Why every world map is wrong - Kayla Wolf

Translator: Гульноза Одилова Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

Fourteen Greenlands could fit in Africa,

Afrikaga oʻn toʻrtta Grenlandiya sigʻishi mumkin,lekin, buni

but you wouldn’t guess it from most maps of the world.

koʻplab dunyo xaritalaridan taxmin qila olmaysiz.

The fact is, every world map humans have ever made is wrong.

Gap shundaki, odamlar yaratgan har bir dunyo xaritasi notoʻgʻri.

Actually, it’s impossible to make a map of the world 100% right.

Aslida, dunyo xaritasini 100% to’g’ri yaratish mumkin emas.

No, not you, globe— we know you’re accurate.

Yo’q, siz emas, globus - biz sizning haqligizni bilamiz.

Not you, Google Earth, you’re just a digital globe.

Siz emas, Google Earth, siz esa shunchaki raqamli globussiz.

We're talking about flat maps, which, let's face it,

Biz yassi xaritalar haqida gapirayapmiz, buni tan olsak,

are way more convenient for a lot of things.

ko’p narsalar uchun qulayroqdir.

Anyway, as we were saying,

Aytganimizdek,

it’s impossible to make a 100% accurate flat map of a spherical planet.

sferik sayyoraning 100% aniq tekis xaritasini yaratish mumkin emas.

For a long time, people didn't even try.

Ammo o’zgartirishga harakat ham qilishmadi

They just plonked places down in arbitrary locations without any consistent scale.

Shunchaki, hududlarni izchil o’rganmasdan ixtiyorli joylarga qo’yib kelishgan.

Then in 150 AD, the Greek mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy

Keyin eramizning 150-yilida yunon matematigi va astronomi Ptolemey

systematically mapped the Earth on a grid

tizimli ravishda Yerning xaritasini kataklarga tushirib,

and placed locations on the grid according to coordinates,

koordinatalari bo‘yicha uyerga joylashtirdi, shuning uchun

so maps could be checked against others and replicated.

xaritalarni boshqalarga nisbatan tekshirish va takrorlash mumkin edi.

Ptolemy built his grid out of lines we still use today:

Ptolemey yaratgan katakli uslubni hozirgacha ham ishlatamiz:

180 lines of latitude and 360 lines of longitude.

180 kenglik chizig’i va 360 uzunlik qatori.

In spite of these advances, people kept getting lost.

Shunga qaramay, odamlar hato qilaverishdi.

Part of the problem was a— shall we say—

Muammoning bir qismi - shunaqa deb hisoblasak-

incomplete understanding of the world’s geography.

dunyo geografiyasini to’liq anglamaslik edi.

But it was also just really difficult to navigate using a map.

Shuningdek, xaritadan foydalanib harakat qilish juda qiyin edi.

Because the Earth is round,

Yer dumaloq bo’lgani uchun

the shortest route from one place to another is a path along a circle.

bir joydan ikkinchi joyga eng qisqa yo’l aylana bo’ylab yo’ldir.

If we draw this route on a flat map,

Agar bu marshrutni tekis xaritaga chizsak,

it passes through every line of longitude at a different angle.

u har bir uzunlik chizig’idan turli burchak ostida o’tadi.

To follow the route, you’d have to constantly shift

Marshrutni kuzatish uchun siz doimiy ravishda

the direction you're traveling.

sayohat yo’nalishini o’zgartirishingiz kerak.

Any slight error would land you in the wrong place.

Har qanday kichik xato noto’g’ri joyga olib boradi.

In 1569, Gerardus Mercator fixed this problem.

1569 yilda Gerardus Merkator bu muammoni hal qildi.

He created a world map proportioned

U egri navigatsiya marshrutlarini to’g’ri bo’lib,

so these curved navigational routes would be straight,

har bir uzunlik chizig’idan bir xil burchak ostida o’tib,

passing through every line of longitude at the same angle

navigatorlarga butun sayohat uchun doimiy yo’nalishni,

and therefore allowing navigators to set a constant bearing—

yoki,bir yo’nalishda sayohat qilish imkonini beradigan

in other words, travel in one direction— for a whole journey.

darajada mutanosib ravishda dunyo xaritasini yaratdi.

There was just one tiny hitch:

Bitta kichik muammo bor edi: buning uchun

to do this, he had to distort land masses and bodies of water

quruqlik massalari va suv havzalarini buzib ko’rsatishi kerak edi,

so those furthest from the equator got larger

shunda ekvatordan eng uzoqdagi joylar kattalashib,

and those closest to the equator shrank.

ekvatorga eng yaqinlari qisqaradir.

