Optical illusions show how we see | Beau Lotto

3,116,305 views ・ 2009-10-08

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Marija Hrebac Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:13
I want to start with a game. Okay?
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Želim početi s igrom.
00:16
And to win this game,
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A da biste pobijedili u toj igri,
00:18
all you have to do is see the reality that's in front of you
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trebate samo vidjeti ono što se u biti nalazi pred vama
00:21
as it really is, all right?
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onakvim kakvo stvarno jest. U redu?
00:23
So we have two panels here, of colored dots.
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Dakle, ovdje imamo dvije ploče
s obojanim točkama.
00:27
And one of those dots is the same in the two panels.
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Jedna od tih točaka je ista
na obje ploče. Jasno?
00:33
And you have to tell me which one.
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Vi mi trebate reći koja je to točka.
00:35
Now, I narrowed it down
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Sad ću vam suziti izbor
00:37
to the gray one, the green one, and, say, the orange one.
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na sivu, zelenu i, recimo, narančastu točku.
00:41
So by a show of hands, we'll start with the easiest one.
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Dakle, podizanjem ruke --počet ćemo s najlakšom--
00:44
Show of hands: how many people think it's the gray one?
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Podignite ruke: koliko vas misli da je siva?
00:48
Really? Okay.
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Zaista? Dobro.
00:50
How many people think it's the green one?
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Koliko vas misli da je zelena?
00:54
And how many people think it's the orange one?
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A koliko vas misli da je narančasta?
00:59
Pretty even split.
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Prilično izjednačeno.
01:02
Let's find out what the reality is.
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Hajdemo saznati kakva je stvarnost.
01:04
Here is the orange one.
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Ovo je narančasta.
01:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:10
Here is the green one.
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Ovo je zelena.
01:13
And here is the gray one.
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A ovo je siva.
01:16
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:20
So for all of you who saw that, you're complete realists.
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Dakle, svi vi koji ste vidjeli ovo, vi ste stvarni realisti. U redu?
01:23
All right?
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01:24
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:26
So this is pretty amazing, isn't it?
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Zapravo prilično zadivljujuće, zar ne?
01:27
Because nearly every living system
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Zato što je gotovo svaki živi organizam
01:29
has evolved the ability to detect light in one way or another.
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razvio sposobnost detekcije svjetlosti, na ovaj ili onaj način.
01:33
So for us, seeing color
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Tako je za nas primjećivanje boja jedno od najjednostavnijih mozgovnih aktivnosti.
01:35
is one of the simplest things the brain does.
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01:37
And yet, even at this most fundamental level,
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A ipak, čak i na ovoj osnovnoj razini,
01:40
context is everything.
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kontekst je sve.
01:43
What I'm going to talk about is not that context is everything,
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Ne želim govoriti o tome da je kontekst sve,
01:46
but why context is everything.
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već zašto je kontekst sve.
01:48
Because it's answering that question
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Zato što nam odgovor na ovo pitanje govori ne samo
01:50
that tells us not only why we see what we do,
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zašto vidimo to što vidimo,
01:54
but who we are as individuals,
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nego i tko smo mi kao pojedinci
01:56
and who we are as a society.
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i tko smo mi kao društvo.
01:59
But first, we have to ask another question,
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Ali prvo, moramo si postaviti drugo pitanje,
02:01
which is, "What is color for?"
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a to je: Čemu služi boja?
02:03
And instead of telling you, I'll just show you.
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I umjesto da vam kažem, samo ću vam pokazati.
02:05
What you see here is a jungle scene,
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Ono što ovdje vidite je džungla.
02:08
and you see the surfaces according to the amount of light
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I vidite površine ovisno o količini svjetlosti
02:10
that those surfaces reflect.
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koju te površine reflektiraju.
02:12
Now, can any of you see the predator that's about to jump out at you?
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Sada, može li itko od vas vidjeti grabežljivca koji samo što nije skočio na vas?
02:17
And if you haven't seen it yet, you're dead, right?
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Ako ga još niste vidjeli, mrtvi ste. Jasno?
(Smijeh)
02:20
(Laughter)
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02:21
Can anyone see it? Anyone? No?
