请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: Meng Wang
校对人员: Candice Wang
00:16
So, people want a lot of things out of life,
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众所周知,人类为了各种各样的理想而奋斗,
00:18
but I think, more than anything else, they want happiness.
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但是我认为,归根究底,他们要的是幸福。
00:22
Aristotle called happiness "the chief good," the end
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亚里士多德把称幸福为“至高无上的精神享受,”
00:26
towards which all other things aim.
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所有奋斗和追求的终极目标。
00:29
According to this view, the reason we want a big house
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根据这个观点,我们之所以渴望一间大房子
00:34
or a nice car
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或者一辆豪车
00:37
or a good job
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或者一个好工作
00:39
isn't that these things are intrinsically valuable.
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本质上来说,并不是因为这些东西对我们特别有价值。
00:42
It's that we expect them to bring us
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而是因为我们期待这些财富能给我们带来
00:44
happiness.
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幸福。
00:45
Now in the last 50 years, we Americans have gotten
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在过去的50年里,我们美国人的物质生活
00:48
a lot of the things that we want. We're richer.
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达到了前所未有的高度。我们更富有了。
00:50
We live longer. We have access to technology
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平均寿命更长了。廉价而又实用的科技产品
00:53
that would have seemed like science fiction
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使我们的生活看起来犹如科幻小说一般
00:55
just a few years ago.
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仅仅是几年的功夫。
00:58
The paradox of happiness is that even though the
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但是令人费解的是,虽然
01:00
objective conditions of our lives have improved dramatically,
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客观上我们的物质生活水平有了极大的提高,
01:03
we haven't actually gotten any happier.
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我们的幸福感却一点也没增加,
01:07
Maybe because these conventional notions of progress
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也许是因为这些传统意义上能增加幸福感的方法
01:09
haven't delivered big benefits in terms of happiness,
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其实对幸福感并没有什么大的影响,
01:12
there's been an increased interest in recent years
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近些年来越来越多的人对
01:14
in happiness itself.
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幸福本身产生了浓厚的兴趣。
01:17
People have been debating the causes of happiness
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很长一段时间,大家都在争论到底是什么带给人类
01:19
for a really long time, in fact for thousands of years,
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幸福感,事实上这场争论已经持续了数千年之久,
01:21
but it seems like many of those debates remain unresolved.
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但是看起来这些争论都没有令人信服的结果。
01:25
Well, as with many other domains in life, I think
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恩,如同生活中很多领域一样,我认为
01:27
the scientific method has the potential to answer this question.
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科学研究是可以来回答这个问题的。
01:30
In fact, in the last few years, there's been an explosion
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其实,在过去的数年里,对于幸福的研究
01:32
in research on happiness. For example, we've learned a lot
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有了一些突破性的进展。比如,我们通过对
01:35
about its demographics, how things like income
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人口统计学的研究了解到,外界因素诸如收入
01:38
and education, gender and marriage relate to it.
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和教育,性别与婚姻状况对幸福感有一定的影响。
01:42
But one of the puzzles this has revealed is that
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但是令人觉得矛盾的是
01:44
factors like these don't seem to have a particularly strong effect.
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上面提过的这些都不是决定性的因素。
01:47
Yes, it's better to make more money rather than less,
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的确,多挣些钱是件好事,
01:49
or to graduate from college instead of dropping out,
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大学毕业肯定比中途辍学好很多,
01:52
but the differences in happiness tend to be small.
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但是这些对幸福感的影响都微乎其微。
01:55
Which leaves the question, what are the big causes of happiness?
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这不禁让我们陷入思考中,什么才是幸福感的决定性因素呢?
01:59
I think that's a question we haven't really answered yet,
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我觉得这个问题我们还没有百分之百肯定的答案,
02:01
but I think something that has the potential to be an answer
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但是我认为我们已经找到一种很可能是答案的观点
02:04
is that maybe happiness has an awful lot to do with
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就是 也许幸福感是取决于
02:07
the contents of our moment-to-moment experiences.