In spite of its inaccuracies, Mercator’s map was very useful.

Noaniqliklariga qaramay, Merkator xaritasi juda foydali edi.

In fact, it’s still widely used today, including in online maps.

Aslida, u hozir ham keng qo’llaniladi, shu jumladan onlayn xaritalarda.

But it’s still wrong!

Ammo bu hali ham noto’g’ri!

In 1925, the Goode Homolosine Projection was created as— get this—

1925-yilda Gude gomolozin proyeksiyasi yaratildi,

an interrupted pseudo-cylindrical equal area projection.

uzilgan psevdosilindrsimon teng maydon proyeksiyasi sifatida yaratilgan.

What does that mean? Not important.

U nimani anglatadi? Muhim emas.

The point was to minimize distortion for the entire world.

Maqsad butun dunyo uchun no-aniqliklarni kamaytirish edi.

The map can be land-oriented... or ocean-oriented.

Xarita quruqlikka oid... yoki okeanga oid mumkin.

Either way, the so-called orange peel map isn’t very easy to read.

Qanday bo’lmasin, apelsin shaklli xaritani o’qish juda oson emas.

The Dymaxion Projection by American architect Buckminster Fuller

1940-yillarda amerikalik arxitektor Bakminster Fullerning Dymaxion

in the 1940s is even better.

proyeksiyasi bundan ham yaxshiroq edi.

Sorry, did we say better?

Yaxshiroq dedikmi?

It’s not better if you want to understand where things are in the world.

Agar dunyodagi massalarni joylashuvini olib qaragandagi ma’nodamas.

It is better in the sense that there are no visibly evident distortions

Ularni ko’rinarli hatolari

of the land masses.

yo’qligi jihatida bu yaxshirok.

Though if you wanted to know, say, how far Brazil is from Nigeria,

Agar Braziliyaning Nigeriyadan qanchalik uzoqligini bilmoqchi bo’lsangiz,

you won’t get any sense of that from this map.

buni bu xaritadan bilolmaysiz.

The most accurate projection to date is the AuthaGraph World Map

Bugungi kunga qadar eng aniq proyeksiya 1999y. yapon arxitektori

designed by Japanese architect Hajime Narukawa in 1999.

Xajime Narukava tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan AuthaGraph Jahon xaritasidir.

The continents and oceans are almost completely in proportion,

Qit’alar va okeanlar deyarli to’liq mutanosibdir

and the map is rectangular, just how we like it.

xarita to’rtburchaklar shaklida, o’rganib qolgan shaklda.

Could this be the perfect map?

Bu mukammal xarita bo’lishi mumkinmi?

Well... no.

Ammo... yo’q.

Since the Mercator works for navigation and reads clearly,

Agar “Mercator” navigatsiyada yaxshi bo’lsa, oson o’qilsa,

why bother with all these whacky maps?

nega bu keraksiz xaritalar bilan ovora bo’lyapmiz?

Arno Peters argued that by enlarging European and North American countries,

Arno Petersning ta’kidlashicha, Evropa va Shimoliy Amerika oralig’ini

the Mercator projection gives white nations a sense of supremacy

kengaytirib, Merkator proektsiyasi oq tanli xalqlarga ekvatorga yaqin

over non-white nations closer to the equator.

boshqa xalqlarga nisbatan ustunlik tuyg’usini ko’rsatadi.

He adapted the Gall-Peters Projection, which counteracts that particular problem,

U Gall-Piter proektsiyasini - noaniqliklar kam xaritani - moslashtirdi,

but the continents are still... stretched.

ammo qit’alar hali ham ... cho’zilgan.

Today, we rely on maps less and less for navigation,

Hozirda, navigatsiyada ba;zida xaritalarga tayanamiz,

but they still play a vital role in education.

lekin ular hali ham ta’limda muhim rol o’ynaydi.

Peters was definitely on to something:

Piters, nimadir tuhsungan edi:

no matter what map we’re looking at,

qaysi xaritani ishlatishimizdan

it’s a story told from the perspective of the map’s creator

qat’iy nazar, bu xarita yaratuvchisi nuqtai nazaridan aytilgan hikoya

that in turn shapes—perhaps unduly— our perception of our world.

bu esa dunyo haqidagi tasavvurimizni, ehtimol, asossiz ravishda shakllantiradi.

Simple changes in map design,

Xarita shaklidagi oddiy o’zgarishlar,

even changes that have nothing to do with how we transfer

hatto dumaloq Yerni tekis yuzaga o’tkazishimizga

a round Earth to a flat surface, can completely shift our point of view.

aloqasi yo’q o’zgarishlar ham nuqtai nazarga katta ta’sir qilishi mumkin.