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Može li ga netko vidjeti? Itko? Ne?
02:23
Now let's see the surfaces
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Hajdemo sada vidjeti površine ovosno o kvaliteti svjetlosti koju reflektiraju.
02:24
according to the quality of light that they reflect.
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02:27
And now you see it.
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I sada ga vidite.
02:30
So, color enables us to see
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Dakle, boje nam omogućavaju da vidimo
02:32
the similarities and differences between surfaces,
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sličnosti i razlike između površina
02:35
according to the full spectrum of light that they reflect.
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na osnovi cijelog spektra svjetlosti koju reflektiraju.
02:38
But what you've just done
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Ali ovo što ste sada napravili je, u mnogim pogledima, matematički nemoguće.
02:39
is in many respects mathematically impossible.
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02:42
Why?
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Zašto? Zato što, kao što nas Berkeley uči,
02:44
Because, as Berkeley tells us,
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02:45
we have no direct access to our physical world,
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mi nemamo direktni pristup našem fizičkom svijetu,
02:48
other than through our senses.
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osim preko naših osjetila.
02:50
And the light that falls onto our eyes
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A svjetlost koja pada na naše oči
02:51
is determined by multiple things in the world,
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je određena mnogim stvarima na svijetu --
02:54
not only the color of objects,
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ne samo bojom objekta,
02:56
but also the color of their illumination,
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već i bojom njihovog osvjetljenja
02:58
and the color of the space between us and those objects.
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te bojom prostora između nas i tih objekata.
03:00
You vary any one of those parameters,
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Promijenite bilo koji od tih parametara
03:03
and you'll change the color of the light that falls onto your eye.
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i promijenit ćete boju svjetlosti koja pada na vaše oči.
03:08
This is a huge problem,
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Ovo je velik problem zato što to znači da
03:09
because it means that the same image
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ista slika može imati beskonačan broj
03:12
could have an infinite number of possible real-world sources.
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mogućih izvora iz stvarnog svijeta.
03:16
Let me show you what I mean.
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Dozvolite mi da vam pokažem što mislim. Zamislite da je ovo pozadina vašeg oka.
03:17
Imagine that this is the back of your eye, okay?
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A ovo su dvije projekcije iz svijeta.
03:20
And these are two projections from the world.
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03:22
They're identical in every single way.
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One su jednake u svakom pogledu.
03:25
Identical in shape, size, spectral content.
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Jednake oblikom, veličinom, sadržajem spektra.
03:29
They are the same, as far as your eye is concerned.
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Što se tiče vašeg oka, one su iste.
03:33
And yet they come from completely different sources.
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A ipak dolaze iz skroz različitih izvora.
03:38
The one on the right comes from a yellow surface,
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Ova na desnoj strani
dolazi sa žute površine,
03:42
in shadow, oriented facing the left,
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u sjeni, okrenute na lijevu stranu,
03:45
viewed through a pinkish medium.
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gledana kroz ružičastu sredinu.
03:48
The one on the left comes from an orange surface,
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Ova na lijevoj dolazi s narančaste površine,
03:51
under direct light, facing to the right,
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osvjetljene direktnim svijetlom, okrenute desno,
03:53
viewed through sort of a bluish medium.
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gledano kroz nekakvu plavkastu sredinu.
03:55
Completely different meanings,
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Potpuno drugačija značenja,
03:57
giving rise to the exact same retinal information.
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a daju potpuno jednaku retinalnu informaciju.
04:01
And yet it's only the retinal information that we get.
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A ipak, retinalna informacija
je sve što mi dobijemo.
04:05
So how on Earth do we even see?
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Dakle, kako mi zaboga uopće i vidimo?
04:08
So if you remember anything in this next 18 minutes,
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Ako zapamtite išta u narednih 18 minuta,
04:11
remember this:
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zapamtite ovo: svijetlo koje pada na tvoje oko,
04:13
that the light that falls onto your eye,
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04:15
sensory information, is meaningless,
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osjetna informacija, beznačajno je.
04:17
because it could mean literally anything.
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Zato što ono može značiti doslovno bilo što.
04:20
And what's true for sensory information is true for information generally.
