The psychology of evil | Philip Zimbardo

2,752,134 views ใƒป 2008-09-23

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyoung Kyun Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gyoung-tae Kim
00:12
Philosophers, dramatists, theologians
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์ฒ ํ•™์ž, ๊ทน์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์‹ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
00:16
have grappled with this question for centuries:
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์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
what makes people go wrong?
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"๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ธธ๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š”๊ฐ€?"
00:20
Interestingly, I asked this question when I was a little kid.
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์–ด๋ ธ์„๋•Œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
I grew up in the South Bronx, inner-city ghetto in New York,
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์ „ ๋‰ด์š• ์‹œ๋‚ด ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ๋ธŒ๋กฑ์Šค์—์„œ
์•…์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์Œ“์ธ์ฑ„ ์ž๋ผ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
and I was surrounded by evil,
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00:27
as all kids are who grew up in an inner city.
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
And I had friends who were really good kids,
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์ €์—๊ฒ ์ •๋ง ์ฐฉํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:32
who lived out the Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde scenario -- Robert Louis Stevenson.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ์Šจ์˜ "์ง€ํ‚ฌ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ"์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
That is, they took drugs, got in trouble, went to jail.
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๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์น˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ”์ฃ .
00:40
Some got killed, and some did it without drug assistance.
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์ฃฝ์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งจ ์ •์‹ ์— ๋‚˜์œ ์ง“์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:44
So when I read Robert Louis Stevenson, that wasn't fiction.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ œ๊ฒŒ "์ง€ํ‚ฌ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ"๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:47
The only question is, what was in the juice?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์•ฝ์— ๋ญ๋ผ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์ด
00:49
And more importantly, that line between good and evil --
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00:53
which privileged people like to think is fixed and impermeable,
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๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:56
with them on the good side, the others on the bad side --
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ํ•œ ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•œ์ชฝ์„ ์•…์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์„ ์€
00:59
I knew that line was movable, and it was permeable.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Good people could be seduced across that line,
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์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ์œ ํ˜น๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:04
and under good and some rare circumstances, bad kids could recover
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜์œ ์•„์ด๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ์„ ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„ 
๋„์›€๊ณผ ๊ต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
with help, with reform, with rehabilitation.
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01:12
So I want to begin with this wonderful illusion
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๋จผ์ € ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ํ™”๊ฐ€ M.C.์—์…”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ
01:14
by [Dutch] artist M.C. Escher.
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์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ฐฉ์‹œ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
01:16
If you look at it and focus on the white, what you see is a world full of angels.
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ํฐ์ƒ‰์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
์ฒœ์‚ฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
But let's look more deeply, and as we do,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข€ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด
01:23
what appears is the demons, the devils in the world.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•…๋งˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:26
That tells us several things.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
One, the world is, was, will always be filled with good and evil,
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์ฒซ์งธ : ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
because good and evil is the yin and yang of the human condition.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์ด๋ž€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์Œ๊ณผ ์–‘์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:34
It tells me something else.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ . ์ด๊ฑฐ ํ˜น์‹œ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
01:35
If you remember, God's favorite angel was Lucifer.
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์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์• ํ•˜๋˜ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฃจ์‹œํผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Apparently, Lucifer means "the light."
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๋ฃจ์‹œํผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ "๋น›"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ .
01:41
It also means "the morning star," in some scripture.
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์„ฑ์„œ์—์„  "์ƒ›๋ณ„"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
01:44
And apparently, he disobeyed God,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์˜ ๋œป์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
and that's the ultimate disobedience to authority.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฉด ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข…์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
And when he did, Michael, the archangel, was sent to kick him out of heaven
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒœ์‚ฌ ๋ฏธ์นด์—˜์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ€๋ฝ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฒœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‚ด์ซ“๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
01:55
along with the other fallen angels.
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01:57
And so Lucifer descends into hell, becomes Satan,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์‹œํผ๋Š” ์ง€์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ์‚ฌํƒ„์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
02:01
becomes the devil, and the force of evil in the universe begins.
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์•…๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ง€์˜ฅ์—๋Š” ์•…์ด ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ง€์˜ฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์•…์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Paradoxically, it was God who created hell as a place to store evil.
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02:09
He didn't do a good job of keeping it there though.
