The psychology of evil | Philip Zimbardo

翻译人员: Yujian Li 校对人员: Qian Yue

Philosophers, dramatists, theologians

许多世纪以来，哲学家，剧作家，神学家

have grappled with this question for centuries:

都在着力解决这个问题：

what makes people go wrong?

什么使人们变坏？

Interestingly, I asked this question when I was a little kid.

有趣的是，当我还是小孩时，我问过同样的问题。

I grew up in the South Bronx, inner-city ghetto in New York,

我在纽约南布朗克斯市中的贫民窟长大，

周围充满了罪恶，

and I was surrounded by evil,

as all kids are who grew up in an inner city.

如同所有在贫民窟长大的孩子一样。

And I had friends who were really good kids,

我有一些朋友，他们曾是好孩子，

who lived out the Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde scenario -- Robert Louis Stevenson.

但他们的人生却如同罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森笔下的变身怪医，由善转恶。

That is, they took drugs, got in trouble, went to jail.

他们染毒，惹了麻烦，然后进了监狱。

Some got killed, and some did it without drug assistance.

有些丧了命，即使并没有沾染毒品。

So when I read Robert Louis Stevenson, that wasn't fiction.

所以当我读罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森的作品时，我觉得那不是小说。

The only question is, what was in the juice?

唯一的问题是：酿成由善转恶的毒药是什么？

更重要的是，善恶之间的界限——

And more importantly, that line between good and evil --

which privileged people like to think is fixed and impermeable,

特权阶层喜欢认定这个界限是固定且不可逾越的，

with them on the good side, the others on the bad side --

认为他们是在善的一边，其他人在恶的一边——

I knew that line was movable, and it was permeable.

而我以前就知道这个界限是可以移动的，而且是可逾越的。

Good people could be seduced across that line,

好人可以受诱惑而越界，

and under good and some rare circumstances, bad kids could recover

偶尔在某些比较好的情况下，坏孩子也可能

依靠外界的帮助、改造、治疗，以重塑人生。

with help, with reform, with rehabilitation.

So I want to begin with this wonderful illusion

所以，我想以荷兰艺术家M. C. Escher

by [Dutch] artist M.C. Escher.

这幅奇妙的作品开始说起。

If you look at it and focus on the white, what you see is a world full of angels.

如果你把视线集中在白色区域，

你会看到一个充满了天使的世界。

But let's look more deeply, and as we do,

但是当我们再靠近一点看，

what appears is the demons, the devils in the world.

魔鬼就出现了，世间的魔鬼。

That tells us several things.

这告诉我们几点。

One, the world is, was, will always be filled with good and evil,

一：这个世界，无论过去，现在，还是将来，都总是由善和恶组成，

because good and evil is the yin and yang of the human condition.

因为善恶就如人类的阴阳。

It tells me something else.

它也告诉我另外一件事。如果你还记得，

If you remember, God's favorite angel was Lucifer.

上帝最喜欢的天使是路西法。

Apparently, Lucifer means "the light."

显然，路西法的意思是“光明”。

It also means "the morning star," in some scripture.

在某些经文里，它也有“黎明之星”的意思。

And apparently, he disobeyed God,

显然他后来背叛了上帝，

and that's the ultimate disobedience to authority.

这是对权威的终极背叛。

And when he did, Michael, the archangel, was sent to kick him out of heaven

当他率众背叛后，上帝派迈克天使长

将他和其他堕落的天使一起赶出天堂。

along with the other fallen angels.

And so Lucifer descends into hell, becomes Satan,

于是路西法降入地狱，成为撒旦，

becomes the devil, and the force of evil in the universe begins.

成为恶魔，宇宙中的恶之能量诞生了。

矛盾的是，是上帝造出了恶的容身之处---地狱。

Paradoxically, it was God who created hell as a place to store evil.

He didn't do a good job of keeping it there though.

他却没能使恶一直呆在那里。

所以，从上帝最受宠的天使变为恶魔，

So, this arc of the cosmic transformation of God's favorite angel into the Devil,

这个巨大的转变，

为我设立了一个大背景，

for me, sets the context for understanding human beings

who are transformed from good, ordinary people into perpetrators of evil.

去理解那些从好人或者普通人

转变成坏人的人。

So the Lucifer effect, although it focuses on the negatives --

所以，路西法效应，尽管它集中在阴暗的方面——

the negatives that people can become,

人们可能投向阴暗，

not the negatives that people are --

但他们本身并非阴暗——

引导我作出一个心理学定义：恶是行使权力

leads me to a psychological definition.

Evil is the exercise of power.

And that's the key: it's about power.

这才是关键：权力。

来故意对他人进行心理伤害，

To intentionally harm people psychologically,

to hurt people physically, to destroy people mortally, or ideas,

对他人进行身体伤害，残害他人生命或思想，

and to commit crimes against humanity.

犯下反人道的罪行。

If you Google "evil," a word that should surely have withered by now,

如果你用谷歌搜索evil (恶) 这个词——时至今日，这本是个早应消亡的词，

you come up with 136 million hits in a third of a second.

