Dyan deNapoli: The great penguin rescue

31,070 views ・ 2011-08-09

TED


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翻译人员: Xiujian Xie 校对人员: Jenny Yang
印象中,
00:16
For as long as I can remember,
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00:18
I have felt a very deep connection to animals and to the ocean.
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我一直觉得自己与动物和海洋
有着千丝万缕的联系。
在我这般大的时候,
00:23
And at this age, my personal idol was Flipper the dolphin.
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我的偶像
便是海豚Flipper。 (译者注:Flipper是六十年代美国电视节目《Flipper》中主演的海豚的名字。)
00:28
And when I first learned about endangered species,
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而当我开始了解濒危物种时,
00:31
I was truly distressed to know that every day,
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我真正沉痛地意识到
每一天都有一些动物被逼上绝路,永远地与地球告别了。
00:35
animals were being wiped off the face of this Earth forever.
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00:38
And I wanted to do something to help, but I always wondered:
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于是我就想尽一份力量来改善这种状况,
但又时常疑虑,
00:41
What could one person possibly do to make a difference?
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单凭一个人的力量又能改变什么呢?
00:45
And it would be 30 years,
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这个问题萦绕了我30年,
00:47
but I would eventually get the answer to that question.
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但最终我还是找到了答案。
00:51
When these heartbreaking images of oiled birds
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这张图片中的鸟儿泡在油污中,惨不忍睹
00:54
finally began to emerge from the Gulf of Mexico last year
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在去年墨西哥海湾那场可怕的英国石油公司(BP)漏油事件之后,
00:57
during the horrific BP oil spill,
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这批图片最终被曝光,
当时一位名叫希尔维亚•高斯(Silvia Gaus)的德国生物学家
01:00
a German biologist by the name of Silvia Gaus was quoted as saying,
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这样说
“我们应当为所有这些沾染油污的鸟儿施以安乐死,
01:04
"We should just euthanize all oiled birds,
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01:06
because studies have shown
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因为有研究表明
01:08
that fewer than one percent of them survive after being released."
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它们中只有不到百分之一的幸运儿
能在正常治疗后存活下来。”
而我则不敢苟同这一观点。
01:13
And I could not disagree more.
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01:15
In addition,
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此外,我认为每一个被油渍侵染的动物
01:17
I believe that every oiled animal deserves a second chance at life.
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都理应获得重生的机会。
01:20
And I want to tell you why I feel so strongly about this.
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现在就让我来告诉你们
为何我对此深信不疑。
01:24
On June 23, 2000,
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2000年6月23日
01:26
a ship named the Treasure sank off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa,
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一艘名为“宝藏(Treasure)”号的油轮
在南非开普敦(Capetown)海岸线附近沉没,
01:30
spilling 1,300 tons of fuel,
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造成1300吨燃油外泄,
01:32
which polluted the habitats of nearly half the entire world population
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从而导致全世界近乎一半的
非洲企鹅的栖息地
遭到污染。
01:38
of African penguins.
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01:40
Now, the ship sank between Robben Island to the south,
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目前这艘沉没的油轮夹在南部的罗本岛(Robben Island)
01:43
and Dassen Island to the north --
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与北部的达森岛(Dassen Island)之间。
01:45
two of the penguins' main breeding islands.
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而这两个岛正是企鹅们繁衍生息的主要据点。
01:48
And exactly six years and three days earlier,
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而就在据事故发生六年零三天前的一天
也就是1994年6月20日,
01:52
on June 20, 1994,
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一艘名为“阿波罗海(Apollo Sea)”的油轮在达森岛(Dassen Island)附近沉没,
01:55
a ship named the Apollo Sea sank near Dassen Island,
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01:57
oiling 10,000 penguins, half of which died.
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致使一万只企鹅受到油污染 ——
其中半数的企鹅死亡。
02:02
Now when the Treasure sank in 2000,
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而当2000年“宝藏(Treasure)”号发生沉船事故时,
02:04
it was the height of the best breeding season
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正值有史以来科学家所记录的
02:07
scientists had ever recorded for the African penguin,
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南非企鹅繁殖最旺盛的一个时期 ——
而南非企鹅在当时已经被列入濒危物种的名单。
02:11
which at the time, was listed as a threatened species.
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很快的,将近两万只企鹅
02:14
And soon, nearly 20,000 penguins
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02:16
were covered with this toxic oil.
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被有毒的油污浸染。
02:19
The local seabird rescue center, named SANCCOB,
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于是当地的海鸟救援中心,即南非滨海鸟类保育基金会(SANCCOB),
02:22
immediately launched a massive rescue operation,
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迅速发动了一场浩大的救援行动 ——
02:25
and this soon would become the largest animal rescue ever undertaken.