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生活中各式各样的瞬间感受。
02:09
It certainly seems that we're going about our lives,
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这就好像我们正面对的日常生活中,
02:11
that what we're doing, who we're with, what we're thinking about,
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我们正在做的事情,我们和谁在一起,我们正在考虑什么,
02:15
have a big influence on our happiness, and yet
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对我们的幸福指数有很大的影响,不仅如此
02:18
these are the very factors that have been very difficult,
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还有很多因素他们很难,
02:20
in fact almost impossible, for scientists to study.
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事实上几乎是不可能,作为研究的素材。
02:22
A few years ago, I came up with a way to study people's happiness
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几年前,我找到一种研究幸福感的方法
02:25
moment to moment as they're going about their daily lives
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随时随地进行研究在人们日常生活中
02:28
on a massive scale all over the world, something we'd never
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并在全世界范围内开展,这些我们曾经
02:31
been able to do before. Called trackyourhappiness.org,
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想都不敢想的事。我们把它命名为
trackyourhappiness.org(网址)
02:33
it uses the iPhone to monitor people's happiness in real time.
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它能通过Iphone实时监测大家的幸福指数。
02:38
How does this work? Basically, I send people signals
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它的工作原理是什么呢?基本上,我会联系他们
02:40
at random points throughout the day, and then I ask them
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在一个随机的时间,随后我会问他们
02:43
a bunch of questions about their moment-to-moment experience
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一些问题关于他们的即时感受
02:45
at the instant just before the signal.
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在我联系他们之前的那一瞬间。
02:48
The idea is that, if we can watch how people's happiness
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这么做的原因是,如果我们可以观察到他们的幸福指数
02:50
goes up and down over the course of the day,
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上升或者下降伴随着这一天的进行,
02:53
minute to minute in some cases,
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有些案例是每分钟联系一次,
02:55
and try to understand how what people are doing,
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并且尽量找出大家在做什么
02:57
who they're with, what they're thinking about, and all
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他们和谁在一起,他们在想什么,和其它
03:00
the other factors that describe our day, how those might
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所有能描述我们生活的因素,这些因素是如何
03:02
relate to those changes in happiness, we might be able
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跟幸福指数联系在一起的,我们也许能通过它
03:05
to discover some of the things that really have
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去发现那些真正能
03:06
a big influence on happiness.
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对幸福感产生重大影响的东西。
03:09
We've been fortunate with this project to collect
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我们很幸运的通过这个途径
03:11
quite a lot of data, a lot more data of this kind than I think
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收集到了大量的资料,比我预期的还要多的资料
03:14
has ever been collected before,
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前所未有的多,
03:16
over 650,000 real-time reports
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超过65万的即时信息
03:19
from over 15,000 people.
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来自超过1万5千名志愿者。
03:22
And it's not just a lot of people, it's a really diverse group,
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不但人数众多,而且分布广泛,
03:25
people from a wide range of ages, from 18 to late 80s,
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志愿者分布在不同的年龄层,从18岁到80岁,
03:28
a wide range of incomes, education levels,
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不同的收入阶层,教育层次,
03:31
people who are married, divorced, widowed, etc.
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已婚的,离婚的,丧偶的,等等。
03:34
They collectively represent every one of
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这些志愿者出在
03:37
86 occupational categories and hail from over 80 countries.
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86个不同行业并且来自超过80个国家。
03:41
What I'd like to do with the rest of my time with you today
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在今天剩下的时间里我要做的是
03:44
is talk a little bit about one of the areas that we've been
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和大家探讨一下其中一部分我们已经
03:46
investigating, and that's mind-wandering.
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研究了一段时间的东西,那就是走神。
03:50
As human beings, we have this unique ability
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作为人类,我们有这种独一无二的能力
03:52
to have our minds stray away from the present.
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把我们的注意力从眼前的事物转移到别处。
03:55
This guy is sitting here working on his computer,
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这个人正坐在电脑前工作,
03:57
and yet he could be thinking about
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但是他可能正在回味
03:58
the vacation he had last month,
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上个月的旅行,
04:01
wondering what he's going to have for dinner.
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考虑一会去哪儿吃晚饭。
04:03
Maybe he's worried that he's going bald. (Laughter)
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可能他正在担心自己快要秃了。(笑声)
04:06
This ability to focus our attention on something other
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这个能力使我们能让我们把更多注意力转移到其它地方
04:09
than the present is really amazing. It allows us to learn
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而不是当下正在做的事 这实在是太惊人了。这个能力让人类
04:12
and plan and reason in ways that no other species of animal can.
