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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Alex Chiu
審譯者: 建松 刘
00:16
So, people want a lot of things out of life,
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所以人們總是想從生活中得到許多東西
00:18
but I think, more than anything else, they want happiness.
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但我認為,相較於其他,人們想要的是幸福
00:22
Aristotle called happiness "the chief good," the end
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亞里斯多德將幸福稱為「最重要的好事」,也是
00:26
towards which all other things aim.
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所有其他事情最終的歸宿
00:29
According to this view, the reason we want a big house
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這樣來看的話,我們想要大房子
00:34
or a nice car
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或一部好車子
00:37
or a good job
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或是好工作的原因
00:39
isn't that these things are intrinsically valuable.
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並不是這些事物本身的價值
00:42
It's that we expect them to bring us
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而是期待這些東西可以帶給我們
00:44
happiness.
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幸福
00:45
Now in the last 50 years, we Americans have gotten
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半個世紀以來,我們美國人已經得到
00:48
a lot of the things that we want. We're richer.
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很多很多東西。我們變得富有。
00:50
We live longer. We have access to technology
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我們的壽命更長。我們透過科技
00:53
that would have seemed like science fiction
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過著幾年前還是被認為科幻小說中
00:55
just a few years ago.
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才有的生活
00:58
The paradox of happiness is that even though the
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這種存在於矛盾的幸福就是
01:00
objective conditions of our lives have improved dramatically,
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我們的物質生活得到了前所未有的提高
01:03
we haven't actually gotten any happier.
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而實際上我們卻沒有更快樂
01:07
Maybe because these conventional notions of progress
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這或許是因為這些傳統意義上的進步
01:09
haven't delivered big benefits in terms of happiness,
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從幸福的角度來說並沒有給我們帶來多大的價值
01:12
there's been an increased interest in recent years
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這些年,人們更加關注
01:14
in happiness itself.
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幸福本身。
01:17
People have been debating the causes of happiness
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人們爭辯幸福的成因
01:19
for a really long time, in fact for thousands of years,
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由來已久,事實上已歷經數千年了
01:21
but it seems like many of those debates remain unresolved.
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但似乎這些爭辯尚未得到結果
01:25
Well, as with many other domains in life, I think
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我覺得,對於生活中的其它領域
01:27
the scientific method has the potential to answer this question.
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用科學的研究方法是有希望回答這個問題的
01:30
In fact, in the last few years, there's been an explosion
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事實上,近幾年來,研究幸福
01:32
in research on happiness. For example, we've learned a lot
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已蔚為風潮。例如,我們學到很多
01:35
about its demographics, how things like income
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關於這方面的統計資料,例如收入
01:38
and education, gender and marriage relate to it.
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教育、性別和婚姻這些與幸福有關聯的因素
01:42
But one of the puzzles this has revealed is that
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而困擾我們的問題是
01:44
factors like these don't seem to have a particularly strong effect.
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以上這些因素對於人的幸福來說似乎沒有特殊的影響
01:47
Yes, it's better to make more money rather than less,
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當然,賺的錢越多越好
01:49
or to graduate from college instead of dropping out,
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拿到大學學位勝過於輟學
01:52
but the differences in happiness tend to be small.
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但是對於幸福與否,差異卻很小
01:55
Which leaves the question, what are the big causes of happiness?
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問題是,究竟甚麼是成就幸福的主因呢?
01:59
I think that's a question we haven't really answered yet,
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我想這個問題我們還沒真正得到答案
02:01
but I think something that has the potential to be an answer
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但是已經有些端倪
02:04
is that maybe happiness has an awful lot to do with
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或許幸福在很大程度上
02:07
the contents of our moment-to-moment experiences.
