Autism — what we know (and what we don't know yet) | Wendy Chung

2,336,673 views ・ 2014-04-28

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翻译人员: Yiding(Eden) Wen 校对人员: 杏儀 歐陽
00:12
"Why?"
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“为什么?”
00:14
"Why?" is a question
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父母们总是问我
00:15
that parents ask me all the time.
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“为什么?”这个问题。
00:18
"Why did my child develop autism?"
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“为什么我的孩子得了自闭症?”
00:21
As a pediatrician, as a geneticist, as a researcher,
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身为儿科医生、基因专家、学者,
00:25
we try and address that question.
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我们试着找出答案。
00:28
But autism is not a single condition.
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但是自闭症的症状不是单一的。
00:30
It's actually a spectrum of disorders,
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它事实上是一整个谱系发生了失调,
00:32
a spectrum that ranges, for instance,
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自闭症谱系有很多种表现形式:
00:35
from Justin, a 13-year-old boy
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比如,13岁的贾斯丁,
00:37
who's not verbal, who can't speak,
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他不能说话,
00:41
who communicates by using an iPad
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只能利用 iPad 与人交流,
00:43
to touch pictures to communicate
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通过触碰图像
00:45
his thoughts and his concerns,
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来表达他的想法和担忧。
00:47
a little boy who, when he gets upset,
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另一位得了自闭症的男孩
00:49
will start rocking,
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在难过时会不断摇摆晃动,
00:51
and eventually, when he's disturbed enough,
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要是足够心烦了,
00:52
will bang his head to the point
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他会撞自己的头,
00:54
that he can actually cut it open and require stitches.
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一直撞到头破血流,需要进行缝线。
00:58
That same diagnosis of autism, though,
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同样被诊断得了自闭症的,
01:00
also applies to Gabriel,
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是另一个13岁男孩,
01:02
another 13-year-old boy
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他叫戈贝尔,
01:04
who has quite a different set of challenges.
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但他所面对的挑战却截然不同。
01:07
He's actually quite remarkably gifted in mathematics.
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实际上,他对数学极有天赋。
01:10
He can multiple three numbers by three numbers
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他可以轻易在脑海中
01:12
in his head with ease,
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进行3位数间的乘法运算,
01:14
yet when it comes to trying to have a conversation,
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然而要与人谈话时,
01:18
he has great difficulty.
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他却无法应对。
01:20
He doesn't make eye contact.
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他不会进行眼神交流。
01:22
He has difficulty starting a conversation,
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他不会开启一个话题,
01:24
feels awkward,
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他会感到尴尬。
01:26
and when he gets nervous,
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当他感到紧张时
01:27
he actually shuts down.
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就会缄默不言。
01:29
Yet both of these boys
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这些男孩
01:31
have the same diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.
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都同样被诊断患有自闭症谱系失调。
01:35
One of the things that concerns us
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不过我们关心的一个问题是
01:37
is whether or not there really is
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自闭症是否
是一种流行病。
01:39
an epidemic of autism.
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01:41
These days, one in 88 children
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如今,每88个孩子中
01:43
will be diagnosed with autism,
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就有一个被诊断出患有自闭症,
01:45
and the question is,
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而问题就是
01:47
why does this graph look this way?
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呈现的数据为什么会是这样?
01:49
Has that number been increasing
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患者人数是否随着时间推移
01:51
dramatically over time?
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剧烈地增长呢?
01:53
Or is it because we have now started labeling
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还是因为我们现在开始会辨认
01:57
individuals with autism,
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患有自闭症的儿童,
01:59
simply giving them a diagnosis
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能给他们一个诊断,
02:01
when they were still present there before
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其实这个群体一直都存在,
02:04
yet simply didn't have that label?
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只不过一直没人会诊断?
02:06
And in fact, in the late 1980s, the early 1990s,
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实际上, 在20世纪80年代末、90年代早期,
02:10
legislation was passed
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议会通过了一个法案,
02:11
that actually provided individuals with autism
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为患自闭症的人
02:14
with resources, with access to educational materials
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提供资源,让他们能够同样接受教育,
02:18
that would help them.
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来帮助他们。
02:20
With that increased awareness, more parents,
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随着人们对自闭症的认识日益增长,
02:23
more pediatricians, more educators
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更多的父母、儿科医生、教育者
02:26
learned to recognize the features of autism.