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以自己独有的方式学习,设计和理解。
04:17
And yet it's not clear what the relationship is
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至今我们还是不能确定使用这种能力
04:19
between our use of this ability and our happiness.
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和我们的幸福感有什么关系。
04:23
You've probably heard people suggest that you should
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你肯定曾经听到别人建议你
04:25
stay focused on the present. "Be here now,"
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做事情要专心致志。“不要走神,”
04:28
you've probably heard a hundred times.
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你肯定听得耳朵都长茧了。
04:29
Maybe, to really be happy, we need to stay completely
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也许,想要幸福,我们应该沉浸
04:32
immersed and focused on our experience in the moment.
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并且专注在我们曾经经历过的美好瞬间。
04:35
Maybe these people are right. Maybe mind-wandering
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也许这些人是对的。也许走神
04:37
is a bad thing.
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不是件好事。
04:39
On the other hand, when our minds wander,
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但另一方面,走神可以让
04:41
they're unconstrained. We can't change the physical reality
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我们的思想无拘无束。我们不能改变在我们
04:44
in front of us, but we can go anywhere in our minds.
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面前的现实世界,但是我们的思想却可以飞到任何地方。
04:47
Since we know people want to be happy, maybe
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我们知道人类渴望得到幸福,也许
04:49
when our minds wander, they're going to someplace happier than the place
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当我们走神时,思想正飞往比眼前
04:52
that they're leaving. It would make a lot of sense.
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更幸福的地方。这样就说得通了。
04:54
In other words, maybe the pleasures of the mind
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换句话说,也许思想中的愉悦
04:56
allow us to increase our happiness with mind-wandering.
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通过走神提高了我们的幸福感。
05:00
Well, since I'm a scientist, I'd like to try to
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好吧,作为一个科学工作者,我希望尽量
05:02
resolve this debate with some data, and in particular
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用数据来解决这个争论,所以我会特别想
05:05
I'd like to present some data to you from three questions
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展示一些数据给大家。这些数据来自与三个
05:07
that I ask with Track Your Happiness. Remember, this is from
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我在追踪幸福指数中问到过的问题。请记住,这些都来自
05:09
sort of moment-to-moment experience in people's real lives.
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人们日常生活中的瞬间感受。
05:12
There are three questions. The first one is a happiness question:
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这里有三个问题。第一个问题关于快乐:
05:15
How do you feel, on a scale ranging from very bad
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你心情怎么样,衡量标准从非常差
05:18
to very good? Second, an activity question:
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到非常好?第二个问题,关于行为:
05:22
What are you doing, on a list of 22 different activities
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你在干嘛,我们的清单上记录了22中不同的活动
05:25
including things like eating and working and watching TV?
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包括吃饭,工作和看电视?
05:28
And finally a mind-wandering question:
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和一个关于 走神的问题:
05:31
Are you thinking about something other
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你在想些别的事吗
05:34
than what you're currently doing?
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而不是专心在眼下正在做的这件?
05:37
People could say no -- in other words, I'm focused only on my task --
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有人会回答 没有--或者换个说法,我正专注在我的工作上--
05:40
or yes -- I am thinking about something else --
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有人会说 是的--我正在想些别的事--
05:43
and the topic of those thoughts are pleasant,
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这些事可能是高兴的,
05:45
neutral or unpleasant.
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平淡无奇的或者不高兴的。
05:47
Any of those yes responses are what we called mind-wandering.
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这些事就是我们所谓的走神了。
05:52
So what did we find?
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所以我们发现什么了什么?
05:54
This graph shows happiness on the vertical axis,
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这些柱状图为我们描述了各种状态下的幸福指数,
05:57
and you can see that bar there representing how happy
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大家可以看到 眼前这个柱状图代表了
05:59
people are when they're focused on the present,
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人们集中精神在当下时的幸福指数,
06:00
when they're not mind-wandering.
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当他们没有走神的时候。
06:02
As it turns out, people are substantially less happy
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事实证明,人们的幸福指数明显降低了
06:06
when their minds are wandering than when they're not.