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而不久后这场行动就演变成
一场空前壮大的动物拯救行动。
02:30
At the time, I was working down the street.
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那个时候,我在陆地下面工作
02:32
I was a penguin aquarist at the New England Aquarium.
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当时我是新英格兰水族馆企鹅馆的管理员。
02:35
And exactly 11 years ago yesterday,
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然后就在11年前的昨天,
02:39
the phone rang in the penguin office.
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一个电话打进我办公室。
02:41
And with that call, my life would change forever.
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而正是那个电话,改变了我的生活轨迹。
02:44
It was Estelle van Der Merwe calling from SANCCOB,
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那是来自南非滨海鸟类保育基金会的埃斯特尔•范•德•米尔(Estelle van der Meer)打来的电话,
02:47
saying, "Please come help.
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电话里,他说“请来帮帮忙。
02:49
We have thousands of oiled penguins
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我们这儿有上千只被油污浸染的企鹅
和数千名兴致勃勃,
02:52
and thousands of willing but completely inexperienced volunteers.
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却毫无企鹅救助经验的志愿者。
02:57
And we need penguin experts to come train and supervise them."
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因此我们急需这方面的专家来为志愿者们作培训指导。”
就这样两天后,
03:01
So two days later,
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03:02
I was on a plane headed for Cape Town
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我便与一行企鹅专家
03:04
with a team of penguin specialists.
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坐上了前往开普敦(Capetown)的飞机。
03:07
And the scene inside of this building was devastating and surreal.
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而当时救援所内的场景
简直不堪入目。
03:12
In fact, many people compared it to a war zone.
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事实上,很多人把它比作战区现场。
03:15
Last week, a 10-year-old girl asked me:
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上星期,一个十岁的小女孩问我,
03:18
"What did it feel like when you first walked into that building
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“当你一开始踏入那屋子
看到那么多被污染的企鹅
03:22
and saw so many oiled penguins?"
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是怎样的一种感觉?”
03:26
And this is what happened.
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她这么一问,接着就发生了下面的一切。
03:28
I was instantly transported back to that moment in time.
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刹那间我仿佛又回到了
一开始踏入那屋子的那一刻。
企鹅按理说是很喜欢叫喊的
03:33
Penguins are very vocal birds and really, really noisy,
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而且的确叫起来会非常、非常吵。
所以当时在进入屋子之前
03:37
so I expected to walk into this building
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03:39
and be met with this cacophony of honking and braying and squawking.
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我是做好了心理准备
来面对那些刺耳尖叫的,
03:43
But instead,
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但出乎意料的是,
03:45
when we stepped through those doors and into the building,
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当我们穿过重重大门,最终进入抢救室时,
03:48
it was eerily silent.
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迎接我们的是一片死寂。
03:52
So it was very clear
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据此也可以看出
03:54
these were stressed, sick, traumatized birds.
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眼前的这些鸟儿还惊魂未定,惶恐而虚弱。
另外一件令我震撼的事,
03:58
The other thing that was so striking
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04:00
was the sheer number of volunteers.
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便是那庞大的志愿者队伍。
每天有多达1000位朋友
04:03
Up to 1,000 people a day came to the rescue center.
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来到救助中心。
最终,在整个救助过程中,
04:07
Eventually, over the course of this rescue,
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04:09
more than 12-and-a-half thousand volunteers
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有12500多名来自世界各地的志愿者
04:12
came from all over the world to Cape Town,
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参与了此次开普敦(Capetown)的
企鹅救援行动。
04:15
to help save these birds.
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04:16
And the amazing thing was that not one of them had to be there.
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而最令人感动的是
他们中没有一个人有义务呆在那儿 ——
但他们却做到了。
04:21
Yet they were.
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04:22
So for the few of us that were there in a professional capacity,
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因此对于我们中一部分被职业所趋而至的人来说,
04:25
this extraordinary volunteer response to this animal crisis
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志愿者们对于这次动物危机救援
所报以的强烈回应
04:29
was profoundly moving and awe-inspiring.
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着实叫人动容,令我们肃然起敬。
04:32
So the day after we arrived,
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在我们抵达救援中心的第二天,
04:34
two of us from the aquarium were put in charge of room two.
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专家中来自水族馆的俩人即被安排负责二号房。
04:37
Room two had more than 4,000 oiled penguins in it.