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和我們轉瞬之間的思考內容有關聯
02:09
It certainly seems that we're going about our lives,
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很明顯地,我們如何過日子
02:11
that what we're doing, who we're with, what we're thinking about,
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我們正在做甚麼,和誰一起,想些甚麼
02:15
have a big influence on our happiness, and yet
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都和我們的幸福息息相關,而且
02:18
these are the very factors that have been very difficult,
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這些重要的因素,一直是很難
02:20
in fact almost impossible, for scientists to study.
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事實上是不可能,用科學方法去研究的
02:22
A few years ago, I came up with a way to study people's happiness
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幾年前,我想到一個研究幸福的方法
02:25
moment to moment as they're going about their daily lives
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我們試圖關注人們日常生活中片刻之間的生活片段
02:28
on a massive scale all over the world, something we'd never
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而得到的數據是基於世界範圍內的調查的,而這個研究也是前所未有的
02:31
been able to do before. Called trackyourhappiness.org,
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我們為此建立了一個網站
網址是trackyourhappiness.org (你的幸福足跡)
02:33
it uses the iPhone to monitor people's happiness in real time.
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我們透過蘋果手機去實時監測人們真實的幸福時刻
02:38
How does this work? Basically, I send people signals
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如何進行呢?基本上,我會傳送受測者一些訊號
02:40
at random points throughout the day, and then I ask them
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一天中隨機幾次,我問他們
02:43
a bunch of questions about their moment-to-moment experience
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一系列的問題,關於每個片刻的體驗
02:45
at the instant just before the signal.
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就在收到訊號前的當下感覺
02:48
The idea is that, if we can watch how people's happiness
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這個想法是,如果我們能觀察人們
02:50
goes up and down over the course of the day,
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在那一天中幸福感的高低起伏
02:53
minute to minute in some cases,
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有些是分鐘之間的體驗
02:55
and try to understand how what people are doing,
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並試著去了解當人們做甚麼
02:57
who they're with, what they're thinking about, and all
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和誰在一起,想些甚麼
03:00
the other factors that describe our day, how those might
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所有能形容自己那天的重點,那些因素是如何
03:02
relate to those changes in happiness, we might be able
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和幸福感的改變產生關聯,我們就有可能
03:05
to discover some of the things that really have
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發覺那些對於人的幸福
03:06
a big influence on happiness.
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有著重大影響的因素。
03:09
We've been fortunate with this project to collect
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我們很幸運地透過這個項目收集到了
03:11
quite a lot of data, a lot more data of this kind than I think
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很多很多資訊
03:14
has ever been collected before,
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比我先前預想的還多
03:16
over 650,000 real-time reports
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我們收到了超過65萬筆的即時紀錄
03:19
from over 15,000 people.
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而這些是從1萬5千多人中得到的
03:22
And it's not just a lot of people, it's a really diverse group,
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不僅人數眾多,還涵蓋各式各樣的群體
03:25
people from a wide range of ages, from 18 to late 80s,
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各個年齡層,18歲到80多歲
03:28
a wide range of incomes, education levels,
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不論學歷高低,收入多寡
03:31
people who are married, divorced, widowed, etc.
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已婚、離婚、守寡者等等
03:34
They collectively represent every one of
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這些受訪人代表了
03:37
86 occupational categories and hail from over 80 countries.
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來自超過80多個國家和86個不同行業的群體
03:41
What I'd like to do with the rest of my time with you today
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剩下的時間,我想和大家
03:44
is talk a little bit about one of the areas that we've been
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分享一下我們調查中涉及到的一個領域
03:46
investigating, and that's mind-wandering.
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那就是「分心」
03:50
As human beings, we have this unique ability
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身而為人,我們擁有一項獨特能力
03:52
to have our minds stray away from the present.
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就是讓思緒脫離現況
03:55
This guy is sitting here working on his computer,
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這傢伙坐在電腦前工作
03:57
and yet he could be thinking about
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但他可能正想到
03:58
the vacation he had last month,
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上個月的假期
04:01
wondering what he's going to have for dinner.