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当他们走神的时候相对于没走神时。
06:11
Now you might look at this result and say, okay, sure,
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现在看着眼前的结果大家可能会说,好吧,一定是这样,
06:13
on average people are less happy when they're mind-wandering,
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普遍情况下人们在走神的状态下会觉得不幸福,
06:16
but surely when their minds are straying away
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但是很有可能当人们的注意力从
06:17
from something that wasn't very enjoyable to begin with,
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一些令人不爽的事情上转移到其它地方时,
06:20
at least then mind-wandering should be doing something good for us.
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至少这个时候走神能让我们觉得快乐一点。
06:23
Nope. As it turns out,
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不是的。事实证明,
06:26
people are less happy when they're mind-wandering
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人们并不会因为走神而变得更幸福
06:28
no matter what they're doing. For example,
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无论他们正在干嘛。例如,
06:31
people don't really like commuting to work very much.
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所有人都很不喜欢每日通勤这档子事。
06:33
It's one of their least enjoyable activities, and yet
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它是公认的最令人不愉快的活动,即便如此
06:36
they are substantially happier when they're focused
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当人们只把注意力放在赶路上的时候
06:38
only on their commute than when their mind is going
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依然会感觉比走神到其它事情上
06:41
off to something else.
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更快乐一点。
06:44
It's amazing.
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太让人吃惊了。
06:45
So how could this be happening? I think part of the reason,
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是什么导致了这样的结果呢?我认为部分原因是,
06:49
a big part of the reason, is that when our minds wander,
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很大程度上吧,是因为当我们走神的时候,
06:52
we often think about unpleasant things, and they are
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我们经常会想起一些不太愉快的事情,这些事情比
06:54
enormously less happy when they do that,
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眼下正在做的事情悲惨多了,
06:58
our worries, our anxieties, our regrets,
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我们的担心,忧虑,心中的悔恨,
07:01
and yet even when people are thinking about something
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即便是当人们正在想一些
07:04
neutral, they're still considerably less happy
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平淡无奇的事情,人们的幸福指数依然低于
07:07
than when they're not mind-wandering at all.
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集中精神的时候。
07:09
Even when they're thinking about something they would describe as pleasant,
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甚至当人们想着那些令人愉悦的事情时,
07:11
they're actually just slightly less happy
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人们的幸福指数依然略低于
07:14
than when they aren't mind-wandering.
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不走神的时候。
07:17
If mind-wandering were a slot machine, it would be like
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如果把走神看成一台老虎机,跟它赌只有三种结果
07:19
having the chance to lose 50 dollars, 20 dollars
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输50块,输20块
07:22
or one dollar. Right? You'd never want to play. (Laughter)
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或者输一块钱。对吧?你肯定不想玩它。(笑声)
07:28
So I've been talking about this, suggesting, perhaps,
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索然我已经说了很多关于幸福感的,建议,假设,
07:31
that mind-wandering causes unhappiness, but all
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走神也许会降低我们的幸福感,但是
07:34
I've really shown you is that these two things are correlated.
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我真正想为大家展示的是 “走神”和“幸福感”两者是有关联的。
07:36
It's possible that's the case, but it might also be the case
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也许走神会降低幸福感,但是也有可能是另一种情况
07:39
that when people are unhappy, then they mind-wander.
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人们因为觉得不幸福才走神。
07:42
Maybe that's what's really going on. How could we ever
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也许这才是真相。我们怎么才能
07:44
disentangle these two possibilites?
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从这两种可能性中解脱出来?
07:47
Well, one fact that we can take advantage of, I think a fact
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好吧,我们可以利用一个事实,我认为这个事实
07:49
you'll all agree is true, is that time goes forward, not
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大家都同意它的存在,这就是时间总是向前的,而不是
07:52
backward. Right? The cause has to come before the effect.
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倒退的。对吧?原因一定出现在结果之前。
07:56
We're lucky in this data we have many responses from each person,
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我们很幸运的从大家那里搜集到这些数据,
08:00
and so we can look and see, does mind-wandering
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据此我们可以观察并且找出,是走神
08:03
tend to precede unhappiness, or does unhappiness
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在痛苦之前出现,还是痛苦
08:05
tend to precede mind-wandering, to get some insight
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在走神之前出现,通过这种以因果为导向
08:08
into the causal direction.