你会在1/3秒内得到1.36亿个搜索结果。

A few years ago -- I am sure all of you were shocked, as I was,

几年前发生的一件事——我知道你们当时一定和我一样震惊，

with the revelation of American soldiers abusing prisoners in a strange place

就是揭露美军士兵

在那场争议性的对伊战争中

in a controversial war, Abu Ghraib in Iraq.

中的虐囚行为：阿布格莱布虐囚事件。

And these were men and women

这些士兵，有男性也有女性，

对囚犯们实施了让人难以置信的羞辱。

who were putting prisoners through unbelievable humiliation.

I was shocked, but I wasn't surprised,

我很震惊，但是并不感到意外，

because I had seen those same visual parallels

因为我以前看到过类似的情况，

when I was the prison superintendent of the Stanford Prison Study.

当时我是斯坦福监狱实验的负责人。

Immediately the Bush administration military said what?

布什政府军方对此事的第一反应是什么？

What all administrations say when there's a scandal:

是丑闻发生后任何官方都会说的套词，

"不要怪我们。这与整个系统无关。只是几个坏苹果而已，

"Don't blame us. It's not the system.

It's the few bad apples, the few rogue soldiers."

只是一小撮恶劣的士兵而已。"

My hypothesis is, American soldiers are good, usually.

而我的假设是，美国士兵通常情况下是好的。

Maybe it was the barrel that was bad.

也许是装苹果的桶坏了。

But how am I going to deal with that hypothesis?

但我如何证明这个假设呢？

I became an expert witness for one of the guards,

我成为了其中一个名叫

奇普·弗莱德里克中士的专家证人，

Sergeant Chip Frederick, and in that position,

在这个位置上，我可以接触到关于此事的十几份调查报告。

I had access to the dozen investigative reports.

I had access to him.

我同他接触，我可以研究他，

I could study him, have him come to my home, get to know him,

让他来我家，了解他，

do psychological analysis to see, was he a good apple or bad apple.

作些心理上的分析来判断他是个好苹果还是坏苹果。

And thirdly, I had access to all of the 1,000 pictures

第三点，我可以查看所有的

that these soldiers took.

1000多张士兵拍摄的照片。

These pictures are of a violent or sexual nature.

这些照片都是暴力或色情的。

All of them come from the cameras of American soldiers.

所有这些都是美军士兵用相机拍摄的。

Because everybody has a digital camera or cell phone camera,

因为每个人都有数码相机或手机相机，

they took pictures of everything, more than 1,000.

他们什么都拍。拍了超过1000张照片。

And what I've done is I organized them into various categories.

我所做的是把它们分类。

但这些由陆军预备役的美军宪兵所拍摄的。

But these are by United States military police, army reservists.

They are not soldiers prepared for this mission at all.

他们完全不是为执行此项任务而设立的部队。

而此事仅发生在一个地点，1A层，在夜间值班时间。

And it all happened in a single place, Tier 1-A, on the night shift.

Why?

为什么？1A层是军方情报中心。

Tier 1-A was the center for military intelligence.

It was the interrogation hold.

是审讯关押处。中央情报局在那里。

The CIA was there.

Interrogators from Titan Corporation, all there,

巨人公司（美军外包公司）的审讯人员，全部都在那里，

而他们得不到任何关于暴动的信息。

and they're getting no information about the insurgency.

So they're going to put pressure on these soldiers,

于是他们向这些宪兵队士兵施加压力，

迫使他们越线，

military police, to cross the line,

give them permission to break the will of the enemy,

允许他们采取措施来击溃敌人的意志，

to prepare them for interrogation, to soften them up,

挽起袖子，为审讯做准备，

to take the gloves off.

使他们屈服。这些都是婉辞，

Those are the euphemisms, and this is how it was interpreted.

而这就是他们如何阐释的。

Let's go down to that dungeon.

让我们进入那个地牢吧。

（相机快门声）（以下图片含有裸露及暴力展示）

(Typewriting)

[Abu Ghraib Iraq Prison Abuses 2008 Military Police Guards' Photos]

[The following images include nudity and graphic depictions of violence]

(Camera shutter sounds)

（重击声）

(Thuds)

(Camera shutter)

（相机快门声）

(Camera shutter)

（重击声）

(Breathing)

（喘息声）

(Bells)

（钟声）

(Bells end)

So, pretty horrific.

很恐怖。

That's one of the visual illustrations of evil.

这是恶的一种视觉展示。

And it should not have escaped you

你应该不会没有注意到，

我把那个伸开双臂的囚犯

that the reason I paired the prisoner with his arms out

with Leonardo da Vinci's ode to humanity

和达芬奇颂扬人类的作品放在一起的原因，

is that that prisoner was mentally ill.

是那个犯人得了精神疾病。

That prisoner covered himself with shit every day,

那个犯人每天用大便涂抹在身上，

士兵们不得不使他在泥土里打滚，以消除臭味。

they had to roll him in dirt so he wouldn't stink.