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了解了如何辨认自闭症的特征。
02:29
As a result of that, more individuals were diagnosed
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于是,更多人被诊断出了自闭症,
02:33
and got access to the resources they needed.
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并获得了他们所需的资源。
02:36
In addition, we've changed our definition over time,
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此外,我们也在不断改变 自闭症的定义,
02:40
so in fact we've widened the definition of autism,
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实际上,我们拓展了自闭症的定义。
02:43
and that accounts for some of
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这也成为了患者人数
02:44
the increased prevalence that we see.
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不断上升的原因之一。
02:47
The next question everyone wonders is,
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人们想知道的下一个问题是,
02:50
what caused autism?
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到底是什么引起了自闭症?
02:51
And a common misconception
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一个普遍的理论误区是
02:54
is that vaccines cause autism.
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疫苗会引发自闭症。
02:57
But let me be very clear:
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但请允许我在此澄清:
03:00
Vaccines do not cause autism.
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疫苗不会引起自闭症。
03:05
(Applause)
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(掌声)
03:11
In fact, the original research study
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实际上,最初得出这种
03:13
that suggested that was the case
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误导性结论的
03:15
was completely fraudulent.
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是一项彻头彻尾的学术欺诈性研究。
03:18
It was actually retracted from the journal Lancet,
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它最初刊登在《柳叶刀》医学期刊上,
03:21
in which it was published,
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但后来被撤稿了,
03:23
and that author, a physician,
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文章的作者是一名内科医生,
03:25
had his medical license taken away from him.
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后来也被吊销了执照。
03:28
(Applause)
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(掌声)
03:32
The Institute of Medicine,
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药物监管局
03:34
The Centers for Disease Control,
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以及疾病控制中心
03:35
have repeatedly investigated this
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已经反复研究过这个结论,
03:38
and there is no credible evidence
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并指出并无确凿证据
03:41
that vaccines cause autism.
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证明疫苗会引起自闭症。
03:44
Furthermore,
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除此之外,
03:46
one of the ingredients in vaccines,
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疫苗的组成成分之一:
03:48
something called thimerosal,
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硫柳汞,
03:50
was thought to be what the cause of autism was.
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被认为是引发自闭症的诱因。
03:53
That was actually removed from vaccines
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但这一成分早在1992年就被
03:56
in the year 1992,
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从疫苗中移除,
03:57
and you can see that it really did not have an effect
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而你们可以看到这一成分的 移除并未能阻止
04:00
in what happened with the prevalence of autism.
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自闭症大量增加的情况。
04:03
So again, there is no evidence
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因此我必须再次阐明: 没有证据表明
04:05
that this is the answer.
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疫苗会导致自闭症。
04:07
So the question remains, what does cause autism?
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那们问题依然存在: 到底是什么导致了自闭症?
04:11
In fact, there's probably not one single answer.
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事实上,答案可能不止一个。
04:14
Just as autism is a spectrum,
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就像自闭症是一个谱系一样,
04:16
there's a spectrum of etiologies,
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病因也有一个谱系,
04:18
a spectrum of causes.
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一个诱因的谱系。
04:19
Based on epidemiological data,
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根据流行病学数据,
04:21
we know that one of the causes,
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我们知道,诱因之一,
04:23
or one of the associations, I should say,
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或者说,关联因素之一,
04:25
is advanced paternal age,
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是较高的父亲年龄,
04:28
that is, increasing age of the father
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也就是说,在受孕时间
04:30
at the time of conception.
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父方的年龄较高。
04:32
In addition, another vulnerable
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自闭症发展阶段中
04:34
and critical period in terms of development
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另一个易受影响的关键时期是
04:37
is when the mother is pregnant.
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母亲的怀孕时期。
04:39
During that period, while the fetal brain is developing,
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在此时期,婴儿的大脑正在发育
04:42
we know that exposure to certain agents
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我们知道与某些介质的接触
04:43
can actually increase the risk of autism.
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实际上会增加患自闭症的风险。
04:47
In particular, there's a medication, valproic acid,
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尤其要指出的是,有一种药物丙戊酸,
04:49
which mothers with epilepsy sometimes take,
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有些患有癫痫的母亲们有时会服用,
04:52
we know can increase that risk of autism.