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的方法。
08:10
As it turns out, there is a strong relationship between
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事实证明,很多时候人们会觉得不快乐
08:13
mind-wandering now and being unhappy a short time later,
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当他们刚刚走神了以后,
08:17
consistent with the idea that mind-wandering is causing people to be unhappy.
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这很符合我们对于走神会降低幸福指数的推测.
08:20
In contrast, there's no relationship between being unhappy
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相比之下,没有证据表明走神发生在
08:24
now and mind-wandering a short time later.
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人们觉得不快乐之后。
08:27
In other words, mind-wandering very likely seems to be
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换句话说,走神看起来很像是
08:29
an actual cause, and not merely a consequence, of unhappiness.
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是导致不幸福的真正原因,而不是结果,不幸福的后果。
08:35
A few minutes ago, I likened mind-wandering
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就在刚才,我把走神比喻成
08:37
to a slot machine you'd never want to play.
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一台无人问津的老虎机。
08:39
Well, how often do people's minds wander?
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恩,人们走神的频率有多高呢?
08:42
Turns out, they wander a lot. In fact, really a lot.
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数据证明,走神的现象非常普遍。事实上,简直是无时无刻。
08:46
Forty-seven percent of the time, people are thinking
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47%的时间里,人们都在思考别的事情
08:49
about something other than what they're currently doing.
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而不是眼下正在做的。
08:52
How does that depend on what people are doing?
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走神与否跟正在做的事情有什么关系呢?
08:55
This shows the rate of mind-wandering across 22 activities
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这里我们可以看到22种活动的走神比重
08:57
ranging from a high of 65 percent — (Laughter) —
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有的活动走神时间长达65%——(笑声)——
09:01
when people are taking a shower, brushing their teeth,
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当人们洗澡,或者刷牙的时候,
09:04
to 50 percent when they're working,
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当人们在工作的时候50%的时间出在走神中,
09:07
to 40 percent when they're exercising,
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当人们在运动的时候40%的时间出在走神中,
09:10
all the way down to this one short bar on the right
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依次往下直到最短的这个柱状图
09:12
that I think some of you are probably laughing at.
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我相信很多人都会笑出来的。
09:14
Ten percent of the time people's minds are wandering
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10%的时间在走神
09:16
when they're having sex. (Laughter)
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当他们在做爱的时候。(笑声)
09:21
But there's something I think that's quite interesting in this graph,
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但是我认为这张图告诉了我们意见很有意思的事情,
09:24
and that is, basically with one exception,
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这就是,基本上没有例外,
09:27
no matter what people are doing, they're mind-wandering
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无论人们在做什么,他们都会走神
09:29
at least 30 percent of the time, which suggests, I think,
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至少在30%的时间里走神,这告诉我们,我认为,
09:32
that mind-wandering isn't just frequent, it's ubiquitous.
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走神不仅仅频繁的出现,走神无处不在。
09:35
It pervades basically everything that we do.
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走神遍布在所有的人类活动中。
09:39
In my talk today, I've told you a little bit about mind-wandering,
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我们聊了这么多,我已经给大家讲了一些关于走神的观点,
09:42
a variable that I think turns out to be fairly important
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一个已被明确证实得
09:44
in the equation for happiness.
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存在于幸福方程式中的变量。
09:46
My hope is that over time, by tracking people's
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我希望随着时间的过去,通过追踪人们的
09:48
moment-to-moment happiness and their experiences
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即时幸福指数和他们的经历
09:51
in daily life, we'll be able to uncover a lot of important causes of happiness,
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在日常生活中,我们可以找出那些真正影响我们幸福感的因素,
09:54
and then in the end, a scientific understanding of happiness
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最后,我相信科学并且系统的理解幸福
09:57
will help us create a future that's not only richer
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将会为我们创造一个更美好的未来 不仅仅是更富有
10:00
and healthier, but happier as well.
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更健康,也更加幸福。
10:03
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢你们。(喝彩)
10:06
(Applause)
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(喝彩)
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