But the guards ended up calling him "Shit Boy."

但士兵们最终还是叫他屎男。

What was he doing in that prison rather than in some mental institution?

他在监狱里做什么？!

他本应在精神病院。

In any event, here's former Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld.

不管怎样，前国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德

He comes down and says, "I want to know, who is responsible?

下来问，"我想知道谁该为此负责？

到底谁才是那几个坏苹果？"嗯，这是个差劲的问题。

Who are the bad apples?"

Well, that's a bad question.

你应该重新组织一下这个句子，"是什么为此负责？"

You have to reframe it and ask, "What is responsible?"

"What" could be the who of people,

因为"什么"既可以是指人，

but it could also be the what of the situation,

也可以是指情境，

and obviously that's wrongheaded.

而显然那样问是坚持错误。

How do psychologists try to understand such transformations of human character,

那么心理学家是如何理解

这种人性的转变呢？

if you believe that they were good soldiers

如果你相信他们在进入地牢之前

before they went down to that dungeon?

是好士兵的话。

There are three ways. The main way is called dispositional.

有三种方式。最主要的方式是所谓的特质论。

我们查看那些坏苹果的内在特征。

We look at what's inside of the person, the bad apples.

This is the foundation of all of social science,

这是所有社会科学的基础，

the foundation of religion, the foundation of war.

宗教的基础，战争的基础。

Social psychologists like me come along and say,

像我这样的社会心理学家会出来说，"是啊，

"Yeah, people are the actors on the stage,

人们是舞台上的演员，

but you'll have to be aware of the situation.

但你得清楚其所处的情境。

Who are the cast of characters? What's the costume?

扮演角色的演员是哪些人？戏服什么样？

Is there a stage director?"

有舞台导演吗？

And so we're interested in what are the external factors

所以我们感兴趣的是，个体周围的外界因素

around the individual -- the bad barrel?

是什么，坏的苹果桶？

社会学家研究的仅限于此，却遗漏了这个很重要的问题，

Social scientists stop there and they miss the big point

that I discovered when I became an expert witness for Abu Ghraib.

即我在成为阿布格莱布虐囚事件的专家证人后所发现的：

The power is in the system.

权力存在于系统中。

The system creates the situation that corrupts the individuals,

系统制造出腐化个体的情境，

and the system is the legal, political, economic, cultural background.

这个系统，是指法制、政治、经济和文化背景。

And this is where the power is of the bad-barrel makers.

该系统即苹果桶制造者权力之所在。

如果你想改变一个人，你就得改变其所处的情境。

If you want to change a person, change the situation.

And to change it, you've got to know where the power is, in the system.

如果你要改变情境，

你得知道其权力存在于系统的何处。

所以路西法效应牵涉到理解

So the Lucifer effect involves understanding

人性转变是如何受这三项因素影响的。

human character transformations with these three factors.

And it's a dynamic interplay.

它是一个相互作用的过程。

What do the people bring into the situation?

人们会怎样影响情境？

What does the situation bring out of them?

情境如何影响人们？

And what is the system that creates and maintains that situation?

制造并维持该情境的系统是什么？

My recent book, "The Lucifer Effect," is about,

我最近出版的书《路西法效应》，

就是关于我们如何理解好人是怎样变成恶人的。

how do you understand how good people turn evil?

And it has a lot of detail about what I'm going to talk about today.

书中有关于我今天演讲内容

的大量细节。

So Dr. Z's "Lucifer Effect," although it focuses on evil,

所以，津博士的《路西法效应》，尽管着重于恶，

really is a celebration of the human mind's infinite capacity

但其实是颂扬人类有无限的潜力，

使我们任何人向善或作恶，

to make any of us kind or cruel,

caring or indifferent, creative or destructive,

关怀或冷漠，创造或毁灭，

and it makes some of us villains.

甚至可以使得我们其中一些人成为恶棍。

And the good news that I'm going to hopefully come to at the end

而我在最后将满怀希望地给大家讲一个好消息的故事，

is that it makes some of us heroes.

即这潜力也可以使我们其中一些人成为英雄。

这是登在《纽约客》上非常棒的一个漫画，

This wonderful cartoon in the New Yorker summarizes my whole talk:

它其实总结了我的全部演讲：

"I'm neither a good cop nor a bad cop, Jerome.

"杰罗姆，我既不是好警察也不是坏警察，

Like yourself, I'm a complex amalgam

跟你一样，我是一个正面和负面人格特质

of positive and negative personality traits

的复杂混合体，

that emerge or not, depending on the circumstances."

至于体现哪一面，要靠具体情况而言。"

(Laughter)

（笑声）

There's a study some of you think you know about,

有一项研究，你们其中一些人可能以为自己知道，

but very few people have ever read the story.

但极少数人读过这个故事。你看过电影。

You watched the movie.

