Want to be happier? Stay in the moment | Matt Killingsworth

794,029 views ใƒป 2012-11-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Mark Freehoff ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
So, people want a lot of things out of life,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:18
but I think, more than anything else, they want happiness.
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ืืš ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ, ื”ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ.
00:22
Aristotle called happiness "the chief good," the end
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื›ื™ื ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ "ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช," ื”ื™ืขื“
00:26
towards which all other things aim.
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ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:29
According to this view, the reason we want a big house
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ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:34
or a nice car
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ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืคื”
00:37
or a good job
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ืื• ืžืฉืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
00:39
isn't that these things are intrinsically valuable.
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ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืขืจื›ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
00:42
It's that we expect them to bring us
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ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื‘ื• ืœื ื•
00:44
happiness.
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ืื•ืฉืจ.
00:45
Now in the last 50 years, we Americans have gotten
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ื”ืจื™ ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉื’ื ื•
00:48
a lot of the things that we want. We're richer.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ืคืฆื ื•. ื”ืจื™ื ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:50
We live longer. We have access to technology
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:53
that would have seemed like science fiction
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™
00:55
just a few years ago.
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ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื.
00:58
The paradox of happiness is that even though the
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ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช
01:00
objective conditions of our lives have improved dramatically,
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ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™,
01:03
we haven't actually gotten any happier.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
01:07
Maybe because these conventional notions of progress
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื“ืžื”
01:09
haven't delivered big benefits in terms of happiness,
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ืœื ืกื™ืคืงื• ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ,
01:12
there's been an increased interest in recent years
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
01:14
in happiness itself.
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ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:17
People have been debating the causes of happiness
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
01:19
for a really long time, in fact for thousands of years,
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ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:21
but it seems like many of those debates remain unresolved.
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ืืš ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืœืœื ืกื™ื›ื•ื.
01:25
Well, as with many other domains in life, I think
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ,
01:27
the scientific method has the potential to answer this question.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
01:30
In fact, in the last few years, there's been an explosion
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืคื’ื–ื”
01:32
in research on happiness. For example, we've learned a lot
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ืฉืจ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื
01:35
about its demographics, how things like income
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจื ืกื”
01:38
and education, gender and marriage relate to it.
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ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
01:42
But one of the puzzles this has revealed is that
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ืืš ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ื™ื
01:44
factors like these don't seem to have a particularly strong effect.
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ืฉืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืืœ ื™ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืžืฉ.
01:47
Yes, it's better to make more money rather than less,
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ืื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืืฉืจ ืคื—ื•ืช,
01:49
or to graduate from college instead of dropping out,
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ืื• ืœืกื™ื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ
01:52
but the differences in happiness tend to be small.
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ืืš ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
01:55
Which leaves the question, what are the big causes of happiness?
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ื ื•ืชืจื”, ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ?
01:59
I think that's a question we haven't really answered yet,
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉื˜ืจื ืคืชืจื ื• ื‘ืืžืช,
02:01
but I think something that has the potential to be an answer
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื”
02:04
is that maybe happiness has an awful lot to do with
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืื•ืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ
02:07
the contents of our moment-to-moment experiences.
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ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจื™ื’ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:09
It certainly seems that we're going about our lives,
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ื”ืจื™ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
02:11
that what we're doing, who we're with, what we're thinking about,
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื•, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื™ืžื ื•, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืจื”ืจื™ื,
02:15
have a big influence on our happiness, and yet
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื• ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช
02:18
these are the very factors that have been very difficult,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
02:20
in fact almost impossible, for scientists to study.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜, ืœื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™.
02:22
A few years ago, I came up with a way to study people's happiness
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฉืจื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:25
moment to moment as they're going about their daily lives
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ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:28
on a massive scale all over the world, something we'd never
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื
02:31
been able to do before. Called trackyourhappiness.org,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืงื•ื“ื. ืฉืžื• trackyourhappiness.org,
02:33
it uses the iPhone to monitor people's happiness in real time.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื ืชืจ ืืช ืื•ืฉืจื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ.
