The wars that inspired Game of Thrones - Alex Gendler

6,949,931 views ใƒป 2015-05-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
As far as we know,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
00:08
Medieval England was never invaded by ice zombies,
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ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ืงืจื— ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคืœืฉื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ,
00:12
or terrorized by dragons,
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ืื• ืขื‘ืจื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื,
00:14
but it was shaken by a power struggle between two noble families
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืจืขืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช
00:19
spanning generations
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช
00:21
and involving a massive cast of characters
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ื•ื›ืœืœื” ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
00:23
with complex motives and shifting loyalties.
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ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
00:28
If that sounds familiar,
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื›ืจ,
00:29
it's because the historical conflicts known as the Wars of the Roses
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื•ืจื“ื™ื
00:33
served as the basis for much of the drama in Game of Thrones.
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ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื›ืก.
00:39
The real-life seeds of war were sewn by the death of King Edward III in 1377.
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ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื–ืจืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืื“ื•ืจืื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ 1377,
00:47
Edward's oldest son had died before his father,
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ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืจืืจื“ ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•,
00:50
but his ten-year-old son, Richard II,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืฉืจ, ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
00:53
succeeded to the throne ahead of Edward's three surviving sons.
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ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“.
00:59
This skipping of an entire generation
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ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื
01:01
left lingering claims to the throne among their various offspring,
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ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:06
particularly the Lancasters, descended from Edward's third son,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœืื ืงืกื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“,
01:10
and the Yorks, descended from his fourth son.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืจืงื™ื, ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœื•.
01:14
The name of the ensuing wars
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ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
01:16
comes from the symbols associated with the two families,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
01:19
the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster.
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ื”ื•ืจื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœืื ืงืกื˜ืจ.
01:24
The Lancasters first gained the throne
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ื”ืœืื ืงืกื˜ืจื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืชืจ
01:26
when Richard II was deposed by his cousin Henry IV in 1399.
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ื›ืฉืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ 1399.
01:32
Despite sporadic unrest,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืžืงืจื™,
01:34
their reign remained secure until 1422,
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ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืขื“ 1422,
01:38
when Henry V's death in a military campaign
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฆื‘ืื™
01:41
left an infant Henry VI as king.
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ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื›ืžืœืš.
01:45
Weak-willed and dominated by advisors,
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ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื,
01:47
Henry was eventually convinced to marry Margaret of Anjou to gain French support.
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ื”ื ืจื™ ืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืžืื ื’'ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
01:53
Margaret was beautiful, ambitious,
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ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื”, ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช,
01:56
and ruthless in persecuting any threat to her power,
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ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืจืช ื›ืœ ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื”,
02:00
and she distrusted Richard of York, most of all.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืžื™ื•ืจืง, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
02:03
York had been the King's close advisor and loyal General,
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ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืœืš ื•ื’ื ืจืœ ื ืืžืŸ,
02:07
but was increasingly sidelined by the Queen,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื“ื—ืง ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื”,
02:10
who promoted her favorite supporters, like the Earls of Suffolk and Somerset.
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ืฉืงื™ื“ืžื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžืกืืคื•ืœืง ื•ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜.
02:15
York's criticism of their inept handling of the war against France
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ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช
02:18
led to his exclusion from court and transfer to Ireland.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืจื’ืชื• ืžื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ืœืื™ืจืœื ื“.
02:23
Meanwhile, mounting military failures,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื™ื,
02:26
and corrupt rule by Margaret and her allies
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ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื”
02:29
caused widespread discontent,
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ื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ืช,
02:31
and in the midst of this chaos,
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ืื•ืก,
02:33
Richard of York returned with an army to arrest Somerset and reform the court.
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ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืžื™ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืจ ืขื ืฆื‘ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”.
02:39
Initially unsuccessful, he soon got his chance
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
02:42
when he was appointed Protector of the Realm
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื’ืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”
02:45
after Henry suffered a mental breakdown.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืจื™ ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
02:48
However, less than a year later,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:50
Henry suddendly recovered
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ื”ื ืจื™ ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื
02:52
and the Queen convinced him to reverse York's reforms.
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ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉื›ื ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืง.
02:55
York fled and raised an army once more.
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ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืจื— ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื ืฆื‘ื.