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也会增加新生儿自闭症的风险。
04:56
In addition, there can be some infectious agents
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不止如此,还有些传染性病原体
04:58
that can also cause autism.
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也会诱发自闭症。
05:01
And one of the things I'm going to spend
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而其中一项我会花
05:02
a lot of time focusing on
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大量时间研究的,
05:05
are the genes that can cause autism.
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是能诱发自闭症的基因。
05:07
I'm focusing on this not because genes
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我关注这个不是因为
05:10
are the only cause of autism,
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基因是自闭症的唯一诱因,
05:12
but it's a cause of autism
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而是因为这种诱因可以让我们
05:13
that we can readily define
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更好地对其给出定义,
05:15
and be able to better understand the biology
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并借此更好地了解生物学,
05:18
and understand better how the brain works
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更好地理解大脑的运作方式,
05:20
so that we can come up with strategies
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这样我们才能制定出
05:22
to be able to intervene.
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干预性策略。
05:25
One of the genetic factors that we don't understand,
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然而其中一项我们不理解的基因因素,
05:27
however, is the difference that we see
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是我们在男女患者身上
05:31
in terms of males and females.
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观察到的差别。
05:33
Males are affected four to one compared to females
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患上自闭症的男女比例
05:36
with autism,
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是4:1,
05:37
and we really don't understand what that cause is.
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我们确实不知道原因是什么。
05:41
One of the ways that we can understand
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我们了解基因诱因的
05:42
that genetics is a factor
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方式之一,
05:44
is by looking at something called
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是观察我们所称的
05:46
the concordance rate.
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“一致率”。
05:47
In other words, if one sibling has autism,
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换言之,如果兄弟姐妹中 有一位患有自闭症,
05:51
what's the probability
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那其他兄弟姐妹
05:52
that another sibling in that family will have autism?
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患上自闭症的概率是多少?
05:55
And we can look in particular
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我们特别选取了三类兄弟姐妹
05:57
at three types of siblings:
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做对照:
05:59
identical twins,
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同卵双胞胎,
06:01
twins that actually share 100 percent
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他们共享100%的
06:03
of their genetic information
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基因信息,
06:05
and shared the same intrauterine environment,
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与其兄弟姐妹共享同一宫腔环境;
06:08
versus fraternal twins,
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第二组是异卵双胞胎,
06:10
twins that actually share 50 percent
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异卵双胞胎共享50%的
06:12
of their genetic information,
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基因信息,
06:14
versus regular siblings,
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第三组是一般的兄弟姐妹,
06:15
brother-sister, sister-sister,
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兄妹,姐弟,或者姐妹,
06:17
also sharing 50 percent of their genetic information,
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也共享50%基因信息,
06:20
yet not sharing the same intrauterine environment.
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但经历不同的宫腔环境。
06:23
And when you look at those concordance ratios,
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在观察这些对照组的一致率时,
06:25
one of the striking things that you will see
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引人注意的事情之一是,
06:27
is that in identical twins,
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同卵胞胎
06:30
that concordance rate is 77 percent.
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一致率为77%。
06:33
Remarkably, though,
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要指出的是,
06:34
it's not 100 percent.
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这并不是100%。
06:36
It is not that genes account for all of the risk for autism,
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基因并不是决定自闭症 风险的全部因素。
06:40
but yet they account for a lot of that risk,
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但基因还是占了很大比例。
06:42
because when you look at fraternal twins,
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因为当你看异卵双胞胎时,
06:45
that concordance rate is only 31 percent.
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一致率只有31%
06:48
On the other hand, there is a difference
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另外,异卵双胞胎之间的一致率
06:50
between those fraternal twins and the siblings,
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与普通兄弟姐妹的一致率也不同,
06:53
suggesting that there are common exposures
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这表明了异卵双胞胎共享的
06:55
for those fraternal twins
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一些介质
06:57
that may not be shared as commonly
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是普通的兄弟姐妹
无法共同接触到的。
06:59
with siblings alone.
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07:01
So this provides some of the data
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这佐证了一些数据,
07:03
that autism is genetic.
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表明自闭症是遗传的。
07:04
Well, how genetic is it?
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那么,遗传的影响到底有多大呢?
07:06
When we compare it to other conditions
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当我们将它同其他
07:08
that we're familiar with,
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我们熟悉的疾病进行对比,
07:10
things like cancer, heart disease, diabetes,
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像癌症,心脏病,厌食症等,
07:14
in fact, genetics plays a much larger role in autism
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事实上,相比起来,遗传在自闭症中
07:18
than it does in any of these other conditions.