02:38
How does this work? Basically, I send people signals
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ? ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื
02:40
at random points throughout the day, and then I ask them
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืื– ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื
02:43
a bunch of questions about their moment-to-moment experience
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื™ื’ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:45
at the instant just before the signal.
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ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืชื ืืช ื”ืื•ืช.
02:48
The idea is that, if we can watch how people's happiness
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ืฉืจื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:50
goes up and down over the course of the day,
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ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:53
minute to minute in some cases,
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ืžื“ืงื” ืœื“ืงื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:55
and try to understand how what people are doing,
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ื•ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื,
02:57
who they're with, what they're thinking about, and all
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืฆื“ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ
03:00
the other factors that describe our day, how those might
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื
03:02
relate to those changes in happiness, we might be able
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ, ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™
03:05
to discover some of the things that really have
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
03:06
a big influence on happiness.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ.
03:09
We've been fortunate with this project to collect
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื•
03:11
quite a lot of data, a lot more data of this kind than I think
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืžืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื™
03:14
has ever been collected before,
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ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืื™ ืคืขื,
03:16
over 650,000 real-time reports
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-650,000 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช
03:19
from over 15,000 people.
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ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 15,000 ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:22
And it's not just a lot of people, it's a really diverse group,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช,
03:25
people from a wide range of ages, from 18 to late 80s,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืจื—ื‘, ืž- 18 ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช,
03:28
a wide range of incomes, education levels,
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ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
03:31
people who are married, divorced, widowed, etc.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ื, ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืืœืžื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
03:34
They collectively represent every one of
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ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
03:37
86 occupational categories and hail from over 80 countries.
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86 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืž-80 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
03:41
What I'd like to do with the rest of my time with you today
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ืžื” ืฉืืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
03:44
is talk a little bit about one of the areas that we've been
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ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื•
03:46
investigating, and that's mind-wandering.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
03:50
As human beings, we have this unique ability
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ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
03:52
to have our minds stray away from the present.
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
03:55
This guy is sitting here working on his computer,
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื•
03:57
and yet he could be thinking about
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ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ืืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ
03:58
the vacation he had last month,
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ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื• ืžื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
04:01
wondering what he's going to have for dinner.
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ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื” ื™ืื›ืœ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘.
04:03
Maybe he's worried that he's going bald. (Laughter)
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื”ืชืงืจื—ื•ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:06
This ability to focus our attention on something other
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื•, ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ
04:09
than the present is really amazing. It allows us to learn
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืคืœื™ืื” ืžืžืฉ. ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“
04:12
and plan and reason in ways that no other species of animal can.
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ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืฃ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ.
04:17
And yet it's not clear what the relationship is
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ
04:19
between our use of this ability and our happiness.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจ.
04:23
You've probably heard people suggest that you should
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื
04:25
stay focused on the present. "Be here now,"
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ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. "ืชืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจื’ืข,"
04:28
you've probably heard a hundred times.
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืžืื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
04:29
Maybe, to really be happy, we need to stay completely
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ืื•ืœื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
04:32
immersed and focused on our experience in the moment.
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ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข.
04:35
Maybe these people are right. Maybe mind-wandering
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื. ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ
04:37
is a bad thing.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
04:39
On the other hand, when our minds wander,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื• ื ื•ื“ื“ืช
04:41
they're unconstrained. We can't change the physical reality
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืจื•ืกื ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช
04:44
in front of us, but we can go anywhere in our minds.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
04:47
Since we know people want to be happy, maybe
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ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™
04:49
when our minds wander, they're going to someplace happier than the place
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื
04:52
that they're leaving. It would make a lot of sense.
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืื•ื“.
04:54
In other words, maybe the pleasures of the mind
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
04:56
allow us to increase our happiness with mind-wandering.