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๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์˜ฅ์— ์•…์„ ์ž˜ ๋‹ด์•„๋‘” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์• ํ•œ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•…๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ
02:11
So, this arc of the cosmic transformation of God's favorite angel into the Devil,
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
02:16
for me, sets the context for understanding human beings
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02:19
who are transformed from good, ordinary people into perpetrators of evil.
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์‚ฌ์•…ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
So the Lucifer effect, although it focuses on the negatives --
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์‹œํผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๋ณ€ํ™”,
02:28
the negatives that people can become,
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์ฆ‰, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:31
not the negatives that people are --
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
์ด๋กœ์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•…์ด๋ž€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํž˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
leads me to a psychological definition.
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02:36
Evil is the exercise of power.
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02:38
And that's the key: it's about power.
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํž˜์ด์ฃ .
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
02:41
To intentionally harm people psychologically,
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02:43
to hurt people physically, to destroy people mortally, or ideas,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
02:47
and to commit crimes against humanity.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:51
If you Google "evil," a word that should surely have withered by now,
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์—์„œ "์•…"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด,
02:54
you come up with 136 million hits in a third of a second.
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3๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ ๋งŒ์— 1์–ต 3์ฒœ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
A few years ago -- I am sure all of you were shocked, as I was,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„์ „, ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ํœฉ์‹ธ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
03:02
with the revelation of American soldiers abusing prisoners in a strange place
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ผํฌ์˜ ์•„๋ถ€๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผ๋Š”
ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ
03:08
in a controversial war, Abu Ghraib in Iraq.
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์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:11
And these were men and women
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๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ๋…€ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ์—†์ด
์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ์„์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๊ตด์š•๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:13
who were putting prisoners through unbelievable humiliation.
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03:18
I was shocked, but I wasn't surprised,
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ „ ๋†€๋ผ์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
because I had seen those same visual parallels
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ „ ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ž๋กœ์„œ
03:22
when I was the prison superintendent of the Stanford Prison Study.
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์ด์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:25
Immediately the Bush administration military said what?
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์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์งํ›„ ๋ถ€์‹œ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์—์„  ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฐ€์š”?
03:28
What all administrations say when there's a scandal:
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์Šค์บ”๋“ค์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ“ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ. ์ด๊ฑด ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ƒ. ์ช์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์„ž์—ฌ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€,
03:31
"Don't blame us. It's not the system.
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03:33
It's the few bad apples, the few rogue soldiers."
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๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋…€์„๋“ค ๋ง์ด์•ผ."
03:35
My hypothesis is, American soldiers are good, usually.
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์ „ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฐฉํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์—๋Š”์š”.
03:38
Maybe it was the barrel that was bad.
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‚˜๋ปค์„์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:40
But how am I going to deal with that hypothesis?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:43
I became an expert witness for one of the guards,
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์ดํ›„์— ์ €๋Š”
๊ฐ„์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์นฉ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋”๋ฆญ ๋ณ‘์žฅ์˜
03:45
Sergeant Chip Frederick, and in that position,
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๊ฐ์ •์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด, ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
I had access to the dozen investigative reports.
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03:50
I had access to him.
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์ง์ ‘ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
03:52
I could study him, have him come to my home, get to know him,
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €ํฌ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
03:55
do psychological analysis to see, was he a good apple or bad apple.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์ธ๊ฐ€, ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์„๋„ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
And thirdly, I had access to all of the 1,000 pictures
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ฐ์€
04:03
that these soldiers took.
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1,000์—ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:05
These pictures are of a violent or sexual nature.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ ์ •์ ์ธ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์€
04:07
All of them come from the cameras of American soldiers.
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์ „๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Because everybody has a digital camera or cell phone camera,
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๋‹ค๋“ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋‚˜ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
04:13
they took pictures of everything, more than 1,000.
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1,000์žฅ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And what I've done is I organized them into various categories.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘, ์ฆ‰ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์ด ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
But these are by United States military police, army reservists.
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04:24
They are not soldiers prepared for this mission at all.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ•™๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ์•ผ๊ฐ„๊ทผ๋ฌด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— 1A๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
04:28
And it all happened in a single place, Tier 1-A, on the night shift.
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04:31
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด 1A ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ๊ตฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ถ€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ.
04:33
Tier 1-A was the center for military intelligence.
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04:35
It was the interrogation hold.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ทจ์กฐ์‹ค์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” CIA๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
The CIA was there.
