter)
87
232602
2673
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:56
So we bring in the contractor and say,
88
236878
3394
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
04:00
"We were told we have two weeks to build a foundation.
89
240296
2548
"ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
04:02
Do what you can."
90
242868
1336
ืดืขืฉื” ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš."
04:04
(Laughter)
91
244228
2303
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:06
So they do what they can.
92
246985
1792
ืื– ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื.
04:08
Maybe it rains.
93
248801
1156
ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื.
04:09
Maybe some of the supplies don't show up.
94
249981
1969
ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
04:11
And two weeks later, the inspector comes, looks around,
95
251974
3310
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืžืคืงื—, ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
04:15
says, "OK, the concrete is still wet right over there,
96
255308
2665
ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื,
04:17
that part's not quite up to code ...
97
257997
1852
"ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ...
04:20
I'll give it an 80 percent."
98
260838
1358
"ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื–ื” 80%."
04:22
(Laughter)
99
262220
1064
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:23
You say, "Great! That's a C. Let's build the first floor."
100
263308
2735
ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื™ื•ืคื™, ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื•ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”."
04:26
(Laughter)
101
266067
1018
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:27
Same thing.
102
267109
1154
ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”.
04:28
We have two weeks, do what you can, inspector shows up, it's a 75 percent.
103
268287
3839
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืžืคืงื— ืžื’ื™ืข, ื–ื” 75%.
04:32
Great, that's a D-plus.
104
272150
1159
ื™ื•ืคื™, ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:33
Second floor, third floor,
105
273333
1246
ืงื•ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
04:34
and all of a sudden, while you're building the third floor,
106
274603
2778
ื•ืคืชืื•ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
04:37
the whole structure collapses.
107
277405
1436
ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜.
04:38
And if your reaction is the reaction you typically have in education,
108
278865
3244
ื•ืื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
04:42
or that a lot of folks have,
109
282133
1341
04:43
you might say, maybe we had a bad contractor,
110
283498
2106
ืชืืžืจื•: "ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข",
04:45
or maybe we needed better inspection or more frequent inspection.
111
285628
3093
ืื• "ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืชื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ".
04:48
But what was really broken was the process.
112
288745
2249
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ, ื–ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
04:51
We were artificially constraining how long we had to something,
113
291018
3029
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•,
04:54
pretty much ensuring a variable outcome,
114
294071
2373
ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื”,
04:56
and we took the trouble of inspecting and identifying those gaps,
115
296468
3524
ื•ื˜ืจื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
05:00
but then we built right on top of it.
116
300016
1933
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื.
05:01
So the idea of mastery learning is to do the exact opposite.
117
301973
2937
ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ.
05:04
Instead of artificially constraining, fixing
118
304934
2468
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™,
05:07
when and how long you work on something,
119
307426
1988
ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืžืฉืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”,
05:09
pretty much ensuring that variable outcome,
120
309438
2218
ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื”,
05:11
the A, B, C, D, F --
121
311680
1673
ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืกืคื™ืง -
05:13
do it the other way around.
122
313980
1484
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
05:15
What's variable is when and how long
123
315844
1792
ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืžืฉืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”,
05:17
a student actually has to work on something,
124
317660
2094
ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
05:19
and what's fixed is that they actually master the material.
125
319778
3247
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืข ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ.
05:23
And it's important to realize
126
323445
1651
ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš
05:25
that not only will this make the student learn their exponents better,
127
325120
3365
ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื™ืฉืคืจ ืืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“,
05:28
but it'll reinforce the right mindset muscles.
128
328509
2958
ืืœื ื’ื ื™ื—ื–ืง ืืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:31
It makes them realize that if you got 20 percent wrong on something,
129
331491
3428
ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ืขื ื™ืชื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ 20% ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
05:34
it doesn't mean that you have a C branded in your DNA somehow.
130
334943
3389
ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ "ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘" ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื›ื.
05:38
It means that you should just keep working on it.
131
338356
2434
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:40
You should have grit; you should have perseverance;
132
340814
2492
ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ืจื•ื— ืœื—ื™ืžื”.
05:43
you should take agency over your learning.
133
343330
2141
ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
05:45
Now, a lot of skeptics might say, well, hey, this is all great,
134
345908
2990
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืกืคืงื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ: ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื”,
05:48
philosophically, this whole idea of mastery-based learning
135
348922
2721
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™, ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
05:51
and its connection to mindset,
136
351667
1436
ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”,
05:53
students taking agency over their learning.
137
353127
2099
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
05:55
It makes a lot of sense, but it seems impractical.
138
355250
3135
ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืคืจืงื˜ื™.
05:58
To actually do it, every student would be on their own track.
139
358409
3397
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืฉืœื•.
