Andrew Bastawrous: Get your next eye exam on a smartphone

翻译人员: Zhiting Chen 校对人员: Geoff Chen

There are 39 million people in the world

全世界有390万

who are blind.

失明的人

Eighty percent of them

他们中的80%

are living in low-income countries such as Kenya,

生活在低收入国家， 例如肯尼亚，

and the absolute majority

他们中的绝大多数

do not need to be blind.

本不该被失明困扰。

They are blind from diseases

他们因疾病导致失明

that are either completely curable or preventable.

而这些疾病是完全可以治愈的 或者是可以提前预防的。

Knowing this, with my young family,

了解到这样的状况， 我和我年轻的家庭，

we moved to Kenya.

搬到肯尼亚。

We secured equipment,

我们配置了仪器，

funds, vehicles, we trained a team,

资金，车辆， 我们训练了一个团队。

we set up a hundred clinics throughout

我们建立了一百余家诊所，

the Great Rift Valley

遍布整个东非大裂谷，

to try and understand a single question:

试图去理解一个问题：

why are people going blind,

是什么导致人们失明，

and what can we do?

要怎样化解这样的困境？

The challenges were great.

这无疑是个巨大的挑战。

When we got to where we were going,

当我们设定好要前往的地区时，

we set up our high-tech equipment.

我们搭建好高科技的仪器，

Power was rarely available.

很难找到电源。

We'd have to run our equipment

需要使用

from petrol power generators.

汽油发电机供电。

And then something occurred to me:

于是我想到：

There has to be an easier way,

应该会有更加简便的方式，

because it's the patients who are the most in need

因为那些最急迫需要

of access to eye care

接受眼科检查的患者

who are the least likely to get it.

也正是最难以获取诊疗的人。

More people in Kenya,

越来越多生活在肯尼亚

and in sub-Saharan Africa,

和撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地区的人们

have access to a mobile phone

使用手机的人数

than they do clean running water.

甚至多于能够接收到清洁水源的。

So we said, could we harness

我想，我们能不能套用

the power of mobile technology

移动通信技术的力量

to deliver eye care in a new way?

用一种新方法来进行眼科检查？

And so we developed Peek,

因此我们开发了一个应用“Peek”

a smartphone [system] that enables

一个智慧型手机[系统]

community healthcare workers

能够搭建医务工作者社群

and empowers them to deliver eye care everywhere.

让他们能够在任何地方 为人们提供眼科检查服务。

We set about replacing traditional hospital equipment,

我们用智慧型手机应用程序和硬件

which is bulky, expensive and fragile,

来代替那些笨重， 昂贵又不易维护的

with smartphone apps and hardware

传统医院的仪器设备。

that make it possible to test anyone

这使得工作人员能够 跨越语言，年纪的障碍

in any language and of any age.

为任何人提供眼科检查。

Here we have a demonstration

这段影片展示了

of a three-month-old having their vision

一个三个月大的婴儿 通过应用程序和眼动仪

accurately tested using an app and an eye tracker.

接受精准的视力检测。

We've got many trials going on

很多实验都在进行着

in the community and in schools,

在社区，在学校，

and through the lessons that we've learned in the field,

从实地考察中得到的经验教训，

we've realized it's extremely important

让我们意识到，

to share the data in non-medical jargon

用非医学专用术语 分享诊疗数据是极其重要的，

so that people understand

因为这样人们就能了解到

what we're examining and what that means to them.

我们在检查些什么， 这和他们有什么关系。

So here, for example,

因此，举例来说，

we use our sight sim application,

使用我们的“视力身份识别”程序，

once your vision has been measured,

在检测到你的视力之后，

to show carers and teachers

我们展示给照护者和老师

what the visual world is like for that person,

那个人眼中的世界是怎样的，

so they can empathize with them and help them.

这样他们就能告诉他们并帮助他们。

Once we've discovered somebody has low vision,

当我们发现某人有低视力的问题，

the next big challenge is to work out why,

下一个大的挑战就是找出病因，

and to be able to do that,

为了能找到病因点，

we need to have access to the inside of the eye.

我们需要检查眼睛内部。

Traditionally, this requires expensive equipment

传统上，这需要昂贵的设备

to examine an area called the retina.

来检查视网膜。

The retina is the single part of the eye that has

视网膜是眼内一个单独的区域

huge amounts of information about the body

包含巨大数量的身体信息

and its health.

和眼睛的健康状况。

We've developed 3D-printed,

我们开发了通过3D打印制作的

low-cost hardware

低成本的硬件，

that comes in at less than five dollars to produce,

制作所需的费用少于5美元，

which can then be clipped onto a smartphone

这个硬件能够直接 连接到智慧型手机，

and makes it possible to get views

使得手机拥有能够看到

of the back of the eye

眼睛内部的仪器

of a very high quality.

画面质量很高。

And the beauty is, anybody can do it.