02:58
Though he was unable to directly seize the throne,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืก,
03:01
he managed to be reinstated as Protector
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžื’ืŸ
03:04
and have himself and his heirs designated to succeed Henry.
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื ืจื™.
03:09
But instead of a crown,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืชืจ,
03:11
York's head acquired a pike
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ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจืง ืจื›ืฉ ื—ื ื™ืช
03:13
after he was killed in battle with the Queen's loyalists.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื ื ืืžื ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื”.
03:17
His young son took up the claim and was crowned Edward IV.
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ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืœื›ืชืจ ื•ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ื›ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™.
03:22
Edward enjoyed great military success against the Lancasters.
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ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืœืื ืงืกื˜ืจื™ื.
03:26
Henry was captured,
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ื”ื ืจื™ ื ืœื›ื“,
03:27
while Margaret fled into exile
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช
03:30
with their reportedly cruel son, Edward of Westminster.
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ืขื ื‘ื ื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื›ื–ืจื™, ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืžื•ื•ืกื˜ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจ.
03:34
But the newly crowned King made a tragic political mistake
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžื•ื›ืชืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช
03:37
by backing out of his arranged marriage with a French Princess
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
03:41
to secretly marry the widow of a minor Noble.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืฉื ื‘ื”ื—ื‘ื ืœืืœืžื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืขืžื“ ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื ื™ื—.
03:45
This alienated his most powerful ally, the Earl of Warwick.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžื•ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืง.
03:48
Warwick allied with the Lancasters,
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ื•ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืง ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืœืื ืงืกื˜ืจื™ื,
03:52
turned Edward's jealous younger brother, George, against him,
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ื’ืจื ืœืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืงื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื•,
03:55
and even briefly managed to restore Henry as King,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืจื™ ืœืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
04:00
but it didn't last.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
04:01
Edward recaptured the throne,
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ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืชืคืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”,
04:03
the Lancaster Prince was killed in battle,
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ื ืกื™ืš ืœืื ืงืกื˜ืจ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘,
04:06
and Henry himself died in captivity not long after.
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ื•ื”ื ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:11
The rest of Edward IV's reign was peaceful,
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ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื˜,
04:13
but upon his death in 1483, the bloodshed resumed.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ 1483, ืžืจื—ืฅ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
04:18
Though his twelve-year-old son was due to succeed him,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืจืฉืช ืื•ืชื•,
04:20
Edward's younger brother Richard III declared his nephews illegitimate
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ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™
04:25
due to their father's secret marriage.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•.
04:28
He assumed the regency himself and threw the boys in prison.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื–ืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœื.
04:32
Though no one knows what ultimately became of them,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
04:35
after a while, the Princes disappeared
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•
04:38
and Richard's power seemed secure.
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ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื ืจืื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
04:40
But his downfall would come only two years later
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืœื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื” ืจืง ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:43
from across the narrow sea of the English Channel.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
04:47
Henry Tudor was a direct descendant of the first Duke of Lancaster,
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ื”ื ืจื™ ื˜ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืืฆื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื ืงืืกื˜ืจ,
04:51
raised in exile after his father's death in a previous rebellion.
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ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื“ ืงื•ื“ื.
04:56
With Richard III's power grab causing a split in the York faction,
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ืขื ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืคืœื’ ื™ื•ืจืง,
05:00
Henry won support for his royal claim.
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ื”ื ืจื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ืชืจ.
05:03
Raising an army in France, he crossed the Channel in 1485
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื—ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ 1485
05:07
and quickly defeated Richard's forces.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“.
05:10
And by marrying Elizabeth of York, elder sister of the disappeared Princes,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืœืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช' ืžื™ื•ืจืง, ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื ืขืœืžื™ื,
05:15
the newly crowned Henry VII joined the two roses,
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ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
05:20
finally ending nearly a century of war.
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ื•ืฉื ืงืฅ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
05:23
We often think of historical wars as decisive conflicts
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื
05:28
with clearly defined winners and losers.
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ืขื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื.
05:30
But the Wars of the Roses, like the fiction they inspired,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ืจืžื•,
05:34
show us that victories can be uncertain,
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ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
05:37
alliances unstable,
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ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช,
05:39
and even the power of Kings as fleeting as the seasons.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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