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04:38
Interrogators from Titan Corporation, all there,
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์—… Titan Corporation์˜ ์ทจ์กฐ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
์ •์ž‘ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์‚ฌํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์บ๋‚ด์ง„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
and they're getting no information about the insurgency.
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04:44
So they're going to put pressure on these soldiers,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ƒ๋ถ€์—์„  ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
04:47
military police, to cross the line,
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04:49
give them permission to break the will of the enemy,
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ํฌ๋กœ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค์„œ
04:52
to prepare them for interrogation, to soften them up,
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ํฌ๋กœ๋“ค์„ ์ข€ ๋” ํ˜‘์กฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
to take the gloves off.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„๊ณกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
04:55
Those are the euphemisms, and this is how it was interpreted.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹คํ–‰์— ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
Let's go down to that dungeon.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
(์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์…”ํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
05:03
(Typewriting)
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05:05
[Abu Ghraib Iraq Prison Abuses 2008 Military Police Guards' Photos]
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05:11
[The following images include nudity and graphic depictions of violence]
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05:18
(Camera shutter sounds)
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(๋‘”ํƒํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
05:39
(Thuds)
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05:45
(Camera shutter)
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(์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์…”ํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
05:59
(Camera shutter)
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(๋‘”ํƒํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
06:09
(Breathing)
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(์ˆจ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
06:17
(Bells)
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(์ข…์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
06:47
(Bells end)
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06:49
So, pretty horrific.
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์ฐธ ๋”์ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
06:51
That's one of the visual illustrations of evil.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•…์˜ ์ผ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
And it should not have escaped you
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†“์ณ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŒ”์„ ์ญ‰ ๋ป—์€ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
06:57
that the reason I paired the prisoner with his arms out
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07:00
with Leonardo da Vinci's ode to humanity
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๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜์˜ ์ธ์ฒด๋„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:03
is that that prisoner was mentally ill.
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์ฃ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
That prisoner covered himself with shit every day,
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์ € ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ์˜จ ๋ชธ์— ๋˜ฅ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ์“ฐ๊ณ ,
๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๊ตด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
they had to roll him in dirt so he wouldn't stink.
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07:10
But the guards ended up calling him "Shit Boy."
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๊ฐ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋˜ฅ์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋Œ”์ฃ .
07:12
What was he doing in that prison rather than in some mental institution?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€์‹ 
์ €๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:17
In any event, here's former Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Ÿผ์ŠคํŽ ๋“œ ์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
He comes down and says, "I want to know, who is responsible?
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ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์™€์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด๋ƒ?
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฉ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ƒ?" ์ด๊ฑด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
Who are the bad apples?"
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07:24
Well, that's a bad question.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ •์ •ํ•ด์•ผ์ฃ . "๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์›์ธ์ด์ง€?"
07:26
You have to reframe it and ask, "What is responsible?"
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07:28
"What" could be the who of people,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ '์›์ธ'์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:30
but it could also be the what of the situation,
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
and obviously that's wrongheaded.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํƒ“์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ, ์ด๊ฑด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
How do psychologists try to understand such transformations of human character,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์—”
์„ ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:38
if you believe that they were good soldiers
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ
07:40
before they went down to that dungeon?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:42
There are three ways. The main way is called dispositional.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฉ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:45
We look at what's inside of the person, the bad apples.
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07:48
This is the foundation of all of social science,
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์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
the foundation of religion, the foundation of war.
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์ข…๊ต๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:55
Social psychologists like me come along and say,
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์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
"Yeah, people are the actors on the stage,
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
07:59
but you'll have to be aware of the situation.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
08:01
Who are the cast of characters? What's the costume?
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์ถœ์—ฐ์ง„์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฉฐ, ์˜์ƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ,
08:04
Is there a stage director?"
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์—ฐ์ถœ์ž๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€?"
08:05
And so we're interested in what are the external factors
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์š”์ธ,
08:08
around the individual -- the bad barrel?
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๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ ์ฑ„
08:11
Social scientists stop there and they miss the big point
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08:13
that I discovered when I became an expert witness for Abu Ghraib.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ถ€๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ฐ์ •์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์–ป์€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์„ ๋†“์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
The power is in the system.