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想著晚餐要吃甚麼
04:03
Maybe he's worried that he's going bald. (Laughter)
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或許正煩惱自己可能會禿頭
04:06
This ability to focus our attention on something other
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這種可將注意力從現狀轉移到
04:09
than the present is really amazing. It allows us to learn
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其他地方的能力其實相當神奇。讓我們能用許多方式
04:12
and plan and reason in ways that no other species of animal can.
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學習、計畫和推理,這是其他物種無法做到的
04:17
And yet it's not clear what the relationship is
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可是還不能清楚說明這項能力的運用和
04:19
between our use of this ability and our happiness.
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幸福之間的關係
04:23
You've probably heard people suggest that you should
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或許有人曾向你建議
04:25
stay focused on the present. "Be here now,"
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專注眼前的事。「活在當下」
04:28
you've probably heard a hundred times.
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可能都聽膩了
04:29
Maybe, to really be happy, we need to stay completely
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也許,要幸福,我們還真的要完完全全地
04:32
immersed and focused on our experience in the moment.
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專心致志在當下的體驗
04:35
Maybe these people are right. Maybe mind-wandering
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這些忠告也許是對的,分心
04:37
is a bad thing.
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不是一件好事
04:39
On the other hand, when our minds wander,
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換言之,分心
04:41
they're unconstrained. We can't change the physical reality
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是自然而然的事情。我們不能改變物質的現狀
04:44
in front of us, but we can go anywhere in our minds.
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卻能任由心思隨意奔馳
04:47
Since we know people want to be happy, maybe
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我們知道人們都想快樂,或許
04:49
when our minds wander, they're going to someplace happier than the place
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任由思緒四處晃蕩,會帶我們到比眼前更快樂的地方
04:52
that they're leaving. It would make a lot of sense.
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也是有道理的
04:54
In other words, maybe the pleasures of the mind
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換句話說,也許透過分心
04:56
allow us to increase our happiness with mind-wandering.
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能帶給我們心情的愉快,增加幸福感
05:00
Well, since I'm a scientist, I'd like to try to
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因為我是科學家,比較傾向
05:02
resolve this debate with some data, and in particular
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透過數據來解決爭辯,我在這裡特別
05:05
I'd like to present some data to you from three questions
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為大家提供3個問題的一些數據
05:07
that I ask with Track Your Happiness. Remember, this is from
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這些得自於「你的幸福足跡」。別忘了,這是來自於
05:09
sort of moment-to-moment experience in people's real lives.
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一系列受訪者真實生活的每個片刻的經驗
05:12
There are three questions. The first one is a happiness question:
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3個問題。首先是關於幸福的問題
05:15
How do you feel, on a scale ranging from very bad
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從量表最壞到最好的分數,你感覺如何?
05:18
to very good? Second, an activity question:
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其次,關於活動的問題
05:22
What are you doing, on a list of 22 different activities
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你正在做甚麼?表列中有22個不同的活動
05:25
including things like eating and working and watching TV?
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包含像吃東西、工作和看電視
05:28
And finally a mind-wandering question:
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最後是分心的問題
05:31
Are you thinking about something other
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對於當下進行的活動中
05:34
than what you're currently doing?
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你心有旁騖嗎?
05:37
People could say no -- in other words, I'm focused only on my task --
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他們可能回答「不」--也就是「我專注在眼前的事情」--
05:40
or yes -- I am thinking about something else --
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或「是」--「我正在胡思亂想」--
05:43
and the topic of those thoughts are pleasant,
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以及這些想法會讓你愉快
05:45
neutral or unpleasant.
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沒特別感覺或是不愉快
05:47
Any of those yes responses are what we called mind-wandering.
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對於所有「是」的答覆,我們歸類為「分心」
05:52
So what did we find?