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I što vrijedi za osjetnu informaciju, vrijedi za informaciju općenito.
04:23
There's no inherent meaning in information.
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Ne postoji nerazdvojivo značenje u informaciji.
04:25
It's what we do with that information that matters.
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Bitno je ono što mi učinimo s tom informacijom.
04:28
So, how do we see? Well, we see by learning to see.
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Dakle, kako vidimo? Pa, vidimo kako smo naučili gledati.
04:32
The brain evolved the mechanisms for finding patterns,
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Mozak je razvio mehanizme za pronalaženje uzoraka,
04:36
finding relationships in information,
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pronalaženje odnosa u informacijama
04:38
and associating those relationships with a behavioral meaning,
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i povezivanje tih odnosa
sa značenjem ponašanja,
04:42
a significance, by interacting with the world.
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znači interakcijom sa svijetom.
04:45
We're very aware of this
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Mi smo vrlo svjesni toga
04:47
in the form of more cognitive attributes, like language.
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u formi pretežno kognitivnih atributa, kao što je jezik.
04:50
I'm going to give you some letter strings,
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Pa ću vam ja sada dati nizove slova. I molim vas da mi ih pročitate,
04:52
and I want you to read them out for me, if you can.
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ako možete.
04:54
Audience: "Can you read this?"
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Publika:"Možete li pročitati ovo?"
04:57
"You are not reading this."
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"Ne čitate ovo."
04:59
"What are you reading?"
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"Što čitate?"
05:01
Beau Lotto: "What are you reading?" Half the letters are missing, right?
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Beau Lotto:"Što čitate?" Polovica slova nedostaje. Točno?
05:04
There's no a priori reason
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Nema a priori razloga zašto "H" ide
05:05
why an "H" has to go between that "W" and "A."
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između ovih "W" i "A" (what=što)
05:08
But you put one there. Why?
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Ali ste ga stavili tu. Zašto?
05:09
Because in the statistics of your past experience,
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Zato što je, prema statistici vaših prošlih iskustava,
05:12
it would have been useful to do so.
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bilo korisno učiniti tako. Tako da to opet radite.
05:13
So you do so again.
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05:15
And yet you don't put a letter after that first "T."
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I ipak ne stavljate slovo poslije tog prvog "T".
05:18
Why? Because it wouldn't have been useful in the past.
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Zašto? Zato što vam to ne bi bilo korisno u prošlosti.
05:21
So you don't do it again.
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Pa to ne činite ni sada.
05:23
So, let me show you how quickly our brains can redefine normality,
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Dopustite mi da vam pokažem kako brzo naši mozgovi mogu redefinirati stvarnost
05:27
even at the simplest thing the brain does, which is color.
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čak i kod najjednostavnijih stvari koje mozak radi, a to je boja.
05:29
So if I could have the lights down up here.
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Pa vas molim da ugasite svijetla ovdje gore.
05:32
I want you to first notice that those two desert scenes are physically the same.
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Želim da prvo primjetite da su ove dvije slike pustinje fizički iste.
Jedna je samo obrnuta slika druge. U redu?
05:36
One is simply the flipping of the other.
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05:40
Now I want you to look at that dot
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Sada vas molim da gledate u točku
05:42
between the green and the red.
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između zelene i crvene. U redu?
05:45
And I want you to stare at that dot. Don't look anywhere else.
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I želim da zurite u tu točku. Ne gledajte nigdje drugdje.
05:48
We're going to look at it for about 30 seconds,
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Gledat ćemo u točku oko 30 sekundi,
što je, priznat ćete, puno u 18-minutnom govoru.
05:50
which is a bit of a killer in an 18-minute talk.
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05:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
Ali zaista želim da naučite.
05:54
But I really want you to learn.
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05:55
And I'll tell you -- don't look anywhere else --
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I kažem vam -- ne gledajte nigdje drugdje --
05:58
I'll tell you what's happening in your head.
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i ja ću vam reći što se događa u vašoj glavi.
06:00
Your brain is learning,
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Vaš mozak uči. Uči da je desna strana vizualnog polja
06:01
and it's learning that the right side of its visual field
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pod crvenim osvjetljenjem;
06:04
is under red illumination;
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06:05
the left side of its visual field is under green illumination.
