Optical illusions show how we see | Beau Lotto

3,116,305 views ใƒป 2009-10-08

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyunwoo Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young-ho Park
00:13
I want to start with a game. Okay?
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์ž, ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:16
And to win this game,
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์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ค๋ฉด
00:18
all you have to do is see the reality that's in front of you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ
00:21
as it really is, all right?
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๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
00:23
So we have two panels here, of colored dots.
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒจ๋„์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ƒ‰์ƒ‰์˜ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:27
And one of those dots is the same in the two panels.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‘ ํŒจ๋„์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ƒ‰์˜
์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
00:33
And you have to tell me which one.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ‰์ธ์ง€ ๊ณจ๋ผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:35
Now, I narrowed it down
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์ž, ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ ค๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:37
to the gray one, the green one, and, say, the orange one.
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ํšŒ์ƒ‰, ๋…น์ƒ‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰.
00:41
So by a show of hands, we'll start with the easiest one.
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์ž, ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”? ์ œ์ผ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:44
Show of hands: how many people think it's the gray one?
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ํšŒ์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค ์†๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
00:48
Really? Okay.
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์ •๋ง์š”? ๋„ค. ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
How many people think it's the green one?
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๋…น์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์€์š”?
00:54
And how many people think it's the orange one?
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์€?
00:59
Pretty even split.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋œ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
01:02
Let's find out what the reality is.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ต์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
Here is the orange one.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์ด๊ณ ์š”.
01:07
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:10
Here is the green one.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
And here is the gray one.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
01:16
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:20
So for all of you who saw that, you're complete realists.
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์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋งž์ถ”์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์ž ์ž„์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
All right?
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01:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:26
So this is pretty amazing, isn't it?
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์ง€์š”?
01:27
Because nearly every living system
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:29
has evolved the ability to detect light in one way or another.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋“  ๋น›์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:33
So for us, seeing color
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์ƒ‰์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ 
01:35
is one of the simplest things the brain does.
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01:37
And yet, even at this most fundamental level,
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๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:40
context is everything.
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์ƒ‰ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋˜์ง€์š”.
01:43
What I'm going to talk about is not that context is everything,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:46
but why context is everything.
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'์™œ' ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
Because it's answering that question
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
01:50
that tells us not only why we see what we do,
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์™œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
01:54
but who we are as individuals,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ์„œ
01:56
and who we are as a society.
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์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
But first, we have to ask another question,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋” ์งš๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
02:01
which is, "What is color for?"
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"์™œ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ณด๋Š๋ƒ?"๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
And instead of telling you, I'll just show you.
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๋ฐฑ ๋งˆ๋”” ๋ง๋ณด๋‹จ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:05
What you see here is a jungle scene,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๊ธ€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ•œ ์žฅ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:08
and you see the surfaces according to the amount of light
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:10
that those surfaces reflect.
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์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:12
Now, can any of you see the predator that's about to jump out at you?
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹น์žฅ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋งน์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”?
02:17
And if you haven't seen it yet, you're dead, right?
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์•ˆ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃฝ์€๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งž์ฃ ?
(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:20
(Laughter)
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02:21
Can anyone see it? Anyone? No?
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชป ๋ณด์‹œ๋‚˜์š”? ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋„ ์—†๋‚˜์š”?
02:23
Now let's see the surfaces
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
02:24
according to the quality of light that they reflect.
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02:27
And now you see it.
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์ด์ œ ๋งน์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
02:30
So, color enables us to see
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์ƒ‰์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”
02:32
the similarities and differences between surfaces,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜
02:35
according to the full spectrum of light that they reflect.
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๋™์งˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
But what you've just done
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜์‹  ์ผ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:39
is in many respects mathematically impossible.
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02:42
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ
02:44
Because, as Berkeley tells us,
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02:45
we have no direct access to our physical world,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ
02:48
other than through our senses.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ,
02:50
And the light that falls onto our eyes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋น›์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜
02:51
is determined by multiple things in the world,
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๋งŽ์€ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€์š”.
02:54
not only the color of objects,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ‰, ์กฐ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ‰,
02:56
but also the color of their illumination,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด
02:58
and the color of the space between us and those objects.