This is Stanley Milgram, little Jewish kid from the Bronx,

这是斯坦利·米尔格拉姆，自小在布朗克斯长大的一个犹太人，

and he asked the question, "Could the Holocaust happen here, now?"

他问，"大屠杀在此时此地发生吗？"

People say, "No, that's Nazi Germany, Hitler, you know, that's 1939."

人们回答，"不，那是纳粹德国，

那是希特勒，你知道，那是1939年。"

He said, "Yeah, but suppose Hitler asked you,

他说，"是啊，但如果希特勒问你，

'你会用电刑处死一个陌生人吗？' ' 没门儿，我肯定不会，我是个好人。"

'Would you electrocute a stranger?' 'No way, I'm a good person.'"

He said, "Why don't we put you in a situation

他说，"那么我们不如把你放在一个情境里，

给你一个机会，看看你会怎么做？"

and give you a chance to see what you would do?"

于是，他找了1000个普通人来做测试。

And so what he did was he tested 1,000 ordinary people.

500 New Haven, Connecticut, 500 Bridgeport.

500人来自康州纽黑文，500人来自布里奇波特。

广告是这样说的，"心理学家想要研究人的记忆，

And the ad said, "Psychologists want to understand memory.

We want to improve people's memory, because it is the key to success."

我们想改善人的记忆，

因为记忆是成功的关键。"

OK?

"我们会给你5美元——4元用来支付时间。"

"We're going to give you five bucks -- four dollars for your time.

We don't want college students. We want men between 20 and 50."

上面写着，"我们不要大学生，

我们需要20到50岁之间的男性。"

In the later studies, they ran women.

——他们在后来的实验中也研究了女性——

他们都是普通人：理发师，收银员，白领等等。

Ordinary people: barbers, clerks, white-collar people.

So, you go down,

于是你们下去，其中一个扮演学生，

one of you will be a learner, one will be a teacher.

另一个扮演教师。

The learner's a genial, middle-aged guy.

学生是一个和蔼的中年男子。

He gets tied up to the shock apparatus in another room.

在另外一间屋子里，他被绑在一个电击仪器上。

The learner could be middle-aged, could be as young as 20.

学生可能是中年人，也可能是二十多岁。

穿实验室工作服的负责人，即权威角色，会告诉你们其中一个人说，

And one of you is told by the authority, the guy in the lab coat,

"Your job as teacher is to give him material to learn.

"你作为教师的工作就是让这个人学习材料。

Gets it right, reward.

记对了，就奖励他。

Gets it wrong, you press a button on the shock box.

记错了，你就按这个电击盒上的按钮。

The first button is 15 volts. He doesn't even feel it."

第一个按钮是15伏特。他基本感觉不到。"

That's the key.

这就是关键。所有的恶都是从15伏特开始的。

All evil starts with 15 volts.

And then the next step is another 15 volts.

下一个再加15伏特。

The problem is, at the end of the line, it's 450 volts.

问题是，最后一个按钮，是450伏特。

随着你不断加电压，那个人就会惨叫，

And as you go along, the guy is screaming,

"I've got a heart condition! I'm out of here!"

"我有心脏问题！我要出去！"

You're a good person. You complain.

你是一个好人。你去投诉。

"Sir, who will be responsible if something happens to him?"

"先生，如果他出事了，谁来负责？"

The experimenter says, "Don't worry, I will be responsible.

实验人员说，"不要紧，我来负责。

Continue, teacher."

请继续，教师。"

问题是，谁会一直按到450伏特？

And the question is, who would go all the way to 450 volts?

You should notice here, when it gets up to 375,

你们会注意到，到375伏特时，

it says, "Danger. Severe Shock."

上面写着，"危险：强烈电击"

When it gets up to here, there's "XXX" -- the pornography of power.

到这儿的时候，那儿标着 "XXX" ：少儿不宜的级别。

So Milgram asks 40 psychiatrists,

（笑声）

于是米尔格拉姆问了40个精神病医生，

"百分之多少的美国人会按到最高电压？"

"What percent of American citizens would go to the end?"

They said only one percent.

他们回答只有百分之1。因为那属于虐待狂行为，

Because that's sadistic behavior, and we know, psychiatry knows,

而且我们知道，精神病学显示，只有百分之1的美国人是虐待狂。

only one percent of Americans are sadistic.

OK.

好。这里是研究资料。他们大错特错。

Here's the data. They could not be more wrong.

Two thirds go all the way to 450 volts.

三分之二的人会一直按到450伏特。这只是一个研究而已。

This was just one study.

Milgram did more than 16 studies.

米尔格拉姆做了超过16项研究。我们看一下这个。

And look at this.

在第16个研究中，你可以看到跟你们一样的人们有百分之90

In study 16, where you see somebody like you go all the way,

90 percent go all the way.

会一直按到450伏特。在第5个研究中，如果有人反抗，百分之90的人反抗。

In study five, if you see people rebel,

90 percent rebel.

What about women? Study 13 -- no different than men.