06:01
It would have to be personalized,
140
361830
1624
ื–ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
06:03
you'd have to have private tutors and worksheets for every student.
141
363478
3182
ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“.
06:06
And these aren't new ideas --
142
366684
1499
ื•ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“
06:08
there were experiments in Winnetka, Illinois, 100 years ago,
143
368207
2826
ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืงื”, ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™, ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื”,
06:11
where they did mastery-based learning and saw great results,
144
371057
2818
ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืœืžื“ ืœืฉื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ืจืื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช,
06:13
but they said it wouldn't scale because it was logistically difficult.
145
373899
3297
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
06:17
The teacher had to give different worksheets to every student,
146
377220
2907
ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช ื“ืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“,
06:20
give on-demand assessments.
147
380151
1288
ืœืชืช ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”.
06:21
But now today, it's no longer impractical.
148
381463
2261
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืขืฉื™.
06:23
We have the tools to do it.
149
383748
1366
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
06:25
Students see an explanation at their own time and pace?
150
385138
2595
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื”ื?
06:27
There's on-demand video for that.
151
387757
1595
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
06:29
They need practice? They need feedback?
152
389376
2072
ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ, ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ื‘?
06:31
There's adaptive exercises readily available for students.
153
391472
4440
ื™ืฉ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
06:36
And when that happens, all sorts of neat things happen.
154
396311
2594
ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
06:38
One, the students can actually master the concepts,
155
398929
2773
ืื—ื“, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
06:41
but they're also building their growth mindset,
156
401726
2195
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืก ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”,
06:43
they're building grit, perseverance,
157
403945
1797
ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ืจื•ื— ืœื—ื™ืžื”,
06:45
they're taking agency over their learning.
158
405766
2023
ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
06:47
And all sorts of beautiful things can start to happen
159
407813
2557
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.
06:50
in the actual classroom.
160
410394
1636
06:52
Instead of it being focused on the lecture,
161
412054
2058
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”,
06:54
students can interact with each other.
162
414136
1818
ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
06:55
They can get deeper mastery over the material.
163
415978
2158
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ.
06:58
They can go into simulations, Socratic dialogue.
164
418160
2353
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
07:00
To appreciate what we're talking about
165
420537
2679
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื,
07:03
and the tragedy of lost potential here,
166
423240
4047
ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืจืืช ืคื” ืขื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–,
07:07
I'd like to give a little bit of a thought experiment.
167
427311
3143
ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
07:10
If we were to go 400 years into the past to Western Europe,
168
430985
5066
ืื ื ืœืš ืื—ื•ืจื” 400 ืฉื ื” ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
07:16
which even then, was one of the more literate parts of the planet,
169
436075
3164
ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
07:19
you would see that about 15 percent of the population knew how to read.
170
439263
3727
ื ืจืื” ืฉื›-15% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืงืจื•ื.
07:23
And I suspect that if you asked someone who did know how to read,
171
443556
3638
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืงืจื•ื,
07:27
say a member of the clergy,
172
447218
1896
ืœืžืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื”,
07:29
"What percentage of the population do you think is even capable of reading?"
173
449138
3612
"ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืชืš, ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื"?
07:32
They might say, "Well, with a great education system,
174
452774
3561
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช,
07:36
maybe 20 or 30 percent."
175
456359
2244
"ืื•ืœื™ 20 ืื• 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื".
07:39
But if you fast forward to today,
176
459424
1587
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืจื™ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื,
07:41
we know that that prediction would have been wildly pessimistic,
177
461035
3015
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืกื™ืžื™,
07:44
that pretty close to 100 percent of the population is capable of reading.
178
464074
4125
ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-100% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื.
07:48
But if I were to ask you a similar question:
179
468223
2551
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื ืฉืืœื” ื“ื•ืžื”:
07:51
"What percentage of the population do you think is capable
180
471494
3539
"ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื›ื,
07:55
of truly mastering calculus,
181
475057
2873
"ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ื“ื•"ื,
07:57
or understanding organic chemistry,
182
477954
3013
"ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
08:00
or being able to contribute to cancer research?"
183
480991
3286
"ืื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ?ืด
08:04
A lot of you might say, "Well, with a great education system,
184
484301
2897
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืืžืจื•, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช,
08:07
maybe 20, 30 percent."
185
487222
2022
"ืื•ืœื™ 20 ืื• 30 ืื—ื•ื–".
08:09
But what if that estimate
186
489778
1313
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
08:11
is just based on your own experience in a non-mastery framework,
187
491115
3387
ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื” ืœื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
08:14
your own experience with yourself or observing your peers,
188
494526
2832
ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื• ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:17
where you're being pushed at this set pace through classes,
189
497382
2789
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืืชื ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื™ืชื”,
08:20
accumulating all these gaps?