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์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ‰์—๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:00
You vary any one of those parameters,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด
03:03
and you'll change the color of the light that falls onto your eye.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์ƒ‰์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
This is a huge problem,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
03:09
because it means that the same image
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๊ถ๋ฌด์ง„ํ•œ ์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์˜
03:12
could have an infinite number of possible real-world sources.
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์†Œ์Šค์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:16
Let me show you what I mean.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๋’ค์ชฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:17
Imagine that this is the back of your eye, okay?
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:20
And these are two projections from the world.
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03:22
They're identical in every single way.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Identical in shape, size, spectral content.
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๋ชจ์–‘, ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
03:29
They are the same, as far as your eye is concerned.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด ๋‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
03:33
And yet they come from completely different sources.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
03:38
The one on the right comes from a yellow surface,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š”
์™ผ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„
03:42
in shadow, oriented facing the left,
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๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋น›์„
03:45
viewed through a pinkish medium.
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๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
03:48
The one on the left comes from an orange surface,
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:51
under direct light, facing to the right,
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์ง์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋น›์„
03:53
viewed through sort of a bluish medium.
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ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Completely different meanings,
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€
03:57
giving rise to the exact same retinal information.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:01
And yet it's only the retinal information that we get.
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์–ด์จŒ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ง๋ง‰์—์„œ
์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์ง€์š”.
04:05
So how on Earth do we even see?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:08
So if you remember anything in this next 18 minutes,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค์Œ 18๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:11
remember this:
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š”
04:13
that the light that falls onto your eye,
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04:15
sensory information, is meaningless,
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๋น› ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
because it could mean literally anything.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌดํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:20
And what's true for sensory information is true for information generally.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์ •๋ณด์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ •๋ณด์— ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
There's no inherent meaning in information.
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์ •๋ณด ์ž์ฒด์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—†์ง€์š”.
04:25
It's what we do with that information that matters.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
So, how do we see? Well, we see by learning to see.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์„œ ๋ณด์ง€์š”.
04:32
The brain evolved the mechanisms for finding patterns,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ,
04:36
finding relationships in information,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
04:38
and associating those relationships with a behavioral meaning,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์Šต๊ด€๊ณผ
์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์—
04:42
a significance, by interacting with the world.
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์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€์š”.
04:45
We're very aware of this
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ธ์ง€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ
04:47
in the form of more cognitive attributes, like language.
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๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:50
I'm going to give you some letter strings,
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์ด์ œ, ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ
04:52
and I want you to read them out for me, if you can.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์–ด๋ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
04:54
Audience: "Can you read this?"
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์ฒญ์ค‘: "Can you read this?"
04:57
"You are not reading this."
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"You are not reading this."
04:59
"What are you reading?"
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"What are you reading?"
05:01
Beau Lotto: "What are you reading?" Half the letters are missing, right?
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๋ทฐ ๋กœ๋˜: "What are you reading?" ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋น ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
05:04
There's no a priori reason
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"W"์™€ "A"์‚ฌ์ด์— "H"๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผ ํ• 
05:05
why an "H" has to go between that "W" and "A."
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์„ ํ—˜์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ
05:08
But you put one there. Why?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:09
Because in the statistics of your past experience,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
05:12
it would have been useful to do so.
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"H"๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์œ ์šฉํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:13
So you do so again.
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05:15
And yet you don't put a letter after that first "T."
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์ฒซ ๊ธ€์ž์ธ "T"๋’ค์— ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ ๊ฑด
05:18
Why? Because it wouldn't have been useful in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:21
So you don't do it again.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:23
So, let me show you how quickly our brains can redefine normality,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
05:27
even at the simplest thing the brain does, which is color.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ง€์š”.
05:29
So if I could have the lights down up here.
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์กฐ๋ช…์„ ์ข€ ์ค„์—ฌ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
05:32
I want you to first notice that those two desert scenes are physically the same.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๋‘์žฅ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋กœ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ๋†“์€๊ฑฐ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ ?
05:36
One is simply the flipping of the other.
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05:40
Now I want you to look at that dot
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์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
05:42
between the green and the red.