最棒的部分在于， 任何人都能轻松操作它。

In our trials on over two and half thousand people,

我们的实验覆盖了 超过2500人，

the smartphone with the add-on clip

连接了这个硬件的手机

is comparable to a camera

和比它昂贵数倍，

that is hugely more expensive

并且难以运输的检测机

and hugely more difficult to transport.

质量相近。

When we first moved to Kenya,

当我们刚搬到肯尼亚的时候，

we went with 150,000 dollars of equipment,

我们带着价值15万美元的设备，

a team of 15 people,

15人组成的团队，

and that was what was needed to deliver health care.

来为这里的居民提供卫生保健。

Now, all that's needed

现在，我们只需要

is a single person

一个人

on a bike with a smartphone.

一辆自行车和一个智慧型手机。

And it costs just 500 dollars.

这一切仅需500美元。

The issue of power supply

供电的问题也得到了解决

is overcome by harnessing the power of solar.

利用太阳能充电

Our healthcare workers travel

我们的医务工作者携带

with a solar-powered rucksack

具有吸收太阳能功能的帆布背包，

which keeps the phone charged and backed up.

这个包能够为手机充电， 提供备用电源。

Now we go to the patient

这使得我们能够走近病人 为他们提供治疗，

rather than waiting for the patient never to come.

而不是坐在那里等待着那些 可能永远也不会来寻求治疗的病人。

We go to them in their homes

我们走进他们的家庭

and we give them the most comprehensive,

我们为他们提供全面的，

high-tech, accurate examination,

高科技的精确检查，

which can be delivered by anyone with minimal training.

提供这项服务的工作人员 仅需短期少量训练即可。

We can link global experts

我们可以连线全球各地的专家，

with people in the most rural,

为居住在乡村，

difficult-to-reach places

交通不便

that are beyond the end of the road,

甚至公路都不可到达的地区，

effectively putting those experts in their homes,

将专家送到他们家里，

allowing us to make diagnoses

让医生们能够做出诊断

and make plans for treatment.

并提供治疗计划。

Project managers, hospital directors,

项目经理，医院主管，

are able to search on our interface

可以通过搜索我们的界面，

by any parameter they may be interested in.

根据不同参数样本 选择感兴趣的病例。

Here in Nakuru, where I've been living,

在我居住的那库鲁，

we can search for people

我们可以搜索到

by whatever condition.

不同状况的病患。

Here are people who are blind

这些病患

from a curable condition cataract.

是因可治愈的白内障失明。

Each red pin depicts somebody

每个红色的大头针

who is blind from a disease that is curable

表示某个失明的患者，

and treatable, and they're locatable.

他们的失明是可治愈的， 他们的位置也很清楚地显示在这里。

We can use bulk text messaging services

我们可以通过文字信息系统

to explain that we're coming to arrange a treatment.

来告知我们即将前往并安排治疗。

What's more, we've learned that this is something

此外，我们发现

that we haven't built just for the community

并非由我们为这个社群搭建

but with the community.

而是跟社群共同搭建的东西。

Those blue pins that drop represent

那些蓝色大头针所指的位置

elders, or local leaders,

标志着社群中的长者， 或者是当地领袖

that are connected to those people

那些能够联系到附近居民的人，

who can ensure that we can find them

这些长者确保我们能够找到病患

and arrange treatment.

安排治疗。

So for patients like Mama Wangari,

像旺加里女士，

who have been blind for over 10 years

失明10年了，

and never seen her grandchildren,

她没看到过她的孙子们，

for less than 40 dollars, we can restore her eyesight.

花费不超过40美元， 我们恢复了她的实力。

This is something that has to happen.

这是必须做到的。

It's only in statistics

即使统计数据显示

that people go blind by the millions.

百万分之一的人才会失明，

The reality is everyone goes blind on their own.

但对于每个人来说， 失明就是失明了。

But now, they might just be

但现在，他们与得到诊治之间

a text message away from help.

只有一个短信的距离。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And now because live demos are always a bad idea,

即便现场演示总是效果不佳，

we're going to try a live demo.

我们还是要现场展示给大家。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So here we have the Peek Vision app.

我们正在使用“Peek Vision”应用程序。

Okay, and what we're looking at here,

好了，我们现在看到的是，

this is Sam's optic nerve,

这是萨曼的视神经，

which is a direct extension of her brain,

这是她大脑内部的直接延伸，

so I'm actually looking at her brain as we look there.

事实上正在看她的大脑内部。

We can see all parts of the retina.

我们可以看到整个视网膜。

It makes it possible to pick up diseases

这使得检测眼部疾病， 以及身体疾病

of the eye and of the body

成为可能

that would not be possible without access to the eye,

不通过检查眼睛是无法做到的，

and that clip-on device can be manufactured

这个嵌入式的硬件

for just a few dollars,

制作成本仅为几美元，

and people can be cured of blindness,

人们能够治愈失明，

and I think it says a lot about us as a human race

这对于人类来说是很重要的。

if we've developed cures and we don't deliver them.

我们研究出了治疗方法 却无法将治疗提供给患者。

But now we can.

但现在，我们做到了。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）