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二号房有四千多只企鹅亟待抢救。
04:41
Now, mind you --
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可你要知道,就在三天前,
04:42
three days earlier, we had 60 penguins under our care,
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我们还仅有60只企鹅需要照顾。
04:45
so we were definitely overwhelmed
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所以我们当时就傻眼了
甚至还有点畏惧 —— 至少我是如此。
04:48
and just a bit terrified -- at least I was.
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就个人而言,我真不知道
04:51
Personally, I really didn't know
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自己能否驾驭
04:53
if I was capable of handling such a monstrous task.
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如此之大的局面。
而对于大家来说,
04:57
And collectively,
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04:58
we really didn't know if we could pull this off.
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我们对于能否达成目标也没底儿。
05:01
Because we all knew that just six years earlier,
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因为我们都清楚,
就在六年前,
05:05
half as many penguins had been oiled and rescued,
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有两千来只企鹅被污染并于之后得到了救助
但最后也只有半数的企鹅得以存活。
05:08
and only half of them had survived.
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因此人类是否有能力救援
05:11
So would it be humanly possible to save this many oiled penguins?
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这么多被污染的企鹅呢?
我们也不知道。
05:15
We just did not know.
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这个时候给我们带来希望的
05:17
But what gave us hope
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是那些无比专注和万分勇敢的志愿者们 ——
05:19
were these incredibly dedicated and brave volunteers,
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05:22
three of whom here are force-feeding penguins.
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照片中有三个志愿者正在给企鹅进行灌食。
05:25
You may notice they're wearing very thick gloves.
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大家可能已经注意到他们都戴着厚厚的手套。
05:27
And what you should know about African penguins
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在这里我要告诉大家的是
05:30
is that they have razor-sharp beaks.
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非洲企鹅有着如刀片般锋利的喙。
与之相处,要不了多久
05:33
And before long,
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05:34
our bodies were covered head to toe
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我们全身都会留下
被那些惊慌失措的企鹅
05:37
with these nasty wounds inflicted by the terrified penguins.
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啄后留下的骇人疤痕。
也就是在我们抵达的第二天,
05:41
Now the day after we arrived, a new crisis began to unfold.
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一个新的危机出现了。
05:44
The oil slick was now moving north towards Dassen Island,
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泄漏的油开始向北部的达森岛(Dassen Island)漂移,
05:48
and the rescuers despaired,
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当时救援者们都快绝望了,
05:50
because they knew if the oil hit,
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因为他们知道一旦那些油漂到达森岛,
05:52
it would not be possible to rescue any more oiled birds.
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新被污染的企鹅将得不到及时的救助。
05:55
And there really were no good solutions.
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当时我们真有点黔驴技穷的感觉。
05:57
But then finally,
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但后来,
05:58
one of the researchers threw out this crazy idea.
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一个研究员提出了一个大胆的想法。
06:01
He said, "OK, why don't we try and collect the birds
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他说:“既然如此,我们何不尝试将面临高危污染
的企鹅都收集到一块儿来” ——
06:05
at the greatest risk of getting oiled" --
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后来他们收集到两万只 ——
06:07
they collected 20,000 --
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“然后我们再用敞篷卡车将他们运送至
06:09
"and we'll ship them 500 miles up the coast to Port Elizabeth
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500英里开外的伊利莎白港口(Port Elizabeth)
06:13
in these open-air trucks,
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在那里,我们把它们放入干净的水域
06:15
and release them into the clean waters there
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让它们自己游回家。”
06:17
and let them swim back home?"
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06:19
(Laughter)
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(笑)
06:23
So three of those penguins -- Peter, Pamela and Percy --
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这批企鹅中的三只 —— 彼得,帕米拉和普希 ——
身上带有卫星标签。
06:26
wore satellite tags,
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06:27
and the researchers crossed their fingers
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研究员们合手为它们祈祷
06:29
and hoped that by the time they got back home,
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愿它们回到家的时候,
泄漏的油污已经被清理干净。
06:32
the oil would be cleaned up from their islands.
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幸运的是,当企鹅们回到家时,
06:34
And luckily, the day they arrived, it was.
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油污真的被清理干净了。
06:37
So it had been a huge gamble, but it had paid off.
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那确实是很大一博,但他们赌赢了。
那么现在他们就知道了
06:41
And so they know now that they can use this strategy
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今后一旦遭遇油污染
06:44
in future oil spills.
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他们就可以采取这一招来对付。
06:46
So in wildlife rescue as in life,
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所以在野生动物救援中,如同在生活中一样,
06:49
we learn from each previous experience,
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我们从每一次经验中汲取知识,
06:51
and we learn from both our successes and our failures.