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์ ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:45
And I want you to stare at that dot. Don't look anywhere else.
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์ž, ๊ทธ ์ ์„ ์‘์‹œํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋Š” ๋ณด์‹œ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”
05:48
We're going to look at it for about 30 seconds,
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30์ดˆ ์ •๋„ ๋ณด์…”์•ผํ•ด์š”.
18๋ถ„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ์ค‘ 30์ดˆ๋ฉด ๊ฝค ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์ฃ ?
05:50
which is a bit of a killer in an 18-minute talk.
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05:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:54
But I really want you to learn.
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05:55
And I'll tell you -- don't look anywhere else --
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๋”ฑ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ -- ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š” --
05:58
I'll tell you what's happening in your head.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด
06:00
Your brain is learning,
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๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š”
06:01
and it's learning that the right side of its visual field
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์‹œ์•ผ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:04
is under red illumination;
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06:05
the left side of its visual field is under green illumination.
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์‹œ์•ผ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:08
That's what it's learning. Okay?
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
06:11
Now, when I tell you, I want you to look at the dot between the two desert scenes.
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์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
06:16
So why don't you do that now?
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ ?
06:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:21
Can I have the lights up again?
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์ด์ œ ์กฐ๋ช…์„ ์ข€ ๋ฐํ˜€ ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
06:23
I take it from your response they don't look the same anymore, right?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋„ค์š”, ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:26
(Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:28
Why? Because your brain is seeing that same information
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ „๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:31
as if the right one is still under red light,
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์•„์ง๋„ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ ๋ถ‰์€ ์กฐ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ,
06:33
and the left one is still under green light.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์กฐ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:36
That's your new normal.
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06:37
Okay? So, what does this mean for context?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉํŒ๋‹จ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
06:39
It means I can take two identical squares,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ
06:41
put them in light and dark surrounds,
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๋ฐ๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์•ž์— ๋†“๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
and the one on the dark surround looks lighter than on the light surround.
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์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋†“์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋†“์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ƒ ์–ด๋‘ก๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
What's significant is not simply the light and dark surrounds that matter.
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06:50
It's what those light and dark surrounds meant for your behavior in the past.
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๋ฐ๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ–‰๋™์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
So I'll show you what I mean.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
06:55
Here we have that exact same illusion.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
We have two identical tiles on the left,
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ€์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™ผ์ชฝ์—
07:00
one in a dark surround, one in a light surround.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋†“๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
And the same thing over on the right.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋†”๋‘ฌ๋ณด์ง€์š”.
07:04
Now, I'll reveal those two scenes,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๋‘ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ . ์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:07
but I'm not going to change anything within those boxes,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
except their meaning.
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07:11
And see what happens to your perception.
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์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:13
Notice that on the left
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ํƒ€์ผ์ด
07:15
the two tiles look nearly completely opposite:
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”.
07:17
one very white and one very dark, right?
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒ€๊ณ ์š”.
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š”,
07:21
Whereas on the right, the two tiles look nearly the same.
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๋‘ ํƒ€์ผ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”.
07:24
And yet there is still one on a dark surround,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
07:26
and one on a light surround.
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07:28
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
07:29
Because if the tile in that shadow were in fact in shadow,
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ํƒ€์ผ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:33
and reflecting the same amount of light to your eye
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๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํƒ€์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋น›์„
07:35
as the one outside the shadow,
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๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ€์ผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์ด
07:37
it would have to be more reflective -- just the laws of physics.
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๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”. -- ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด์ง€์š”.
07:40
So you see it that way.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋ณด์ฃ .
07:42
Whereas on the right, the information is consistent
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ํƒ€์ผ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆ๋น› ์•„๋ž˜์—
07:45
with those two tiles being under the same light.
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์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐ ํƒ€์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
07:47
If they're under the same light reflecting the same amount of light to your eye,
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์ด๋“ค ํƒ€์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ
๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:51
then they must be equally reflective.
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๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:53
So you see it that way.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋ณด์ฃ .
07:54
Which means we can bring all this information together
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์ด ๋ง์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€
07:57
to create some incredibly strong illusions.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์ฐฉ์‹œํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
This is one I made a few years ago.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
08:01
And you'll notice you see a dark brown tile at the top,
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์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ํƒ€์ผ์ด ์œ„์— ์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:04
and a bright orange tile at the side.
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๋ฐ์€ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์ƒ‰ ํƒ€์ผ์ด ์˜†์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:07
That is your perceptual reality.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
The physical reality is that those two tiles are the same.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‘ ํƒ€์ผ์€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜์ฃ .
08:14
Here you see four gray tiles on your left,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ํƒ€์ผ ๋„ค ์žฅ์ด ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:17
seven gray tiles on the right.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—” ์ผ๊ณฑ ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:19
I'm not going to change those tiles at all,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ํƒ€์ผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ 
08:21
but I'm going to reveal the rest of the scene.
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๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ 
08:23
And see what happens to your perception.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:26
The four blue tiles on the left are gray.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ํƒ€์ผ ๋„ค ์žฅ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ํšŒ์ƒ‰์ด๊ณ ,
08:30
The seven yellow tiles on the right are also gray.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ํƒ€์ผ ์ผ๊ณฑ ์žฅ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ํšŒ์ƒ‰์ด์ฃ .
08:33
They are the same. Okay?
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ€์ผ์ด์˜ˆ์š”. ๋งž์ฃ ?
08:35
Don't believe me? Let's watch it again.
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๋ชป ๋ฏฟ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”? ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:39
What's true for color is also true for complex perceptions of motion.
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์ƒ‰์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค์€ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ธ์‹์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€์š”.
08:43
So, here we have --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— --
08:46
let's turn this around -- a diamond.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”. ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
And what I'm going to do is, I'm going to hold it here,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:53
and I'm going to spin it.
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์ด๊ฑธ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žก๊ณ  ๋Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
08:56
And for all of you, you'll see it probably spinning this direction.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:00
Now I want you to keep looking at it.
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๊ณ„์† ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”.
09:02
Move your eyes around, blink, maybe close one eye.
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๋ˆˆ์„ ์›€์ง์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊นœ๋นก์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ•œ ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:05
And suddenly it will flip, and start spinning the opposite direction.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํšŒ์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:09
Yes? Raise your hand if you got that. Yes?
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๋งž์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉด ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
09:12
Keep blinking.
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๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๊นœ๋นก์—ฌ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๊นœ๋นก์ผ ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
09:13
Every time you blink, it will switch.
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09:16
So I can ask you, which direction is it rotating?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฌป๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋Š ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:20
How do you know?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์ฃ ?
09:22
Your brain doesn't know, because both are equally likely.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ˜์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:25
So depending on where it looks,
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์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
09:26
it flips between the two possibilities.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์™”๋‹ค ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:30
Are we the only ones that see illusions?
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์ฐฉ์‹œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:32
The answer to this question is no.
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์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
Even the beautiful bumblebee,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง๋ง‰์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์˜ 1/250์— ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š”
09:35
with its mere one million brain cells,
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๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
09:38
which is 250 times fewer cells than you have in one retina,
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๋•ก๋ฒŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ฐฉ์‹œ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
sees illusions, does the most complicated things
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
09:44
that even our most sophisticated computers can't do.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:47
So in my lab we work on bumblebees,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋•ก๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
because we can completely control their experience,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋•ก๋ฒŒ์˜ ์‹œํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ†ต์ œํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์ด
09:51
and see how it alters the architecture of their brain.
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๋•…๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„ "๋ฒŒ ํ–‰๋ ฌ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
We do this in what we call the Bee Matrix.
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09:56
Here you have the hive.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฒŒ์ง‘์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€
09:57
You can see the queen bee, the large bee in the middle.
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์—ฌ์™•๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์˜†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์™•๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋”ธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
Those are her daughters, the eggs.
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๋•ก๋ฒŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘๊ณผ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ
10:02
They go back and forth between this hive and the arena, via this tube.
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์ด ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์™”๋‹ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
10:09
You'll see one of the bees come out here.
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๊ทธ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:11
You see how she has a little number on her?