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扮演了更重要的角色。
07:20
But with this, that doesn't tell us what the genes are.
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但只有这些, 我们还是不知道哪些是致病基因。
07:23
It doesn't even tell us in any one child,
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数据甚至也没有告诉我们, 一个孩子患上自闭症
07:26
is it one gene
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是单一基因,
07:28
or potentially a combination of genes?
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还是潜在的一组基因造成的结果?
07:30
And so in fact, in some individuals with autism,
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因此,对一些自闭症个体来说,
07:33
it is genetic!
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这明显是遗传的!
07:36
That is, that it is one single,
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也就是说,是由一条单一的
07:38
powerful, deterministic gene
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强有力的、决定性的基因
07:40
that causes the autism.
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引起的自闭症。
07:42
However, in other individuals,
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然而,在其他个体中,
07:44
it's genetic, that is,
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它基本上是遗传的,也就是说
07:46
that it's actually a combination of genes
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那实际上是一组基因
07:49
in part with the developmental process
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以及整个发育过程,
07:52
that ultimately determines that risk for autism.
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最终决定患上自闭症的风险。
07:55
We don't know in any one person, necessarily,
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我们并不知道对于任一个体来说
07:58
which of those two answers it is
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哪个答案才是正确的,
08:00
until we start digging deeper.
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直到我们深入进行发掘。
08:02
So the question becomes,
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所以问题变成了
08:03
how can we start to identify
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我们如何才能鉴别出
08:06
what exactly those genes are.
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究竟是哪些基因会引发自闭症。
08:07
And let me pose something
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让我展示一些
08:09
that might not be intuitive.
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可能与直觉相悖的东西。
08:11
In certain individuals,
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某些个体
08:13
they can have autism
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可能因为遗传因素
08:15
for a reason that is genetic
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患上自闭症,
08:17
but yet not because of autism running in the family.
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但并不一定因为家族中 多人患有自闭症。
08:21
And the reason is because in certain individuals,
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原因就在于,对于某些个体而言,
08:23
they can actually have genetic changes or mutations
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他们实际上会发生基因变化, 或者说变异,
08:26
that are not passed down from the mother
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而这些并非继承自他们的母亲
08:29
or from the father,
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或者父亲,
08:31
but actually start brand new in them,
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而是在他们自己体内才开始的产生,
08:34
mutations that are present
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也就是说卵子或精子
08:35
in the egg or the sperm
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受育过程中
08:37
at the time of conception
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发生的突变,
08:38
but have not been passed down
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1742
并不是随着家族
08:40
generation through generation within the family.
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代代相传而导致的。
08:43
And we can actually use that strategy
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我们也能使用这个策略
08:45
to now understand and to identify
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来理解并甄别
08:47
those genes causing autism in those individuals.
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在这些个体中引起自闭症的基因。
08:50
So in fact, at the Simons Foundation,
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实际上,在西门斯基金会,
08:52
we took 2,600 individuals
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我们选取了家族史上
08:55
that had no family history of autism,
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没有自闭症的2600个个体,
08:58
and we took that child and their mother and father
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3170
同时也选取了这些孩子及他们的父母,
09:01
and used them to try and understand
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并利用这些样本试着了解
09:04
what were those genes
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当中引发自闭症的
09:05
causing autism in those cases?
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基因究竟是哪些?
09:08
To do that, we actually had to comprehensively
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为达成这一目标,我们实际上不得不
09:11
be able to look at all that genetic information
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全面回顾所有基因信息,
09:13
and determine what those differences were
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并找出父母及孩子
09:15
between the mother, the father and the child.
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之间的不同之处。
09:19
In doing so, I apologize,
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为了达到这个目的, 我得抱歉的告诉大家,
09:21
I'm going to use an outdated analogy
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1884
我将使用过时的百科全书做比喻,
09:23
of encyclopedias rather than Wikipedia,
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2658
而不是利用维基百科。
09:26
but I'm going to do so to try and help make the point
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2999
但我会试着来让大家更明白,
09:29
that as we did this inventory,
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2358
当我们进行总结归纳时,
09:31
we needed to be able to look at
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我们必须能够观察
09:33
massive amounts of information.