女性呢？第13个研究：与男性无差别。

So Milgram is quantifying evil as the willingness of people

米尔格拉姆在以人们盲目服从权威，

to blindly obey authority, to go all the way to 450 volts.

一直按到450伏特的意愿，来数量化恶。

And it's like a dial on human nature.

这就好像是在调节人性。

A dial in a sense that you can make almost everybody totally obedient,

调节的意思是，你几乎可以从使绝大多数人完全服从，

down to the majority, down to none.

到使没有人服从。

那么，外界世界有什么类似情况吗？毕竟所有的实验都是人为的。

What are the external parallels? For all research is artificial.

What's the validity in the real world?

它在真实世界中的有效性如何？

1978年，在圭亚那丛林里，有912名美国人

912 American citizens committed suicide or were murdered

by family and friends in Guyana jungle in 1978,

自杀或遭其家人朋友杀害，

because they were blindly obedient to this guy, their pastor --

因为他们盲目地服从这个家伙，他们的传道者。

not their priest -- their pastor, Reverend Jim Jones.

不是他们的神父。他们的传道者，吉姆·琼斯主教。

他说服他们进行集体自杀。

He persuaded them to commit mass suicide.

And so, he's the modern Lucifer effect,

所以他是一个当代的路西法效应。

从上帝使者变成死亡天使。

a man of God who becomes the Angel of Death.

Milgram's study is all about individual authority to control people.

米尔格拉姆的研究完全是关于控制大众的个人权力。

大多数时间我们在机构里，

Most of the time, we are in institutions,

so the Stanford Prison Study is a study of the power of institutions

所以斯坦福监狱实验，研究的是机构权力

to influence individual behavior.

如何影响个人行为。

Interestingly, Stanley Milgram and I were in the same high school class

有趣的是，斯坦利·米尔格拉姆和我上高中的时候在同一个班级，

那是1954年，在布朗克斯的詹姆斯·门罗高中。

in James Monroe in the Bronx, 1954.

I did this study with my graduate students,

这个实验室是我跟

我的研究生做的，尤其是克雷格·汉尼，

especially Craig Haney -- and it also began work with an ad.

我们也从打广告开始。

我们没什么钱，于是我们打了一个简单的小广告，

We had a cheap, little ad,

but we wanted college students for a study of prison life.

我们想找大学生来研究一下监狱生活。

75个人志愿参加，做了人格测试。

75 people volunteered, took personality tests.

We did interviews.

我们做了面试。挑选了24名：

Picked two dozen: the most normal, the most healthy.

他们是最正常的，最健康的。

Randomly assigned them to be prisoner and guard.

然后随机把他们分成囚犯和警卫两组。

So on day one, we knew we had good apples.

所以在第一天，我们知道他们都是好苹果。

I'm going to put them in a bad situation.

而我将把他们放在一个坏的情境里。

And secondly, we know there's no difference

其次，我们知道

between the boys who will be guards and those who will be prisoners.

在将要扮演警卫和

扮演囚犯的男生之间没有任何区别。

To the prisoners, we said,

我们对那些将要扮演囚犯的男生说，

"Wait at home. The study will begin Sunday."

"在住处等着，实验在星期天开始。"

We didn't tell them

我们没有告诉他们的是，

that the city police were going to come and do realistic arrests.

市警察局的警察会上门做真实的逮捕。

(Video) (Music)

[Day 1]

录像中的男人：一辆警车停在房子前面，一个警察来到前门

Student: A police car pulls up in front, and a cop comes to the front door,

and knocks, and says he's looking for me.

敲门，说是找我。

So they, right there, you know, they took me out the door,

于是他们，就在那儿，你懂的，把我抓出去，

they put my hands against the car.

把我的双手放车上。

It was a real cop car, it was a real policeman,

那是辆真警车，是个真警察，

and there were real neighbors in the street,

街上的邻居也是真的，

他们不知道这是个实验。

who didn't know that this was an experiment.

And there was cameras all around and neighbors all around.

周围都是相机，围满了邻居。

They put me in the car, then they drove me around Palo Alto.

他们让我上警车，在帕罗奥图市的大街上行驶。

They took me to the basement of the police station.

他们把我抓到警察局，

警察局的地下室。他们把我关到一间牢房里。

Then they put me in a cell.

I was the first one to be picked up, so they put me in a cell,

我是第一个被抓来的，所以他们把我关进一间单人牢房，

基本上就是一间门上有栏杆的房间。

which was just like a room with a door with bars on it.

You could tell it wasn't a real jail.

你可以看出来出它不是间真的牢房。

他们把我锁在那儿，穿着这件丢人的衣服。

They locked me in there, in this degrading little outfit.

They were taking this experiment too seriously.

他们对这个实验太认真了。

Here are the prisoners, who are going to be dehumanized, they'll become numbers.

这就是那些将要被剥夺人性的囚犯。

他们的名字将被号码代替。

这是那些警卫，他们的装扮标志着权力和匿名性。

Here are the guards with the symbols of power and anonymity.