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ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืื•ืฉืจื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
05:00
Well, since I'm a scientist, I'd like to try to
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช
05:02
resolve this debate with some data, and in particular
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ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
05:05
I'd like to present some data to you from three questions
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ืืฉืžื— ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช
05:07
that I ask with Track Your Happiness. Remember, this is from
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ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ื‘- TRACK YOUR HAPPINESS. ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš
05:09
sort of moment-to-moment experience in people's real lives.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ื’ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:12
There are three questions. The first one is a happiness question:
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืฉืจ:
05:15
How do you feel, on a scale ranging from very bad
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ? ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ื“
05:18
to very good? Second, an activity question:
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ืขื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฉืืœืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช:
05:22
What are you doing, on a list of 22 different activities
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”? ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ 22 ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
05:25
including things like eating and working and watching TV?
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ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื˜ืœื‘ื™ื–ื™ื”.
05:28
And finally a mind-wandering question:
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”:
05:31
Are you thinking about something other
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
05:34
than what you're currently doing?
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ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืขืช?
05:37
People could say no -- in other words, I'm focused only on my task --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื -- ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ --
05:40
or yes -- I am thinking about something else --
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ืื• ื›ืŸ --ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ --
05:43
and the topic of those thoughts are pleasant,
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ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืขื™ื,
05:45
neutral or unpleasant.
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ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™, ืื• ืœื ื ืขื™ื.
05:47
Any of those yes responses are what we called mind-wandering.
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ื›ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
05:52
So what did we find?
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ืื– ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•?
05:54
This graph shows happiness on the vertical axis,
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ื’ืจืฃ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™,
05:57
and you can see that bar there representing how happy
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื• ืฉื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
05:59
people are when they're focused on the present,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
06:00
when they're not mind-wandering.
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ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืœื ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
06:02
As it turns out, people are substantially less happy
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช
06:06
when their minds are wandering than when they're not.
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ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื ื•ื“ื“ืช, ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื.
06:11
Now you might look at this result and say, okay, sure,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ื•ืชื’ื™ื“ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
06:13
on average people are less happy when they're mind-wandering,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื ื•ื“ื“ืช,
06:16
but surely when their minds are straying away
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื— ืื ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื ื•ื“ื“ืช
06:17
from something that wasn't very enjoyable to begin with,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
06:20
at least then mind-wandering should be doing something good for us.
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ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
06:23
Nope. As it turns out,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื.
06:26
people are less happy when they're mind-wandering
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื ื•ื“ื“ืช
06:28
no matter what they're doing. For example,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
06:31
people don't really like commuting to work very much.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
06:33
It's one of their least enjoyable activities, and yet
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ
06:36
they are substantially happier when they're focused
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ื–ืืช ื”ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื
06:38
only on their commute than when their mind is going
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ืจืง ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื
06:41
off to something else.
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ืžืจื—ืคืช ืœื” ืื™ ืฉื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
06:44
It's amazing.
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ื–ื” ืžื”ืžื.
06:45
So how could this be happening? I think part of the reason,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ? ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื”,
06:49
a big part of the reason, is that when our minds wander,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช
06:52
we often think about unpleasant things, and they are
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืขื™ืžื™ื
06:54
enormously less happy when they do that,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช:
06:58
our worries, our anxieties, our regrets,
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ื“ืื’ื•ืช, ื—ืจื“ื•ืช, ื—ืจื˜ื•ืช,
07:01
and yet even when people are thinking about something
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
07:04
neutral, they're still considerably less happy
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ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
07:07
than when they're not mind-wandering at all.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืœืœื ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
07:09
Even when they're thinking about something they would describe as pleasant,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื”ื•ื ื ืขื™ื,
07:11
they're actually just slightly less happy
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
07:14
than when they aren't mind-wandering.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
07:17
If mind-wandering were a slot machine, it would be like
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ืœื• ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ
07:19
having the chance to lose 50 dollars, 20 dollars
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ 50 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, 20 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
07:22
or one dollar. Right? You'd never want to play. (Laughter)
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ืื• ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“. ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:28
So I've been talking about this, suggesting, perhaps,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืœื™,
07:31
that mind-wandering causes unhappiness, but all
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ืฉื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ืฉืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ
07:34
I've really shown you is that these two things are correlated.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
07:36
It's possible that's the case, but it might also be the case
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
07:39
that when people are unhappy, then they mind-wander.