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大量的信息。
09:35
Our genetic information is organized
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2287
我们的基因信息存在于
09:37
into a set of 46 volumes,
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2887
46卷百科全书中(影射46条染色体),
09:40
and when we did that, we had to be able to account
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1909
在我们分析数据时,需要对
09:42
for each of those 46 volumes,
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582387
1984
这46卷进行逐一计数。
09:44
because in some cases with autism,
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1853
因为在某些自闭症案列中,
09:46
there's actually a single volume that's missing.
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2456
实际上是整条单一染色体消失了。
09:48
We had to get more granular than that, though,
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2310
然而我们必须得到更多数据,
09:50
and so we had to start opening those books,
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2320
所以,我们不得不打开这些书,
09:53
and in some cases, the genetic change
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1880
而在某些案例中,基因变化
09:55
was more subtle.
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595190
1388
要微妙得多,
09:56
It might have been a single paragraph that was missing,
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3186
可能是单一段落(基因片段)消失了,
09:59
or yet, even more subtle than that,
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3278
也可能,更微妙地,
10:03
a single letter,
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1692
单独一个字母(碱基),
10:04
one out of three billion letters
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2802
30亿字母(碱基)中的一个,
10:07
that was changed, that was altered,
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607536
2274
被改变了,被替换了,
10:09
yet had profound effects
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1597
但仍能极大的影响
10:11
in terms of how the brain functions
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大脑的功能
10:13
and affects behavior.
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1817
以及患者的行为。
10:15
In doing this within these families,
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2377
通过对这些家族进行反复对比,
10:17
we were able to account for approximately
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617514
2318
我们能计算出在这些家族中,
10:19
25 percent of the individuals
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619832
2325
大约25%的个体
10:22
and determine that there was a single
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622157
2547
是由单一,强有力的
10:24
powerful genetic factor
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2196
基因因素
10:26
that caused autism within those families.
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3124
诱发了自闭症。
10:30
On the other hand, there's 75 percent
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2252
换句话说,有75%的
10:32
that we still haven't figured out.
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2451
自闭症原因仍不明。
10:34
As we did this, though,
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1470
当我们做这个实验时,
10:36
it was really quite humbling,
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2094
确实很让我们觉得自己很渺小,
10:38
because we realized that there was not simply
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2365
因为我们意识到自闭症的基因
10:40
one gene for autism.
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1941
并不是单一的
10:42
In fact, the current estimates are
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1749
事实上,现在的数据表明
10:44
that there are 200 to 400 different genes
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2752
有200到400个不同的基因
10:47
that can cause autism.
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1892
都可以导致自闭症。
10:48
And that explains, in part,
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1369
这也部分地解释了
10:50
why we see such a broad spectrum
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2117
为何它的影响形成了
10:52
in terms of its effects.
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2043
如此宽广的谱系。
10:54
Although there are that many genes,
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2225
尽管有如此众多的基因,
10:56
there is some method to the madness.
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2348
确实有通路可以导致发疯。
10:59
It's not simply random
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1948
这不是随意的
200到400个不同基因,
11:01
200, 400 different genes,
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2230
11:03
but in fact they fit together.
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1794
事实上,它们是互补的。
11:05
They fit together in a pathway.
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1866
它们在通路中结合。
11:06
They fit together in a network
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1472
它们在神经网中互补,
11:08
that's starting to make sense now
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1832
这样才会在大脑的
11:10
in terms of how the brain functions.
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功能中产生意义。
11:12
We're starting to have a bottom-up approach
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2146
我们开始用自上而下的方法
11:15
where we're identifying those genes,
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1709
来辨认那些基因,
11:16
those proteins, those molecules,
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2478
那些蛋白质、分子,
11:19
understanding how they interact together
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1910
理解它们如何互相作用
11:21
to make that neuron work,
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1397
使神经元工作,
11:22
understanding how those neurons interact together
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2737
理解神经元如何相互作用
11:25
to make circuits work,
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685309
1219
来使神经中枢工作,
11:26
and understand how those circuits work
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2016
理解神经中枢如何工作
11:28
to now control behavior,
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688544
1826
来控制行为,
11:30
and understand that both in individuals with autism
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2800
这些理解既针对自闭症个体,
11:33
as well as individuals who have normal cognition.
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又针对认知正常的个体。
11:37
But early diagnosis is a key for us.