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์ž‘์€ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ ํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”?
10:14
There's another one coming out, she also has a number on her.
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๋ฒŒ์ด ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋„ค์š”. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์ฃ .
10:17
Now, they're not born that way, right?
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ํ…๋ฐ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
10:19
We pull them out, put them in the fridge, and they fall asleep.
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๋ฒŒ์„ ์žก์•„์„œ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ์ž ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ํ›„์—,
10:22
Then you can superglue little numbers on them.
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์ž‘์€ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋กœ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋†“์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ..
(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:25
(Laughter)
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10:26
And now, in this experiment they get a reward if they go to the blue flowers.
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๊ฝƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
They land on the flower,
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๊ฝƒ์— ์•‰์•„์„œ, ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธด ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ป—์–ด์„œ
10:31
stick their tongue in there, called a proboscis, and drink sugar water.
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์„คํƒ•๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
She's drinking a glass of water that's about that big to you and I,
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์ € ๋ฒŒ์ด ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์„คํƒ•๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด ์ด๋งŒํผ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:38
will do that about three times, then fly.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
And sometimes they learn not to go to the blue,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๊ฝƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:46
but to go where the other bees go.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
So they copy each other.
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๋•…๋ฒŒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , 5๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธ๊ณ , ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:49
They can count to five. They can recognize faces.
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10:51
And here she comes down the ladder.
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ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋„ค์š”.
10:53
And she'll come into the hive, find an empty honey pot,
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ๋นˆ ๊ฟ€ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉด
10:56
and throw up, and that's honey.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฟ€์ด์ง€์š”.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:59
Now remember, she's supposed to be going to the blue flowers,
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๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”? (์›ƒ์Œ)
๋ฒŒ๋“ค์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๊ฝƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ์„คํƒ•๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”?
11:04
but what are these bees doing in the upper right corner?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ์ธก ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:07
It looks like they're going to green flowers.
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์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ๊ฝƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
11:09
Now, are they getting it wrong?
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ฐ”๋‚˜์š”?
11:12
And the answer to the question is no. Those are actually blue flowers.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”. ์ €๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๊ฝƒ๋“ค์ด์—์š”.
11:15
But those are blue flowers under green light.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ๋ก ๋ถˆ๋น› ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๊ฝƒ๋“ค์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:19
So they're using the relationships between the colors to solve the puzzle,
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์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํผ์ฆ์„ ํ’€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:23
which is exactly what we do.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:25
So, illusions are often used,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์ข…์ข… ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
11:27
especially in art, in the words of a more contemporary artist,
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋ฉด
11:31
"to demonstrate the fragility of our senses."
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:33
Okay, this is complete rubbish.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
11:36
The senses aren't fragile. And if they were, we wouldn't be here.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฉธ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น” ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:40
Instead, color tells us something completely different,
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11:43
that the brain didn't actually evolve to see the world the way it is.
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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
11:46
We can't.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€์š”. ๊ทธ๋Œ€์‹ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:47
Instead, the brain evolved to see the world
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11:50
the way it was useful to see in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:53
And how we see is by continually redefining normality.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์žฌ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
So, how can we take this incredible capacity of plasticity of the brain
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
12:06
and get people to experience their world differently?
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:09
Well, one of the ways we do it in my lab and studio
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:11
is we translate the light into sound,
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๊ด‘๊ฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด
12:15
and we enable people to hear their visual world.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:19
And they can navigate the world using their ears.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
12:22
Here's David on the right, and he's holding a camera.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ๋ฐ์ด๋น—์ด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
12:25
On the left is what his camera sees.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:27
And you'll see there's a faint line going across that image.
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์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ์„ ์ด ๋ณด์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
That line is broken up into 32 squares.
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์ด ์„ ๋“ค์€ 32๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
In each square, we calculate the average color.
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๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
12:35
And then we just simply translate that into sound.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
And now he's going to turn around,
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์ด์ œ ๋ฐ์ด๋น—์ด
๋Œ์•„์„ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์š”.
12:41
close his eyes,
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12:43
and find a plate on the ground with his eyes closed.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋†“์ธ ์ ‘์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์ฃ .