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我們發現了甚麼
05:54
This graph shows happiness on the vertical axis,
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這個圖表顯示幸福感在垂直軸線上
05:57
and you can see that bar there representing how happy
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可以看到條狀圖表示當人們
05:59
people are when they're focused on the present,
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專注在當下時,感覺有多快樂
06:00
when they're not mind-wandering.
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當他們不分心時
06:02
As it turns out, people are substantially less happy
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事實證明,人們分心時遠比
06:06
when their minds are wandering than when they're not.
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不分心時不快樂
06:11
Now you might look at this result and say, okay, sure,
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你們現在看著這個結果,可能說:好吧,應該是這樣
06:13
on average people are less happy when they're mind-wandering,
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一般人處在分心狀態時,比較不快樂
06:16
but surely when their minds are straying away
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但是當他們的思緒能從一些
06:17
from something that wasn't very enjoyable to begin with,
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不開心的事情中脫離
06:20
at least then mind-wandering should be doing something good for us.
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至少,分心對我們還是有些好處
06:23
Nope. As it turns out,
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不,事實證明
06:26
people are less happy when they're mind-wandering
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人們處於分心狀態時,都是較不快樂的
06:28
no matter what they're doing. For example,
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不管他們當時在做甚麼。例如
06:31
people don't really like commuting to work very much.
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應該沒有人喜歡長時間的上班
06:33
It's one of their least enjoyable activities, and yet
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這是最無趣的活動之一,但是
06:36
they are substantially happier when they're focused
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他們覺得專注在上班這件事上
06:38
only on their commute than when their mind is going
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相較於胡思亂想
06:41
off to something else.
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還要快樂許多
06:44
It's amazing.
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真令人意想不到
06:45
So how could this be happening? I think part of the reason,
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為什麼會這樣?我猜想部分原因
06:49
a big part of the reason, is that when our minds wander,
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大部分的原因,當我們胡思亂想時
06:52
we often think about unpleasant things, and they are
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通常會想到不愉快的事
06:54
enormously less happy when they do that,
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當做這些事情時會讓他們相當不愉快
06:58
our worries, our anxieties, our regrets,
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想到憂愁、焦慮和後悔的事情
07:01
and yet even when people are thinking about something
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即使想到一些沒有特別感覺的事情
07:04
neutral, they're still considerably less happy
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比起心無旁騖
07:07
than when they're not mind-wandering at all.
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還是會覺得較不快樂
07:09
Even when they're thinking about something they would describe as pleasant,
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甚至他們想的是愉快的事情
07:11
they're actually just slightly less happy
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比起心無旁騖
07:14
than when they aren't mind-wandering.
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還是少了一點快樂
07:17
If mind-wandering were a slot machine, it would be like
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如果分心是一部吃角子老虎
07:19
having the chance to lose 50 dollars, 20 dollars
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讓我們有機會損失50元、20元
07:22
or one dollar. Right? You'd never want to play. (Laughter)
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或是1元。你不會想玩,對吧
07:28
So I've been talking about this, suggesting, perhaps,
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我的重點是,告訴你們或許
07:31
that mind-wandering causes unhappiness, but all
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分心是導致感覺不幸福的成因
07:34
I've really shown you is that these two things are correlated.
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我已經證明二者是有關係的
07:36
It's possible that's the case, but it might also be the case
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這個案例可能互成因果
07:39
that when people are unhappy, then they mind-wander.
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當人們不快樂時,他們就容易分心
07:42
Maybe that's what's really going on. How could we ever
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或許這樣更講得通。我們如何
07:44
disentangle these two possibilites?
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釐清這兩種可能呢?
07:47
Well, one fact that we can take advantage of, I think a fact
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有一個我們可以運用的事實,這個事實
07:49
you'll all agree is true, is that time goes forward, not
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你們都會同意,時間只會往前
07:52
backward. Right? The cause has to come before the effect.