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2458
但早期诊断对我们来说至关重要。
11:39
Being able to make that diagnosis
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1959
能够在某一个时间点
11:41
of someone who's susceptible
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1507
提早诊断出
11:42
at a time in a window
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2055
某人可能患有自闭症,
11:45
where we have the ability to transform,
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2347
并在我们还有能力对正在发育的大脑
11:47
to be able to impact
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707397
1603
进行改变和影响的时候,
11:49
that growing, developing brain is critical.
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2740
及时作出诊断是相当重要的。
11:51
And so folks like Ami Klin have developed methods
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3809
比如Ami Klin这样的团队 已经开发了一些方法
11:55
to be able to take infants, small babies,
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2568
能够在新生儿,婴儿身上,
11:58
and be able to use biomarkers,
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2533
借助生物标记物,
12:00
in this case eye contact and eye tracking,
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3338
这里也就是眼神接触和追踪,
12:03
to identify an infant at risk.
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2086
来确认婴儿的患病风险。
12:06
This particular infant, you can see,
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2165
你们可以看到,这个婴儿
12:08
making very good eye contact with this woman
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2201
和这位女士有很好的眼神交流,
12:10
as she's singing "Itsy, Bitsy Spider,"
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2360
她在唱“织织织织,小蜘蛛……”,
12:12
in fact is not going to develop autism.
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3040
事实上它不会患自闭症。
12:15
This baby we know is going to be in the clear.
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2880
我们知道,这个婴儿没问题。
12:18
On the other hand, this other baby
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738720
2360
而在另一个例子中,这个婴儿
12:21
is going to go on to develop autism.
307
741080
2335
将会发展成自闭症。
12:23
In this particular child, you can see,
308
743415
2227
你们可以看到,这个孩子
12:25
it's not making good eye contact.
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745642
2201
没有进行眼神接触。
12:27
Instead of the eyes focusing in
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747843
1967
它没有进行目光聚焦
12:29
and having that social connection,
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2278
并形成社交联系,
12:32
looking at the mouth, looking at the nose,
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2638
而是看着嘴巴、鼻子,
12:34
looking off in another direction,
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1783
以及其他方向,
12:36
but not again socially connecting,
314
756509
2913
但总是没有社交联系,
12:39
and being able to do this on a very large scale,
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2713
能够大范围地做这些测试,
12:42
screen infants, screen children for autism,
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3000
利用强大可靠的方式
12:45
through something very robust, very reliable,
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2924
对婴儿和儿童进行自闭症筛查,
12:48
is going to be very helpful to us in terms of being
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2716
将会帮助我们
12:50
able to intervene at an early stage
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2094
及早发现自闭症
12:52
when we can have the greatest impact.
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3432
并做出最及时的干预治疗。
12:56
How are we going to intervene?
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2246
那么我们要如何诊治呢?
12:58
It's probably going to be a combination of factors.
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2830
这可能是多重因素的结合。
13:01
In part, in some individuals,
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2039
某些情况下,在一些个体上
13:03
we're going to try and use medications.
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1879
我们会尝试使用药物。
13:05
And so in fact, identifying the genes for autism
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2722
事实上,甄别自闭症的基因
13:08
is important for us
326
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1526
非常重要,
13:09
to identify drug targets,
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1866
可以使我们锁定用药目标,
13:11
to identify things that we might be able to impact
328
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2623
也可以使我们能找到干预的方法,
13:14
and can be certain that that's really
329
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1698
并确认这是对付自闭症
13:15
what we need to do in autism.
330
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1695
可以采取的方式。
13:17
But that's not going to be the only answer.
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2741
但这不会是唯一答案。
13:20
Beyond just drugs, we're going to use educational strategies.
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3510
除了药物,我们也会使用教育策略。
13:23
Individuals with autism,
333
803676
1275
自闭症个体
13:24
some of them are wired a little bit differently.
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2297
各自有不同的思维方式。
13:27
They learn in a different way.
335
807248
1859
他们以不同的方式学习。
13:29
They absorb their surroundings in a different way,
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2334
他们以不同的方式吸收学习环境,
13:31
and we need to be able to educate them
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2219
而我们需要能够以最适合
13:33
in a way that serves them best.