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ืื– ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
07:42
Maybe that's what's really going on. How could we ever
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ
07:44
disentangle these two possibilites?
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ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
07:47
Well, one fact that we can take advantage of, I think a fact
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆืœื”, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™
07:49
you'll all agree is true, is that time goes forward, not
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืœื
07:52
backward. Right? The cause has to come before the effect.
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ืื—ื•ืจื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
07:56
We're lucky in this data we have many responses from each person,
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ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื
08:00
and so we can look and see, does mind-wandering
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ืื ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช
08:03
tend to precede unhappiness, or does unhappiness
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ,
08:05
tend to precede mind-wandering, to get some insight
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ืื• ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:08
into the causal direction.
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ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™.
08:10
As it turns out, there is a strong relationship between
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื™ืฉื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง
08:13
mind-wandering now and being unhappy a short time later,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
08:17
consistent with the idea that mind-wandering is causing people to be unhappy.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
08:20
In contrast, there's no relationship between being unhappy
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ืฉืจ
08:24
now and mind-wandering a short time later.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
08:27
In other words, mind-wandering very likely seems to be
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ื ืจืื™ืช
08:29
an actual cause, and not merely a consequence, of unhappiness.
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ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ืฉืจ.
08:35
A few minutes ago, I likened mind-wandering
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ืœืคื ื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืœืชื™ ืืช ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช
08:37
to a slot machine you'd never want to play.
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ืœื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช.
08:39
Well, how often do people's minds wander?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ืช?
08:42
Turns out, they wander a lot. In fact, really a lot.
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ื›ื ืจืื”, ื”ืžื•ืŸ. ื”ืืžืช, ืžืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
08:46
Forty-seven percent of the time, people are thinking
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47% ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
08:49
about something other than what they're currently doing.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืช.
08:52
How does that depend on what people are doing?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื?
08:55
This shows the rate of mind-wandering across 22 activities
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ 22 ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช
08:57
ranging from a high of 65 percent โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 65% --(ืฆื—ื•ืง)--
09:01
when people are taking a shower, brushing their teeth,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงืœื—ื™ื, ืžืฆื—ืฆื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื,
09:04
to 50 percent when they're working,
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ืขื“ 50% ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
09:07
to 40 percent when they're exercising,
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ื• 40% ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื,
09:10
all the way down to this one short bar on the right
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ืžื˜ื”, ืžื˜ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ
09:12
that I think some of you are probably laughing at.
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ืฉื›ืžื“ื•ืžื ื™ ื—ืœืงื›ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื—, ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
09:14
Ten percent of the time people's minds are wandering
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10% ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
09:16
when they're having sex. (Laughter)
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ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:21
But there's something I think that's quite interesting in this graph,
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”
09:24
and that is, basically with one exception,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืจื˜ ืœืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“,
09:27
no matter what people are doing, they're mind-wandering
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ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
09:29
at least 30 percent of the time, which suggests, I think,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช 30% ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืžื–, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
09:32
that mind-wandering isn't just frequent, it's ubiquitous.
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ืฉื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
09:35
It pervades basically everything that we do.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื—ืœืช ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
09:39
In my talk today, I've told you a little bit about mind-wandering,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
09:42
a variable that I think turns out to be fairly important
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ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”
09:44
in the equation for happiness.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ.
09:46
My hope is that over time, by tracking people's
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ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ
09:48
moment-to-moment happiness and their experiences
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ืื•ืฉืจื ื”ืจื™ื’ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื
09:51
in daily life, we'll be able to uncover a lot of important causes of happiness,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืฉืจ,
09:54
and then in the end, a scientific understanding of happiness
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ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ
09:57
will help us create a future that's not only richer
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ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื ืจืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ
10:00
and healthier, but happier as well.
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:03
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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