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从每一次成功和失败中
获得经验。
而94年的阿波罗海(Apollo Sea)救援事件
06:56
And the main thing learned during the Apollo Sea rescue in '94
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教给我们的
07:00
was that most of those penguins had died due to the unwitting use
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则是
通气性差的运输箱和卡车
07:04
of poorly ventilated transport boxes and trucks,
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将会导致
企鹅的大量死亡 ——
07:08
because they just had not been prepared
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因为当时救援队的条件
07:10
to deal with so many oiled penguins at once.
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不足以同时应付那么多企鹅。
07:12
So in these six years between these two oil spills,
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因此在这两次漏油事件相隔的六年间,
07:15
they've built thousands of these well-ventilated boxes.
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救援队制造了上千个这样通气良好的箱子。
07:18
And as a result, during the Treasure rescue,
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从而在这次的"宝藏(Treasure)"号事故中,
07:21
just 160 penguins died during the transport process,
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只有160只企鹅
在运输途中夭折,
07:26
as opposed to 5,000.
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而六年前这个数字是5000.
07:28
So this alone was a huge victory.
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所以单从这一点来看,此次的救援已是绝大的胜利。
此外,阿波罗海(Apollo rescue)的救援还教会我们
07:31
Something else learned during the Apollo rescue
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如何凭借这些训练箱
07:33
was how to train the penguins
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07:34
to take fish freely from their hands,
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来训练企鹅们
07:37
using these training boxes.
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用手抓鱼。
07:39
And we used this technique again during the Treasure rescue.
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于是这次在“宝藏(Treasure)”号救援中
我们又使用了这项技术。
07:43
But an interesting thing was noted during the training process.
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在训练过程中有一件趣事
值得一提。
07:47
The first penguins to make that transition to free feeding
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最早学会自己取食的
那批企鹅
07:51
were the ones that had a metal band on their wing
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正是翅膀上戴有金属条,经历过六年前阿波罗海
07:54
from the Apollo Sea spill six years earlier.
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漏油事件获得救助的幸存者。
07:57
So penguins learn from previous experience, too.
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由此看来
企鹅也从先前的经验中学到了东西。
救援人员必须小心翼翼地
08:02
So all of those penguins had to have the oil meticulously cleaned
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将所有企鹅身上的油污清洗干净。
08:05
from their bodies.
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而清洗一只企鹅需要俩人协助
08:07
It would take two people at least an hour just to clean one penguin.
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至少得花上一个小时。
08:11
When you clean a penguin,
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而当你洗净一只企鹅后,
08:13
you first have to spray it with a degreaser.
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还得马上给它喷洒脱脂剂。
08:15
And this brings me to my favorite story from the Treasure rescue.
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而这也是在整个“宝藏(Treasure)”号救援行动中
我最津津乐道的一段故事。
08:19
About a year prior to this oil spill,
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在这次泄油事件发生约一年前,
一名17岁的学生
08:22
a 17-year-old student had invented a degreaser.
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发明了一种脱脂剂。
08:25
And they'd been using it at SANCCOB with great success,
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并且在南非滨海鸟类保育基金会(SANCCOB)试用后获得了巨大成功,
08:28
so they began using it during the Treasure rescue.
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所以这次“宝藏号”事件中救援人员也用那种脱脂剂。
08:31
But partway through, they ran out.
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但不一会儿,脱脂剂就用完了。
08:34
So in a panic, Estelle from SANCCOB called the student
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情急之下,保育基金会的埃斯特尔(Estelle)给那个学生打电话
08:37
and said, "Please, you have to make more!"
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求助道:“不得不拜托你再造些脱脂剂。”
08:39
So he raced to the lab
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然后那个学生就赶到实验室
08:41
and made enough to clean the rest of the birds.
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造了足够多的脱脂剂来清理余下的企鹅。
08:44
So I just think it is the coolest thing
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于是我就想,
08:46
that a teenager invented a product
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一个少年
竟发明了一种产品
08:50
that helped save the lives of thousands of animals.
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拯救了千万条动物的生命
这未免也太酷了。
08:54
So what happened to those 20,000 oiled penguins?
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那么那两万只企鹅究竟怎样了呢?
希尔维亚•高斯(Silvia Gaus)的理论是否正确呢?
08:58
And was Silvia Gaus right?
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我们是否应该以
09:00
Should we routinely euthanize all oiled birds
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“反正它们终归会死的”为借口
09:03
because most of them are going to die anyway?
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而施以所有这些被油污染的企鹅安乐死呢?
09:05
Well, she could not be more wrong.
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事实证明维亚的判断大错特错。
09:08
After half a million hours of grueling volunteer labor,
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在50万个小时
艰辛的救援工作之后,
09:13
more than 90 percent of those oiled penguins
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超过90%的被污染企鹅
09:15
were successfully returned to the wild.