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lijeva strana vizualnog polja je pod zelenim osvjetljenjem.
06:08
That's what it's learning. Okay?
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To je ono što uči. U redu?
06:11
Now, when I tell you, I want you to look at the dot between the two desert scenes.
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Sada, kada vam kažem, želim da pogledate točku između dviju slika pustinje.
06:16
So why don't you do that now?
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Pa zašto sada to ne učinite?
06:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:21
Can I have the lights up again?
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Mogu li opet dobiti svijetlo?
06:23
I take it from your response they don't look the same anymore, right?
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Iz vaše reakcije vidim da više ne izgledaju isto. Točno?
06:26
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
06:28
Why? Because your brain is seeing that same information
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Zašto? Zato što vaš mozak vidi istu informaciju
06:31
as if the right one is still under red light,
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kao da je desna još pod crvenim svijetlom
06:33
and the left one is still under green light.
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a lijeva još pod zelenim svijetlom.
To je vaše novo normalno.
06:36
That's your new normal.
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06:37
Okay? So, what does this mean for context?
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Dakle, što to znači za kontekst?
06:39
It means I can take two identical squares,
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Znači da mogu uzeti ova dva jednaka kvadrata
06:41
put them in light and dark surrounds,
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i staviti ih u svjetlo ili tamno okruženje.
06:43
and the one on the dark surround looks lighter than on the light surround.
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I sada ovaj u tamnom okruženju izgleda svjetlije nego ovaj u svjetlom okruženju.
Ono što je važno nije samo svjetlo ili tamno okruženje,
06:47
What's significant is not simply the light and dark surrounds that matter.
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06:50
It's what those light and dark surrounds meant for your behavior in the past.
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već što su ta svjetla i tamna okruženja značila za vaše ponašanje u prošlosti.
06:54
So I'll show you what I mean.
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Pokazat ću vam što sam mislio.
06:55
Here we have that exact same illusion.
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Ovdje imamo potpuno jednake prikaze.
06:57
We have two identical tiles on the left,
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Lijevo imamo dvije identične pločice,
07:00
one in a dark surround, one in a light surround.
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jednu u tamnom, a drugu u svjetlom okruženju.
07:02
And the same thing over on the right.
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I isti prizor na desnoj strani.
07:04
Now, I'll reveal those two scenes,
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Sada ću razmotriti te dvije scene.
07:07
but I'm not going to change anything within those boxes,
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Ali neću mijenjati ništa unutar kutija,
osim njihova značenja.
07:10
except their meaning.
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07:11
And see what happens to your perception.
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I vidjeti što će se dogoditi s vašom percepcijom.
07:13
Notice that on the left
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Primjetite da na lijevoj strani
07:15
the two tiles look nearly completely opposite:
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dvije pločice izgledaju gotovo potpuno suprotno:
07:17
one very white and one very dark, right?
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jedna izgleda vrlo svjetlo, a druga vrlo tamno.
Je l' tako? S druge pak strane, desno,
07:21
Whereas on the right, the two tiles look nearly the same.
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dvije pločice izgledaju gotovo potpuno isto.
07:24
And yet there is still one on a dark surround,
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A ipak jedna je i dalje u tamnom, a druga u svjetlom okruženju.
07:26
and one on a light surround.
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07:28
Why?
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Zašto? Zato što bi pločica u toj sjeni,
07:29
Because if the tile in that shadow were in fact in shadow,
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da je zaista bila u sjeni
07:33
and reflecting the same amount of light to your eye
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i reflektirala istu količinu svjetlosti na tvoje oko
07:35
as the one outside the shadow,
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kao i ona koja nije u sjeni,
07:37
it would have to be more reflective -- just the laws of physics.
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morala imati veću refleksiju -- to su jednostavno zakoni fizike.
07:40
So you see it that way.
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I vi to tako vidite.
07:42
Whereas on the right, the information is consistent
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S druge strane, desno je informacija koja je dosljedna
07:45
with those two tiles being under the same light.
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s dvjema pločicama pod istim svjetlom.