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不會倒退,對吧?成因總是在結果之前
07:56
We're lucky in this data we have many responses from each person,
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我們很幸運地,這些資料包含每個受訪者的許多回應
08:00
and so we can look and see, does mind-wandering
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我們得以好好觀察,分心是否
08:03
tend to precede unhappiness, or does unhappiness
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產生在感覺不幸福之前,或者不幸福感
08:05
tend to precede mind-wandering, to get some insight
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在分心前產生,就能夠多少理解
08:08
into the causal direction.
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這不同的方向
08:10
As it turns out, there is a strong relationship between
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事實證明,兩者之間有強烈關聯
08:13
mind-wandering now and being unhappy a short time later,
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分心後會立即感覺不幸福
08:17
consistent with the idea that mind-wandering is causing people to be unhappy.
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和分心造成人們不快樂的想法是一致的
08:20
In contrast, there's no relationship between being unhappy
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對照下,並沒有發現這樣的關聯
08:24
now and mind-wandering a short time later.
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不快樂會立即分心
08:27
In other words, mind-wandering very likely seems to be
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換言之,分心似乎就是感覺不幸福的主因
08:29
an actual cause, and not merely a consequence, of unhappiness.
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而非結果
08:35
A few minutes ago, I likened mind-wandering
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幾分鐘前,我將分心比喻為
08:37
to a slot machine you'd never want to play.
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你不會想玩的吃角子老虎
08:39
Well, how often do people's minds wander?
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那麼,我們常分心嗎?
08:42
Turns out, they wander a lot. In fact, really a lot.
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事實證明,常常。事實上,相當多
08:46
Forty-seven percent of the time, people are thinking
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47%的時間,人們想著
08:49
about something other than what they're currently doing.
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不是眼前進行的事情
08:52
How does that depend on what people are doing?
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程度取決於正在做甚麼事
08:55
This shows the rate of mind-wandering across 22 activities
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這裡顯示22種活動的分心程度
08:57
ranging from a high of 65 percent — (Laughter) —
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從最高的65%
09:01
when people are taking a shower, brushing their teeth,
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在沖澡時,刷牙時
09:04
to 50 percent when they're working,
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50%在工作時
09:07
to 40 percent when they're exercising,
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40%在運動時
09:10
all the way down to this one short bar on the right
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一路往下到最右邊最短的條狀圖
09:12
that I think some of you are probably laughing at.
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或許有些人會覺得好笑
09:14
Ten percent of the time people's minds are wandering
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10%的機率會分心
09:16
when they're having sex. (Laughter)
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當從事性行為時
09:21
But there's something I think that's quite interesting in this graph,
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圖表中我認為相當有趣的是
09:24
and that is, basically with one exception,
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基本上也是一個例外
09:27
no matter what people are doing, they're mind-wandering
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不論人們做甚麼,都會分心
09:29
at least 30 percent of the time, which suggests, I think,
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我認為至少30%的時間
09:32
that mind-wandering isn't just frequent, it's ubiquitous.
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分心不僅常常發生,簡直無處不在
09:35
It pervades basically everything that we do.
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遍及我們所做的每件事
09:39
In my talk today, I've told you a little bit about mind-wandering,
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我今天告訴大家一些關於分心的研究
09:42
a variable that I think turns out to be fairly important
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一個被證明是非常重要的變數
09:44
in the equation for happiness.
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可以和幸福畫上等號
09:46
My hope is that over time, by tracking people's
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我希望花更多時間,通過追蹤人們每天
09:48
moment-to-moment happiness and their experiences
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每個片刻的幸福感和經驗
09:51
in daily life, we'll be able to uncover a lot of important causes of happiness,
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我們將可以揭開更多成就幸福的重要原因
09:54
and then in the end, a scientific understanding of happiness
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最終,經由科學方式解讀的幸福
09:57
will help us create a future that's not only richer
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將幫助我們建立一個不僅更豐富
10:00
and healthier, but happier as well.
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更健康也更幸福的未來
10:03
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝
10:06
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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