警卫们让囚犯们

Guards get prisoners to clean the toilet bowls out with their bare hands,

徒手清理马桶，

让他们做其他一些羞辱性的任务。

to do other humiliating tasks.

他们脱光囚犯的衣服，性侮辱他们。

They strip them naked. They sexually taunt them.

他们开始做侮辱行为，

They begin to do degrading activities, like having them simulate sodomy.

譬如强迫囚犯们模拟鸡奸。

You saw simulating fellatio in soldiers in Abu Ghraib.

你们看到阿布格莱布的士兵强迫囚犯模拟口交。

我的警卫在五天内就做了。囚犯们的应激反应是非常极端的，

My guards did it in five days.

The stress reaction was so extreme

that normal kids we picked because they were healthy

我们当初挑选他们是因为他们是健康的，

had breakdowns within 36 hours.

而这些正常的男生在36小时内就有人崩溃了。

The study ended after six days, because it was out of control.

这个实验在6天后结束因为它已经失控了。

Five kids had emotional breakdowns.

五个男生情绪崩溃。

Does it make a difference

战士们是否更换统一服装

if warriors go to battle changing their appearance or not?

对于他们在战场上的表现会有影响吗？

If they're anonymous, how do they treat their victims?

他们是否匿名

对于他们对付受害者会有影响吗？

In some cultures, they go to war without changing their appearance.

我们知道在某些文化里，人们上战场时

是不换服装的。

在另外一些文化里，他们把自己涂成"苍蝇王"的样子。

In others, they paint themselves like "Lord of the Flies."

在某些文化里他们戴着面具。

In some, they wear masks.

在许多文化中，战士们穿着统一服装达到匿名性。

In many, soldiers are anonymous in uniform.

So this anthropologist, John Watson, found 23 cultures that had two bits of data.

人类学家约翰·华生

在23个文化中发现两组数据。

Do they change their appearance? 15.

他们是否更换服装？15个是。

Do they kill, torture, mutilate? 13.

他们是否杀戮，折磨，残害？13个是。

如果他们不换服装，

If they don't change their appearance,

八个文化中只有一个杀戮，折磨或残害。

only one of eight kills, tortures or mutilates.

关键在这个红色区域。

The key is in the red zone.

If they change their appearance,

如果他们更换服装，

13个文化中有12个，即百分之90，会杀戮，折磨，残害。

12 of 13 -- that's 90 percent -- kill, torture, mutilate.

And that's the power of anonymity.

这就是匿名性的威力。

So what are the seven social processes

那么是哪七个社会性过程

that grease the slippery slope of evil?

会导致恶的逐渐产生呢？

Mindlessly taking the first small step.

无意中迈出第一步。

Dehumanization of others. De-individuation of self.

对他人去人性化。对自己去个体化。

Diffusion of personal responsibility.

推卸个人责任。盲目服从权威。

Blind obedience to authority.

Uncritical conformity to group norms.

不加鉴别地依从群体规范。

Passive tolerance of evil through inaction, or indifference.

袖手旁观，漠不关心，对恶行消极容忍。

And it happens when you're in a new or unfamiliar situation.

而其容易在新的或不熟悉的环境中发生。

你的习惯性反应失效了。

Your habitual response patterns don't work.

Your personality and morality are disengaged.

你的人格和道德感被关闭了。

"没有什么比公开谴责作恶者更容易，

"Nothing is easier than to denounce the evildoer;

也没什么比理解他更难。"陀思妥耶夫斯基告诉我们。

nothing more difficult than understanding him," Dostoyevsky.

理解不是找借口。心理学不是借口学。

Understanding is not excusing. Psychology is not excuse-ology.

So social and psychological research reveals

社会学和心理学研究揭示了

在无需药物的情况下，普通的好人是如何被转变的。

how ordinary, good people can be transformed without the drugs.

You don't need it. You just need the social-psychological processes.

你不需要药物，你只需要社会心理学的过程。

Real world parallels?

真实世界的情况？和这个比较一下。

Compare this with this.

James Schlesinger -- I'm going to end with this -- says,

我以詹姆斯·施莱辛格的话作为结束，

"Psychologists have attempted to understand how and why

"心理学家已尝试理解,

individuals and groups who usually act humanely

一般情况下具备人性的个体和群体，为什么以及如何

can sometimes act otherwise in certain circumstances."

会在某些情境下，作出反常行为。"

That's the Lucifer effect.

这就是路西法效应。

And he goes on to say, "The landmark Stanford study

他接着说，"具有标志性的斯坦福实验

provides a cautionary tale for all military operations."

给了所有军事行为一个警告。"

If you give people power without oversight,

如果你在没有监督的情况下赋予人们权力，

it's a prescription for abuse.

那就是在给滥用开通行证。他们明明了解后果，却任其发生。

They knew that, and let that happen.

另一个报告，是费将军所做的调查，

So another report, an investigative report by General Fay,

says the system is guilty.