07:47
If they're under the same light reflecting the same amount of light to your eye,
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Ako se nalaze pod istim svjetlom, reflektirajući istu količinu svjetla
na vaše oko,
07:51
then they must be equally reflective.
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onda moraju imati jednaku refleksiju.
07:53
So you see it that way.
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I vi to tako vidite.
07:54
Which means we can bring all this information together
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Što znači da možemo spojiti sve ove informacije zajedno
07:57
to create some incredibly strong illusions.
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da bismo stvorili nevjerojatno snažnu varku.
07:59
This is one I made a few years ago.
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Ovo je jedna koju sam napravio prije par godina.
08:01
And you'll notice you see a dark brown tile at the top,
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Primjetit ćete smeđu pločicu na vrhu
08:04
and a bright orange tile at the side.
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i svjetlu narančastu pločicu sa strane.
08:07
That is your perceptual reality.
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To je vaša perceptivna stvarnost. Fizička stvarnost
08:08
The physical reality is that those two tiles are the same.
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je da su ove dvije pločice jednake.
08:14
Here you see four gray tiles on your left,
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Ovdje vidite četiri sive pločice lijevo
08:17
seven gray tiles on the right.
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te sedam sivih pločica desno.
08:19
I'm not going to change those tiles at all,
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Neću uopće mijenjati pločice.
08:21
but I'm going to reveal the rest of the scene.
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Ali ću otkriti ostatak scene.
08:23
And see what happens to your perception.
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I vidite što se događa s vašom percepcijom.
08:26
The four blue tiles on the left are gray.
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Četiri plave pločice lijevo su sive.
08:30
The seven yellow tiles on the right are also gray.
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Sedam žutih pločica desno su isto sive.
08:33
They are the same. Okay?
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One su iste. Jasno?
08:35
Don't believe me? Let's watch it again.
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Ne vjerujete mi? Hajdemo pogledati ponovo.
08:39
What's true for color is also true for complex perceptions of motion.
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Što vrijedi za boje također vrijedi za složene percepcije pokreta.
08:43
So, here we have --
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Pa ovdje imamo --
08:46
let's turn this around -- a diamond.
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okrenimo ovo -- dijamant.
08:51
And what I'm going to do is, I'm going to hold it here,
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A ono što ću ja učiniti, držat ću ga ovdje
08:53
and I'm going to spin it.
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i zavrtjet ću ga.
08:56
And for all of you, you'll see it probably spinning this direction.
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Svi vi ćete ga vjerojatno vidjeti da se vrti u ovom smjeru.
09:00
Now I want you to keep looking at it.
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Sada vas molim da ga nastavite gledati.
09:02
Move your eyes around, blink, maybe close one eye.
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Pomaknite oči, trepnite, možete zatvoriti jedno oko.
09:05
And suddenly it will flip, and start spinning the opposite direction.
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I odjednom će se okrenuti i početi vrtjeti u suprotnom smjeru.
09:09
Yes? Raise your hand if you got that. Yes?
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Da? Podignite ruku ako vam se to dogodilo. Da?
09:12
Keep blinking.
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Nastavite treptati. Svaki put kad trepnete ono će se promijeniti. Točno?
09:13
Every time you blink, it will switch.
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09:16
So I can ask you, which direction is it rotating?
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Pa vas mogu pitati u kojem se smjeru okreće?
09:20
How do you know?
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Kako znate?
09:22
Your brain doesn't know, because both are equally likely.
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Vaš mozak ne zna. Zato što su oba smjera jednako vjerojatna.
09:25
So depending on where it looks,
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Ovisno o tome kako gledate, okreće se
09:26
it flips between the two possibilities.
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između dvije mogućnosti.
09:30
Are we the only ones that see illusions?
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Jesmo li mi jedini koji vidimo varke?
09:32
The answer to this question is no.
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Odgovor na ovo pitanje je ne.
09:34
Even the beautiful bumblebee,
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Čak i prekrasni bumbar,
09:35
with its mere one million brain cells,
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sa svojih samo milijun moždanih stanica,
09:38
which is 250 times fewer cells than you have in one retina,
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što je 250 puta manje stanica nego što ih vi imate u jednoj retini,
09:41
sees illusions, does the most complicated things
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vidi varke, radi najsloženije stvari
09:44
that even our most sophisticated computers can't do.