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3093
他们的方式来帮助他们。
13:36
Beyond that, there are a lot of individuals
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1918
此外,在场的还有许多人
13:38
in this room who have great ideas
340
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2146
有出色的想法和新技术
13:40
in terms of new technologies we can use,
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2544
可以供我们借鉴,
13:43
everything from devices we can use to train the brain
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3119
我们可以运用一些设备用来训练大脑,
13:46
to be able to make it more efficient
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1549
让它更高效,
13:48
and to compensate for areas in which
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1673
还可以为一些仍然有技术困难的领域
13:49
it has a little bit of trouble,
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1594
提供更行之有效的方法,
13:51
to even things like Google Glass.
346
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2279
甚至可以使用谷歌眼镜。
13:53
You could imagine, for instance, Gabriel,
347
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1784
例如,你们可以想象
13:55
with his social awkwardness,
348
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1821
有社交障碍的戈贝尔,
13:57
might be able to wear Google Glass
349
837180
1458
也许能带上谷歌眼镜
13:58
with an earpiece in his ear,
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1531
再戴上一副耳机,
14:00
and have a coach be able to help him,
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1927
耳边就可以有一个老师帮助他,
14:02
be able to help think about conversations,
352
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2658
帮助他思考对话,
14:04
conversation-starters,
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844754
1316
能够积极开启对话,
14:06
being able to even perhaps one day
354
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2111
也许有一天
14:08
invite a girl out on a date.
355
848181
2368
他甚至能约女孩上街。
14:10
All of these new technologies
356
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2212
所有这些新技术
14:12
just offer tremendous opportunities
357
852761
2006
都提供了极大的机会,
14:14
for us to be able to impact
358
854767
1905
帮助我们诊断和干预
14:16
the individuals with autism,
359
856672
2685
自闭症个体的症状。
14:19
but yet we have a long way to go.
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2536
但我们还有很长一段路要走。
14:21
As much as we know,
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1310
正如我们所知,
14:23
there is so much more that we don't know,
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2957
我们不知道的还有如此之多。
14:26
and so I invite all of you
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2133
所以,我在此邀请你们所有人
14:28
to be able to help us think about
364
868293
2242
帮助我们思考
14:30
how to do this better,
365
870535
1411
如何将它做得更好,
14:31
to use as a community our collective wisdom
366
871946
2879
利用我们的集体智慧,
14:34
to be able to make a difference,
367
874825
1806
来做出改变,
14:36
and in particular,
368
876631
1257
尤其是,
14:37
for the individuals in families with autism,
369
877888
2704
有自闭症家族史的个体,
14:40
I invite you to join the interactive autism network,
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880592
3255
我诚邀你们加入网络互动自闭症研究,
14:43
to be part of the solution to this,
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883847
2194
为治疗方案贡献自己的力量,
14:46
because it's going to take really a lot of us
372
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2879
因为,这需要我们众人一起
14:48
to think about what's important,
373
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2270
来思考什么才是重要的,
14:51
what's going to be a meaningful difference.
374
891190
1925
如何做出有意义的改变。
14:53
As we think about something
375
893115
1505
当我们想到一些
14:54
that's potentially a solution,
376
894620
1832
有潜力的解决方案,
14:56
how well does it work?
377
896452
1659
它到底可以有多大成效?
14:58
Is it something that's really going to make a difference
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898111
1948
是否会为自闭症患者的个人生活,
15:00
in your lives, as an individual,
379
900059
2369
家庭生活,带来真正
15:02
as a family with autism?
380
902428
1653
积极的影响?
15:04
We're going to need individuals of all ages,
381
904081
2420
我们将会需要各个年龄层的个体,
15:06
from the young to the old,
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906501
1727
青年到老年,
15:08
and with all different shapes and sizes
383
908228
2159
需要拥有自闭症谱系失调中各种
15:10
of the autism spectrum disorder
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910387
1837
症状的个体
15:12
to make sure that we can have an impact.
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912224
2176
来确保我们的影响广泛有力。
15:14
So I invite all of you to join the mission
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2205
所以我们邀请在座所有人 加入这个项目,
15:16
and to help to be able to make the lives
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916605
2974
并帮助改善自闭症
15:19
of individuals with autism
388
919579
1686
个体的生活状态,
15:21
so much better and so much richer.
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921265
1931
让他们的生活越来越美好。
15:23
Thank you.
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2725
谢谢
15:25
(Applause)
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4000
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这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

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