Is it normal to talk to yourself?

6,890,519 views ใƒป 2023-05-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
As your morning alarm blares, you mutter to yourself,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฆืœืฆืœ, ืืชื ืžืžืœืžืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
00:10
โ€œWhy did I set it so early?โ€
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โ€œืœืžื” ืงื‘ืขืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื?โ€
00:13
While brushing your teeth, you think,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื—ืฆื•ื— ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
00:15
โ€œI need a haircut... unless?โ€
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โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ... ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ?โ€
00:18
Rushing out the front door, you reach for your keys
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ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ืืชื ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืœืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
00:21
and realize theyโ€™re not there.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฉื.
00:23
Frustrated you shout, โ€œI canโ€™t do anything right!โ€
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ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื ืืชื ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื, โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš!โ€
00:28
just in time to notice your neighbor.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:30
Being caught talking to yourself can feel embarrassing,
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ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืš,
00:34
and some people even stigmatize this behavior as a sign of mental instability.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช.
00:39
But decades of psychology research show that talking to yourself
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื
00:43
is completely normal.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
00:45
In fact, most, if not all, of us engage in some form of self-talk
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™
00:50
every single day.
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
00:52
So why do we talk to ourselves?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื•?
00:55
And does what we say matter?
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ื•ื”ืื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื”?
00:58
Self-talk refers to the narration inside your head,
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ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื,
01:01
sometimes called inner speech.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™.
01:04
It differs from mental imagery or recalling facts and figures.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
01:08
Specifically, psychologists define self-talk
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ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™
01:11
as verbalized thoughts directed toward yourself or some facet of your life.
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ื›ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื›ื ืื• ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
01:17
This includes personal conversations like โ€œI need to work on my free throw.โ€
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• โ€œืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™.โ€
01:21
But it also includes reflections you have throughout the day,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:24
like โ€œThe gym is crowded tonight. Iโ€™ll come back tomorrow.โ€
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ื›ืžื• โ€œื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื‘. ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ืจ.โ€
01:28
And while most self-talk in adults tends to be silent,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืืฆืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜,
01:31
speaking to yourself out loud also falls into this category.
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ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื’ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:35
In fact, psychologists believe our first experiences with self-talk
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™
01:40
are mostly vocal,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
01:41
as children often speak to themselves out loud as they play.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
01:45
In the 1930s, Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky hypothesized
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืจื•ืกื™ ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื’ื•ืฆืงื™, ืฉื™ืขืจ
01:49
that this kind of speech was actually key to development.
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ืฉืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
01:53
By repeating conversations theyโ€™ve had with adults,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
01:55
children practice managing their behaviors and emotions on their own.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื.
02:01
Then, as they grow older, this outward self-talk tends to become internalized,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื”ืคืš ืžื•ืคื ื,
02:06
morphing into a private inner dialogue.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืคืจื˜ื™.
02:09
We know this internal self-talk is important,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
02:12
and can help you plan, work through difficult situations,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื,
02:14
and even motivate you throughout the day.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืชื›ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:17
But studying self-talk can be difficult.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”.
02:20
It relies on study subjects clearly tracking a behavior thatโ€™s spontaneous
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ื–ื” ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช
02:25
and often done without conscious control.
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช.
02:27
For this reason, scientists are still working to answer basic questions,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช,
02:31
like, why do some people self-talk more than others?
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ื›ืžื•, ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื?
02:34
What areas of the brain are activated during self-talk?
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ืื™ืœื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™?
02:38
And how does this activation differ from normal conversation?
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ื•ื‘ืžื” ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”?
02:42
One thing we know for certain, however,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ,
02:45
is that what you say in these conversations can have real impacts
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ื–ื” ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช
02:50
on your attitude and performance.
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:53
Engaging in self-talk thatโ€™s instructional or motivational
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ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”
02:56
has been shown to increase focus, boost self-esteem,
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ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“, ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
03:00
and help tackle everyday tasks.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
03:03
For example, one study of collegiate tennis players
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื˜ื ื™ืก ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช
03:07
found that incorporating instructional self-talk into practice
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ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”
03:11
increased their concentration and accuracy.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื.
03:15
And just as chatting to a friend can help decrease stress,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืชื—,
03:18
speaking directly to yourself may also help you regulate your emotions.
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ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
03:24
Distanced self-talk is when you talk to yourself,
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ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื,
03:28
as if in conversation with another person.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
03:30
So, rather than โ€œIโ€™m going to crush this exam,โ€
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื โ€œืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจืกืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,โ€
03:34
you might think, โ€œCaleb, you are prepared for this test!โ€
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, โ€œืงื™ื™ืœื‘, ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื”!โ€
03:38
One study found that this kind of self-talk was especially beneficial
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:42
for reducing stress when engaging in anxiety-inducing tasks,
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ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืชื— ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื—ืจื“ื”,
03:47
such as meeting new people or public speaking.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ.
03:50
But where positive self-talk can help you, negative self-talk can harm you.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืคื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื›ื.
03:55
Most people are critical of themselves occasionally,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื,
03:59
but when this behavior gets too frequent or excessively negative,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื” ืžื“ื™ ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”,
04:02
it can become toxic.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœ.
04:04
High levels of negative self-talk are often predictive
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืžื ื•ืช
04:08
of anxiety in children and adults.
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ื—ืจื“ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
04:10
And those who constantly blame themselves for their problems
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:13
and ruminate on those situations
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ื•ืžื”ืจื”ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:15
typically experience more intense feelings of depression.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
04:20
Today, thereโ€™s a field of psychological treatment
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
04:22
called cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืื• CBT,
04:27
which is partially focused on regulating the tone of self-talk.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™.
04:31
Cognitive behavioral therapists often teach strategies
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ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช
04:35
to identify cycles of negative thoughts
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
04:37
and replace them with neutral or more compassionate reflections.
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ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ื ึตื™ื˜ึฐืจึธืœึดื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืื™ ื—ืžืœื”.
04:42
Over time, these tools can improve one's mental health.
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
04:47
So the next time you find yourself chatting with yourself,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื›ื,
04:50
remember to be kind.
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ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื.
04:53
That inner voice is a partner youโ€™ll be talking to for many years to come.
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืชื“ื‘ืจื• ืื™ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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