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koje čak ni naši najsofisticiraniji kompjuteri ne mogu.
09:47
So in my lab we work on bumblebees,
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U mojem laboratoriju, mi dakako radimo na bumbarima.
09:49
because we can completely control their experience,
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Zato što možemo potpuno kontrolirati njihovo iskustvo
09:51
and see how it alters the architecture of their brain.
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i vidjeti kako to mijenja arhitekturu njihova mozga.
I to radimo u onome što zovemo Bumbar Matrica.
09:54
We do this in what we call the Bee Matrix.
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09:56
Here you have the hive.
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Ovdje imate košnicu. Možete vidjeti maticu,
09:57
You can see the queen bee, the large bee in the middle.
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ova velika pčela u sredini. Ovo su sve njene kćeri, jajašca.
10:00
Those are her daughters, the eggs.
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I idu naprijed i natrag između košnice
10:02
They go back and forth between this hive and the arena, via this tube.
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i arene, kroz ovu cijev.
10:09
You'll see one of the bees come out here.
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I vidjet ćete da jedna od pčela tu izlazi.
10:11
You see how she has a little number on her?
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Vidite kako ima mali broj na sebi?
10:14
There's another one coming out, she also has a number on her.
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Da, evo još jedna koja izlazi. Ona ima drugi broj.
10:17
Now, they're not born that way, right?
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Naravno, one nisu rođene tako. Jasno?
10:19
We pull them out, put them in the fridge, and they fall asleep.
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Mi iz izvadimo, stavimo ih u hladnjak i one zaspu.
10:22
Then you can superglue little numbers on them.
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I onda možete zalijepiti male brojeve na njih.
(Smijeh)
10:25
(Laughter)
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10:26
And now, in this experiment they get a reward if they go to the blue flowers.
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I sada u ovom eksperimentu one bivaju nagrađene ako idu na plavo cvijeće.
10:30
They land on the flower,
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I spuste se na cvijet. Zalijepe svoj jezik,
10:31
stick their tongue in there, called a proboscis, and drink sugar water.
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zvan rilo, i piju slatku vodu.
10:34
She's drinking a glass of water that's about that big to you and I,
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Ona sada pije čašu vode koja je ovoliko velika vama i meni,
10:38
will do that about three times, then fly.
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i učinit će to otprilike tri puta i onda odletjeti.
10:44
And sometimes they learn not to go to the blue,
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Ponekad nauče ne ići na plavo,
10:46
but to go where the other bees go.
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već ići za drugim pčelama.
10:48
So they copy each other.
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Dakle, kopiraju jedne druge. Mogu brojati do pet. Mogu prepoznati lica.
10:49
They can count to five. They can recognize faces.
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10:51
And here she comes down the ladder.
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I evo je, spušta se niz ljestve.
10:53
And she'll come into the hive, find an empty honey pot,
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Ući će u košnicu, pronaći praznu posudu,
10:56
and throw up, and that's honey.
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povratiti, i to je med.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:59
Now remember, she's supposed to be going to the blue flowers,
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Zapamtite -- (Smijeh)
-- treba ići na plavo cvijeće.
11:04
but what are these bees doing in the upper right corner?
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Ali što ove pčele rade u gornjem desnom uglu?
11:07
It looks like they're going to green flowers.
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Čini se da idu na zeleno cvijeće.
11:09
Now, are they getting it wrong?
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Čine li one pogrešno?
11:12
And the answer to the question is no. Those are actually blue flowers.
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Odgovor je ne. To su u biti plavi cvjetovi.
11:15
But those are blue flowers under green light.
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Ali plavi cvjetovi pod zelenim svjetlom.
11:19
So they're using the relationships between the colors to solve the puzzle,
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One, dakle, koriste odnose između boja da bi riješile slagalicu.
11:23
which is exactly what we do.
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Što je baš ono što mi radimo.