190
500195
1339
ื•ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
08:21
Even when you got that 95 percent,
191
501558
1641
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื 95%,
08:23
what was that five percent you missed?
192
503223
1812
ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืคืกืคืกืชื?
08:25
And it keeps accumulating -- you get to an advanced class,
193
505059
2727
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ล“โ€“ ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืชืงื“ื,
08:27
all of a sudden you hit a wall and say,
194
507810
1872
ื•ืœืคืชืข ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
08:29
"I'm not meant to be a cancer researcher;
195
509706
2003
"ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
08:31
not meant to be a physicist; not meant to be a mathematician."
196
511733
2928
"ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช, ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™".
08:34
I suspect that that actually is the case,
197
514685
1977
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”,
08:36
but if you were allowed to be operating in a mastery framework,
198
516686
3826
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
08:40
if you were allowed to really take agency over your learning,
199
520536
3417
ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
08:43
and when you get something wrong,
200
523977
1596
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื,
08:45
embrace it -- view that failure as a moment of learning --
201
525597
2792
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื” ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”,
08:48
that number, the percent that could really master calculus
202
528413
3957
ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ื“ื•"ื,
08:52
or understand organic chemistry,
203
532394
1760
ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
08:54
is actually a lot closer to 100 percent.
204
534178
2502
ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ-100%.
08:57
And this isn't even just a "nice to have."
205
537601
2857
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช.
09:01
I think it's a social imperative.
206
541019
2063
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
09:03
We're exiting what you could call the industrial age
207
543511
3851
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
09:07
and we're going into this information revolution.
208
547386
3804
ื•ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
09:11
And it's clear that some things are happening.
209
551646
2174
ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
09:13
In the industrial age, society was a pyramid.
210
553844
2113
ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
09:15
At the base of the pyramid, you needed human labor.
211
555981
4652
ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื•ื—-ืื“ื ืจื‘.
09:21
In the middle of the pyramid, you had an information processing,
212
561085
3333
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
09:24
a bureaucracy class,
213
564442
1598
ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
09:26
and at the top of the pyramid, you had your owners of capital
214
566064
3674
ื•ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ
09:29
and your entrepreneurs
215
569762
1999
ื•ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื
09:31
and your creative class.
216
571785
1452
ื•ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.
09:33
But we know what's happening already,
217
573904
1796
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”
09:35
as we go into this information revolution.
218
575724
2015
ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ื• ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
09:37
The bottom of that pyramid, automation, is going to take over.
219
577763
2953
ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
09:40
Even that middle tier, information processing,
220
580740
2325
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
09:43
that's what computers are good at.
221
583089
1626
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
09:44
So as a society, we have a question:
222
584739
1747
ืื– ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉืืœื”:
09:46
All this new productivity is happening because of this technology,
223
586510
3118
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:49
but who participates in it?
224
589652
1330
ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”?
09:51
Is it just going to be that very top of the pyramid, in which case,
225
591006
3195
ื”ืื ืจืง ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”?
09:54
what does everyone else do?
226
594225
1341
ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ?
09:55
How do they operate?
227
595590
1166
ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ืคืขืœื•?
09:56
Or do we do something that's more aspirational?
228
596780
2420
ืื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืชื ื™?
09:59
Do we actually attempt to invert the pyramid,
229
599581
3110
ื”ืื ื ื ืกื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”,
10:02
where you have a large creative class,
230
602715
2001
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขืžื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืจื—ื‘,
10:04
where almost everyone can participate as an entrepreneur,
231
604740
3681
ื‘ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
10:08
an artist, as a researcher?
232
608445
1945
ืืžื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื?
10:10
And I don't think that this is utopian.
233
610850
1930
ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”.
10:12
I really think that this is all based on the idea
234
612804
2364
ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
10:15
that if we let people tap into their potential
235
615192
2184
ืฉืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
10:17
by mastering concepts,
236
617400
1964
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
10:19
by being able to exercise agency over their learning,
237
619388
3577
ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
10:22
that they can get there.
238
622989
1342
ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
10:24
And when you think of it as just a citizen of the world,
239
624672
4000
ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:28
it's pretty exciting.
240
628696
1263
ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
10:29
I mean, think about the type of equity we can we have,
241
629983
2628
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข,
10:32
and the rate at which civilization could even progress.
242
632635
3204
ื•ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
10:36
And so, I'm pretty optimistic about it.
243
636339
2213
ืื– ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
10:38
I think it's going to be a pretty exciting time to be alive.
244
638576
3563
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”.
10:42
Thank you.
245
642163
1166
ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:43
(Applause)
246
643353
5477
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7