认为整个系统是有罪的，在该报告中，

In this report, he says it was the environment that created Abu Ghraib,

他认为是环境造成了阿布格莱布事件，

by leadership failures that contributed to the occurrence of such abuse,

领导力的失误，

导致了虐待的发生，

and because it remained undiscovered

以及在很长一段时间内，

by higher authorities for a long period of time.

当局高层一直被蒙在鼓里。

那些虐待行为持续了三个月。有谁在看管吗？

Those abuses went on for three months.

Who was watching the store?

The answer is nobody, I think on purpose.

答案是没有人，我认为，是没有人主动去。

He gave the guards permission to do those things,

他允许警卫们作那些恶行，

他们知道没有人会下地牢来查看。

and they knew nobody was ever going to come down to that dungeon.

所以我们在所有这些方面进行模式上的转变。

So you need a paradigm shift in all of these areas.

The shift is away from the medical model that focuses only on the individual.

原来的医疗模式，

只集中于个体，

The shift is toward a public health model

必须转向一个公共健康模式，

that recognizes situational and systemic vectors of disease.

这个模式同时考虑情境和系统对疾病的作用。

Bullying is a disease. Prejudice is a disease.

欺侮是病。偏见是病。暴力是病。

Violence is a disease.

Since the Inquisition, we've been dealing with problems at the individual level.

自从审讯以来，我们一直在个人层面

解决问题。你猜怎么着，没用。

It doesn't work.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn says, "The line between good and evil

亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴认为每个人心中

cuts through the heart of every human being."

都有善恶的分界线。

That means that line is not out there.

也就是说，这条线不是外在的。

That's a decision that you have to make, a personal thing.

这是一个你必须作出的决定。是个人层面的。

So I want to end very quickly on a positive note.

那么，我想以一个正面的意见来做个简短的结尾：

Heroism as the antidote to evil,

英雄主义是恶的解药。

by promoting the heroic imagination,

通过推广英雄主义想象，

尤其是在我们的孩子之中，在教育系统里。

especially in our kids, in our educational system.

We want kids to think, "I'm a hero in waiting,

我们要孩子们想，我是那个等待中的英雄，

等待合适的情境出现，

waiting for the right situation to come along,

and I will act heroically.

届时我会行英雄之事。

My whole life, I'm now going to focus away from evil --

我一生自小与恶相伴，

如今我毕生努力之重点，将从研究恶转向理解英雄主义。

that I've been in since I was a kid -- to understanding heroes.

现在所谓的英雄主义是，

Banality of heroism.

平凡之人行英雄之事。

It's ordinary people who do heroic deeds.

It's the counterpoint to Hannah Arendt's "Banality of Evil."

这是对汉娜·阿伦特的平庸之恶的反驳。

Our traditional societal heroes are wrong, because they are the exceptions.

我们传统的社会英雄是错误的，

因为他们是极少数例外。

They organize their life around this. That's why we know their names.

他们为目标投入毕生之努力。

因此我们才知道他们的名字。

孩子们的英雄也是他们的榜样，

Our kids' heroes are also wrong models for them,

因为他们有超自然能力。

because they have supernatural talents.

We want our kids to realize most heroes are everyday people,

我们想要让孩子们意识到，大多数英雄是平凡的人们，

而英雄行为是不平凡的。这是乔·达比。

and the heroic act is unusual.

This is Joe Darby.

He was the one that stopped those abuses you saw,

就是他阻止了你们前面所见的那些虐行，

因为当他看到那些图片时，

because when he saw those images,

he turned them over to a senior investigating officer.

他把它们交给了一位高级调查官。

He was a low-level private, and that stopped it.

他是一个低级列兵但却阻止了此事。他是英雄吗？不是。

Was he a hero? No.

They had to put him in hiding, because people wanted to kill him,

他们不得不把他藏起来，因为有人想杀他，

and then his mother and his wife.

还有他的母亲和妻子。

他们隐藏了三年。

For three years, they were in hiding.

This is the woman who stopped the Stanford Prison Study.

这个女人阻止了斯坦福监狱实验。

When I said it got out of control, I was the prison superintendent.

当我说实验失控的时候，我当时是监狱实验负责人。

I didn't know it was out of control. I was totally indifferent.

我不知道实验已经失控了。我完全无动于衷。

She saw that madhouse and said,

她下来看到这疯人院一样的监狱说，

"You know what, it's terrible what you're doing to those boys.

"你知道吗？你对这些男孩所做的一切实在是太可怕了。

They're not prisoners nor guards, they're boys, and you are responsible."

他们不是囚犯，不是警卫，

他们只是孩子，你要为他们负责。"

And I ended the study the next day.

我第二天就停止了这个实验。

The good news is I married her the next year.

好消息是，我第二年就娶了她。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

I just came to my senses, obviously.

显然，我醒悟了。

So situations have the power to do [three things].

所以情境是有力量的——

But the point is, this is the same situation

关键是，这个情境

可以刺激一些人内心的敌意想象，

that can inflame the hostile imagination in some of us,

that makes us perpetrators of evil,

使我们成为恶之犯人，

can inspire the heroic imagination in others.