11:25
So, illusions are often used,
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Dakle, varke se često upotrebljavaju,
11:27
especially in art, in the words of a more contemporary artist,
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posebno u umjetnosti, riječima suvremenog umjetnika
11:31
"to demonstrate the fragility of our senses."
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"da demonstriraju krhkost naših osjeta".
11:33
Okay, this is complete rubbish.
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Dobro, ovo je potpuna glupost.
11:36
The senses aren't fragile. And if they were, we wouldn't be here.
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Osjeti nisu krhki. Da jesu, mi ne bismo bili ovdje.
Umjesto toga, boja nam govori nešto potpuno drugačije -
11:40
Instead, color tells us something completely different,
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11:43
that the brain didn't actually evolve to see the world the way it is.
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da se mozak nije razvio da bi vidio svijet onakvim kakav on jest.
11:46
We can't.
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Ne možemo. Umjesto toga, mozak se razvio da bi vidio svijet
11:47
Instead, the brain evolved to see the world
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11:50
the way it was useful to see in the past.
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na način koji je bilo korisno vidjeti u prošlosti.
11:53
And how we see is by continually redefining normality.
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A mi vidimo tako da stalno redefiniramo normalnost.
11:59
So, how can we take this incredible capacity of plasticity of the brain
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Kako možemo iskoristiti
nevjerojatnu plastičnost mozga
12:06
and get people to experience their world differently?
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i postići da ljudi doživljavaju svoj svijet drugačije?
12:09
Well, one of the ways we do it in my lab and studio
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Pa, jedan od načina koji mi koristimo u mom laboratoriju i studiju
12:11
is we translate the light into sound,
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je prevođenje svjetlosti u zvuk
12:15
and we enable people to hear their visual world.
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i omogućavanje ljudima da čuju svoj vizualni svijet.
12:19
And they can navigate the world using their ears.
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I mogu upravljati svijetom koristeći svoje uši.
12:22
Here's David on the right, and he's holding a camera.
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Ovdje je David, desno. Drži kameru.
12:25
On the left is what his camera sees.
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Lijevo je što njegova kamera vidi.
12:27
And you'll see there's a faint line going across that image.
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I vidjet ćete da je tu linija, tanka linija koja ide preko slike.
12:30
That line is broken up into 32 squares.
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Ta linija je razlomljena na 32 kvadratića.
12:33
In each square, we calculate the average color.
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U svakom kvadratiću računamo prosječnu boju.
12:35
And then we just simply translate that into sound.
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I onda je jednostavno pretvorimo u zvuk.
12:37
And now he's going to turn around,
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I sada će se on
okrenuti, zatvoriti oči
12:41
close his eyes,
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12:43
and find a plate on the ground with his eyes closed.
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i pronaći tanjur na podu sa zatvorenim očima.
12:47
(Continuous sound)
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12:50
(Sound changes momentarily)
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12:52
(Sound changes momentarily)
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12:55
(Sound changes momentarily)
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12:59
(Sound changes momentarily)
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13:03
(Sound changes momentarily)
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13:05
Beau Lotto: He finds it. Amazing, right?
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Nalazi ga. Zapanjujuće, zar ne?
13:07
So not only can we create a prosthetic for the visually impaired,
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Dakle, ne samo da možemo napraviti prostetiku za one s oštećenim vidom,
13:10
but we can also investigate
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nego također možemo istražiti kako ljudi
13:13
how people literally make sense of the world.
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doslovno pronalaze smisao svijeta.
13:16
But we can also do something else.
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Ali možemo učiniti i nešto drugo. Možemo također raditi glazbu s bojom.
13:17
We can also make music with color.
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13:20
So, working with kids,
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Dakle, radeći s djecom,
13:22
they created images,
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oni su stvarali slike
13:24
thinking about what might the images you see
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i razmišljali kako bi te slike mogle
13:26
sound like if we could listen to them.
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zvučati kada bismo ih mogli slušati.
13:28
And then we translated these images.
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I onda smo preveli te slike.
13:30
And this is one of those images.
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I ovo je jedna od tih slika.
13:32
And this is a six-year-old child composing a piece of music
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A ovo je šestogodišnje dijete koje komponira glazbu
13:35
for a 32-piece orchestra.