12:47
(Continuous sound)
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12:50
(Sound changes momentarily)
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12:52
(Sound changes momentarily)
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12:55
(Sound changes momentarily)
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12:59
(Sound changes momentarily)
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13:03
(Sound changes momentarily)
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13:05
Beau Lotto: He finds it. Amazing, right?
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๋†€๋ž์ฃ ?
13:07
So not only can we create a prosthetic for the visually impaired,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
13:10
but we can also investigate
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์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ
13:13
how people literally make sense of the world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
13:16
But we can also do something else.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
We can also make music with color.
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13:20
So, working with kids,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์• ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
13:22
they created images,
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
thinking about what might the images you see
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:26
sound like if we could listen to them.
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์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:28
And then we translated these images.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:30
And this is one of those images.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ,
13:32
And this is a six-year-old child composing a piece of music
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์‚ด ์งœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•œ
13:35
for a 32-piece orchestra.
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32ํŒŒํŠธ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ์Œ์•…์ด์ง€์š”.
13:38
And this is what it sounds like.
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์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:40
(Electronic representation of orchestral music)
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14:06
So, a six-year-old child. Okay?
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์—ฌ์„ฏ ์‚ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
Now, what does all this mean?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:12
What this suggests is that no one is an outside observer of nature, okay?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
์•”์‹œํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
14:17
We're not defined by our central properties,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š”
14:19
by the bits that make us up.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค๋กœ ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€์š”.
14:20
We're defined by our environment and our interaction with that environment,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์œ„ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜
14:24
by our ecology.
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๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ž€์Šค๋กœ ์ •์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
And that ecology is necessarily relative, historical and empirical.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ž€์Šค๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ณ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ 
๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์ž„์„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€์š”.
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
So, what I'd like to finish with is this over here.
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14:38
Because what I've been trying to do is really celebrate uncertainty.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ฐฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
Because I think only through uncertainty is there potential for understanding.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ „์ œ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
So, if some of you are still feeling a bit too certain,
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ํ˜น์‹œ ์•„์ง๋„ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
14:48
I'd like to do this one.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋” ํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
14:50
So, if we have the lights down.
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์กฐ๋ช…์„ ์ข€ ์ค„์ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
And what we have here --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€๊ธˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด --
14:58
Can everyone see 25 purple surfaces on your left,
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๋‹ค๋“ค 25๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋„ํ˜•๋“ค์ด
์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
15:03
and 25, call it yellowish, surfaces on your right?
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋„ํ˜• 25๊ฐœ๋„ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ ?
15:07
So now, what I want to do,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ญ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
15:08
I'm going to put the middle nine surfaces here
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„ํ˜• 9๊ฐœ๋ฅผ
15:11
under yellow illumination,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋ž€๋น›์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
15:13
by simply putting a filter behind them.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋น›์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด
15:18
Now you can see that changes the light that's coming through there, right?
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๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
15:22
Because now the light is going through a yellowish filter
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์ด์ œ ๋น›์ด ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ
๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
and then a purplish filter.
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15:26
I'm going to do the opposite on the left here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
15:31
I'm going to put the middle nine under a purplish light.
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ž๋น› ๋ฐ‘์— ๋†“์•„๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
15:38
Now, some of you will have noticed that the consequence
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ํŒจ๋„, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํŒจ๋„์ด์ฃ ,
15:42
is that the light coming through those middle nine on the right,
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋น›๊ณผ
15:45
or your left, is exactly the same as the light
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณผ๋•Œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
ํŒจ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋น›์ด
15:48
coming through the middle nine on your right.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
15:51
Agreed? Yes?
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๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
15:53
Okay. So they are physically the same.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
15:56
Let's pull the covers off.
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๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
Now remember --
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๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
16:05
you know that the middle nine are exactly the same.
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์–‘์ชฝ์˜ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 9๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
16:09
Do they look the same?
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
16:12
No.
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16:13
The question is, "Is that an illusion?"
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์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฐฉ์‹œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?"
16:15
And I'll leave you with that.
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๋‹ต์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฃ .
16:17
So, thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
(Laughter)
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16:19
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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