也可以激发另外一些人内心的英雄想象。情境是同样的情境。

It's the same situation and you're on one side or the other.

而你二者必居其一。

Most people are guilty of the evil of inaction,

大多数人对袖手旁观之恶感到内疚，

because your mother said, "Don't get involved. Mind your own business."

因为你母亲会说，"别管闲事，先管好你自己的事。"

你一定得这么回答，"妈妈，人性就是我的事。"

And you have to say, "Mama, humanity is my business."

So the psychology of heroism is -- we're going to end in a moment --

英雄主义的心理学是——我们很快会结束——

我们如何在新的英雄课程里鼓励孩子们，

how do we encourage children in new hero courses,

that I'm working on with Matt Langdon -- he has a hero workshop --

我正与马特·郎登从事这项工作——他有一个英雄工作坊——

to develop this heroic imagination, this self-labeling,

来培养这种英雄想象，这种自我标签，

"I am a hero in waiting," and teach them skills.

"我是一个等待中的英雄"，并且教会他们技能。

To be a hero, you have to learn to be a deviant,

想成为英雄的话，你一定要学会成为一个"异类"，

because you're always going against the conformity of the group.

因为你得总是与群体规范相左。

英雄是那些在社会上行非凡之事的平凡人。那些有所为之人。

Heroes are ordinary people whose social actions are extraordinary. Who act.

英雄主义之关键有二。

The key to heroism is two things.

一：在众人消极冷漠之时有所作为。

You have to act when other people are passive.

B: You have to act socio-centrically, not egocentrically.

二：你的作为必须以社会为中心，而非以自我为中心。

And I want to end with a known story about Wesley Autrey, New York subway hero.

我想以韦斯利·奥特里，纽约地铁英雄的故事来结尾，

你们其中一些人知道这个故事。

Fifty-year-old African-American construction worker standing on a subway.

他是一个50岁的非裔美国人，是一个建筑工人。

他在纽约地铁等车的时候，

A white guy falls on the tracks.

一个白人掉进地铁轨道里。

The subway train is coming. There's 75 people there.

当时地铁正开过来。当时有75个人在那儿。

You know what? They freeze.

你猜怎么着，他们全都僵住了。

He's got a reason not to get involved.

他有理由袖手旁观。

He's black, the guy's white, and he's got two kids.

他是黑人，那个人是白人，他还有两个小孩。

Instead, he gives his kids to a stranger,

相反的是，他把两个孩子交给一个陌生人看管，

跳进铁轨里，把那男子压在铁轨之间，

jumps on the tracks, puts the guy between the tracks,

lays on him, the subway goes over him.

趴在他身上，地铁就从他身上开了过去。

Wesley and the guy -- 20 and a half inches height.

韦斯利和那个男子摞起来高20.5英寸。

The train clearance is 21 inches.

地铁列车下的空隙高21英寸。

A half an inch would have taken his head off.

再低半英寸就会把他的脑袋铲去。

And he said, "I did what anyone could do," no big deal to jump on the tracks.

而他却说"我做了任何人都会做的事"，

跳下铁轨没什么大不了的。

And the moral imperative is "I did what everyone should do."

从道德责任的角度说应该是"我做了任何人应该做的事"。

And so one day, you will be in a new situation.

那么，将来有一天，你会遇到一个新的情境。

Take path one, you're going to be a perpetrator of evil.

第一条路，你会成为恶之犯人。

Evil, meaning you're going to be Arthur Andersen.

恶，即你将成为亚瑟·安德森。

You're going to cheat, or you're going to allow bullying.

你将会欺骗，或允许欺侮。

Path two, you become guilty of the evil of passive inaction.

第二条路：你将因漠不关心袖手旁观而内疚。

Path three, you become a hero.

第三条路：你成为一个英雄。

关键是，我们是否做好准备来选择这条路

The point is, are we ready to take the path to celebrating ordinary heroes,

以颂扬平凡的英雄，

waiting for the right situation to come along

等待合适的情境出现，

将对于英雄的想象付诸于实施呢？

to put heroic imagination into action?

因为这可能是你平生仅有的机会，

Because it may only happen once in your life,

and when you pass it by, you'll always know,

而当你错过的时候，你将永远记得，

我本可以成为一个英雄但我让这机会溜走了。

I could have been a hero and I let it pass me by.

So the point is thinking it and then doing it.

所以关键是先想再做。

所以我想谢谢你们。谢谢你们。谢谢。

So I want to thank you. Thank you.

Let's oppose the power of evil systems at home and abroad,

让我们反对国内外的恶之系统的力量，

and let's focus on the positive.

并集中于积极的一面。

Advocate for respect of personal dignity, for justice and peace,

倡导对个人高尚行为之尊敬，倡导正义与和平，

which sadly our administration has not been doing.

遗憾的是，我们的当局并没有在做这些。

非常感谢。

Thanks so much.

（掌声）

(Applause)