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za orkestar od 32 glazbenika.
13:38
And this is what it sounds like.
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A ovo je kako to zvuči.
13:40
(Electronic representation of orchestral music)
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14:06
So, a six-year-old child. Okay?
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Dakle, šestogodišnje dijete. Razumijete?
14:09
Now, what does all this mean?
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Sada, što sve ovo znači?
14:12
What this suggests is that no one is an outside observer of nature, okay?
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Znači da nitko nije vanjski promatrač
prirode. Jasno?
14:17
We're not defined by our central properties,
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Nismo definirani našim središnjim svojstvima,
14:19
by the bits that make us up.
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djelićima od kojih smo sastavljeni.
14:20
We're defined by our environment and our interaction with that environment,
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Definirani smo okolinom i našom interakcijom s tom okolinom --
14:24
by our ecology.
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našom ekologijom.
14:26
And that ecology is necessarily relative, historical and empirical.
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A ta ekologija je neminovno relativna,
povijesna i empirijska.
Pa bih volio završiti s ovime ovdje.
14:34
So, what I'd like to finish with is this over here.
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14:38
Because what I've been trying to do is really celebrate uncertainty.
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Zato što pokušavam zaista slaviti neizvjesnost.
14:41
Because I think only through uncertainty is there potential for understanding.
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Zato što mislim da jedino kroz neizvjesnost postoji potencijal za razumijevanje.
14:45
So, if some of you are still feeling a bit too certain,
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Dakle, ako itko od vas još uvijek osjeća preveliku izvjesnost,
14:48
I'd like to do this one.
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rado bih učinio ovo.
14:50
So, if we have the lights down.
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Možemo li ugasiti svjetla?
14:52
And what we have here --
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Ono što imamo ovdje --
14:58
Can everyone see 25 purple surfaces on your left,
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mogu li svi vidjeti 25 ljubičastih površina
na lijevoj strani
15:03
and 25, call it yellowish, surfaces on your right?
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i 25, nazovimo ih žućkastih, površina na desnoj strani?
15:07
So now, what I want to do,
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Pa, sad, ono što želim učiniti:
15:08
I'm going to put the middle nine surfaces here
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stavit ću srednjih devet površina ovdje
15:11
under yellow illumination,
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pod žuto svjetlo
15:13
by simply putting a filter behind them.
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2006
na način da jednostavno stavim filter iza njih.
U redu. Sada možete vidjeti da to mijenja svjetlo
15:18
Now you can see that changes the light that's coming through there, right?
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koje tu prolazi. U redu?
15:22
Because now the light is going through a yellowish filter
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Zato što svjetlo sad prolazi kroz žućkasti filter
i onda kroz ljubičasti filter.
15:25
and then a purplish filter.
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15:26
I'm going to do the opposite on the left here.
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Napravit ću suprotno na lijevoj strani.
15:31
I'm going to put the middle nine under a purplish light.
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Stavit ću srednjih devet pod ljubičasti filter.
15:38
Now, some of you will have noticed that the consequence
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Sada će neki od vas primjetiti da je posljedica takva
15:42
is that the light coming through those middle nine on the right,
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da je svjetlo koje prolazi kroz ovih devet na desnoj strani,
15:45
or your left, is exactly the same as the light
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ili vašoj lijevoj,
potpuno jednako kao i svjetlo koje prolazi kroz
15:48
coming through the middle nine on your right.
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srednjih devet na vašoj desnoj strani.
15:51
Agreed? Yes?
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Slažete se? Da?
15:53
Okay. So they are physically the same.
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U redu. Oni su fizički jednaki.
15:56
Let's pull the covers off.
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Maknimo ove poklopce.
16:02
Now remember --
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Zapamtite,
16:05
you know that the middle nine are exactly the same.
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znate da je srednjih devet potpuno jednako.
16:09
Do they look the same?
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Izgledaju li jednako? Ne.
16:12
No.
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16:13
The question is, "Is that an illusion?"
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Pitanje je: "Je li to varka?"
16:15
And I'll leave you with that.
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Ostavit ću ga otvorenim.
16:17
So, thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
16:18
(Laughter)
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16:19
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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