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顺利返回家园。
09:18
And we know from follow-up studies
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并且通过我们后续的跟踪调查
09:20
that they have lived just as long as never-oiled penguins,
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这批企鹅活得与那些
未被污染的企鹅一般好,
其繁殖也几乎与那些同胞一样顺利。
09:25
and bred nearly as successfully.
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09:27
And in addition,
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此外,有大约3000只企鹅崽崽
09:28
about 3,000 penguin chicks were rescued and hand raised.
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获救后由工作人员抚养长大。
09:32
And again, we know from long-term monitoring
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并且,我们通过长期追踪监测
09:35
that more of these hand-raised chicks survive to adulthood and breeding age
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发现比起那些企鹅自己抚养的孩子来说
这些人工饲养的企鹅
更多的活至成年期和繁殖期。
09:41
than do parent-raised chicks.
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因此,有了这个信息作支撑
09:43
Armed with this knowledge, SANCCOB has a chick-bolstering project,
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南非滨海鸟类保育基金会(SANCCOB)便设立了一个“企鹅保育”项目。
09:46
and every year, they rescue and raise abandoned chicks,
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然后每一年他们都会救助并抚养那些被遗弃的小鸟。
09:49
and they have a very impressive, 80 percent success rate.
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而其救助的成功率也相当骄人
高达80%。
09:54
This is critically important,
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而这个数据至关重要
09:56
because one year ago,
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因为,就在一年前,
09:58
the African penguin was declared endangered.
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非洲企鹅已经被官方公布濒临灭绝。
而如果我们对其置之不理
10:02
And they could be extinct in less than 10 years
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他们就很可能
在十年之内消失。
10:06
if we don't do something now to protect them.
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10:08
So what did I learn
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那么我在这次
10:10
from this intense and unforgettable experience?
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紧张而难忘的救援行动中学到了什么呢?
10:13
Personally, I learned that I am capable of handling so much more
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个人而言,我认识到
自己完全可以驾驭比本身所期望的更多。
10:17
than I ever dreamed possible.
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10:18
And I learned that one person can make a huge difference.
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同时我还意识到就算是一个人
也是可以改变很多的。
10:22
Just look at that 17-year-old.
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就像那位17岁的发明家一样。
10:24
And when we come together and work as one,
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还有,就是当我们团结在一起
像一个整体那样去行事,
10:28
we can achieve extraordinary things.
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我们将有意想不到的收获。
说实话,有机会担当
10:31
And truly, to be a part of something so much larger than yourself
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一个比自身强大得很多的
集体的一部分,这本身
10:35
is the most rewarding experience you can possibly have.
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就是一个宝贵的经历。
10:39
So I'd like to leave you with one final thought
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那么最后我还想与你们探讨一个问题
也是一个难题,如果你们愿意思考的话。
10:42
and a challenge, if you will.
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10:43
My mission as The Penguin Lady is to raise awareness and funding
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作为一名“企鹅夫人”,我的首要使命
便是唤起保护企鹅的意识
和筹集保护企鹅的资金。
10:48
to protect penguins.
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那为何大家应该关心企鹅的命运呢?
10:50
But why should any of you care about penguins?
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10:52
Well, you should care because they're an indicator species.
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因为企鹅
是一个具有指示功能的物种。
10:56
And simply put: if penguins are dying, it means our oceans are dying.
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简单说来,那就是如果企鹅濒临灭绝,
则意味着我们的海洋在走向末路,
11:01
And we ultimately will be affected,
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而最终的受害者将是我们自己,
11:03
because, as Sylvia Earle says,
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因为,正如索尔维亚•娥尔(Sylvia Earle)所言,
11:05
"The oceans are our life-support system."
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“海洋是我们的生命维持系统。”
11:08
And the two main threats to penguins today
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目前企鹅所面临的两大威胁
11:10
are overfishing and global warming.
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是过度的捕鱼和全球气候变暖。
而我们每个人
11:13
And these are two things
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11:14
that each one of us actually has the power to do something about.
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都确实有能力
就这两件事做点改变。
因此如果我们每个人都能出一份力,
11:19
So if we each do our part, together, we can make a difference,
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积少成多,我们一起将创造极大的价值,
11:23
and we can help keep penguins from going extinct.
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从而使企鹅告别灭绝的危险。
11:26
Humans have always been the greatest threat to penguins,
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长期以来,人类都是企鹅最大的威胁,
而现在,我们也是他们最大的希望。
11:30
but we are now their only hope.
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谢谢。
11:32
Thank you.
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11:33
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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