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์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” 'ํž˜'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:18
The system creates the situation that corrupts the individuals,
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์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ํƒ€๋ฝ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
and the system is the legal, political, economic, cultural background.
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์ฒด๊ณ„๋ž€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
08:26
And this is where the power is of the bad-barrel makers.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚˜์œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํž˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
If you want to change a person, change the situation.
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08:32
And to change it, you've got to know where the power is, in the system.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํž˜์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์‹œํผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:36
So the Lucifer effect involves understanding
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์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
human character transformations with these three factors.
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08:43
And it's a dynamic interplay.
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์ด๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
08:44
What do the people bring into the situation?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
08:46
What does the situation bring out of them?
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฐ€?
08:48
And what is the system that creates and maintains that situation?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ž€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?
08:52
My recent book, "The Lucifer Effect," is about,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„๋œ ์ œ ์ €์„œ "๋ฃจ์‹œํผ ํšจ๊ณผ"๋Š” ์„ ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
์•…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
how do you understand how good people turn evil?
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08:57
And it has a lot of detail about what I'm going to talk about today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜
์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์ฃ .
09:01
So Dr. Z's "Lucifer Effect," although it focuses on evil,
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์ €์˜ "๋ฃจ์‹œํผ ํšจ๊ณผ" ์ด๋ก ์ด ์•…์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
09:04
really is a celebration of the human mind's infinite capacity
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๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„
๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ถ•๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
09:08
to make any of us kind or cruel,
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09:10
caring or indifferent, creative or destructive,
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๋‚จ์„ ์ž˜ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š”/๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ•œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ /ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:13
and it makes some of us villains.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์•…ํ•œ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:15
And the good news that I'm going to hopefully come to at the end
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„
09:18
is that it makes some of us heroes.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์˜์›…์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฑด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์ง€ ๋‰ด์š”์ปค์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋งŒํ™”์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ธ๋ฐ,
09:21
This wonderful cartoon in the New Yorker summarizes my whole talk:
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์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹จ๋ฒˆ์— ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
09:25
"I'm neither a good cop nor a bad cop, Jerome.
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"๋‚œ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ œ๋กฌ.
09:27
Like yourself, I'm a complex amalgam
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๋‹น์‹ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜๋„ ๊ทธ์ €
09:29
of positive and negative personality traits
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์„ž์ธ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฒด์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
that emerge or not, depending on the circumstances."
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์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.."
09:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:37
There's a study some of you think you know about,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ์•„์‹ค๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
but very few people have ever read the story.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด์‹  ๋ถ„์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์ฃ . ๋‹ค๋“ค ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ๋ณด์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:42
You watched the movie.
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09:44
This is Stanley Milgram, little Jewish kid from the Bronx,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ธŒ๋กฑ์Šค ์ถœ์‹  ์œ ํƒœ์ธ ์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ€๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
and he asked the question, "Could the Holocaust happen here, now?"
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ™€๋กœ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?"
09:51
People say, "No, that's Nazi Germany, Hitler, you know, that's 1939."
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ "๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‚˜์น˜๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€.
2์ฐจ๋Œ€์ „์— ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€."
09:54
He said, "Yeah, but suppose Hitler asked you,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์ฃ . "๋งŒ์•ฝ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ๋”๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
๊ฐ์ „์‚ฌ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด?" "๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€. ๋‚œ ์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ ๋ชปํ•ด"
09:57
'Would you electrocute a stranger?' 'No way, I'm a good person.'"
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10:00
He said, "Why don't we put you in a situation
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” "๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:02
and give you a chance to see what you would do?"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1,000๋ช…์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
And so what he did was he tested 1,000 ordinary people.
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10:07
500 New Haven, Connecticut, 500 Bridgeport.
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๋‰ดํ—ค์ด๋ธ์—์„œ 500๋ช…, ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ํฌํŠธ์—์„œ 500๋ช….
๊ตฌ์ธ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—๋Š” "์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
And the ad said, "Psychologists want to understand memory.
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10:14
We want to improve people's memory, because it is the key to success."
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ์—ด์‡ ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”."
10:17
OK?
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"์ˆ˜๊ณ ๋น„๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹น 4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
10:20
"We're going to give you five bucks -- four dollars for your time.
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10:24
We don't want college students. We want men between 20 and 50."
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"๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์›์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20์„ธ์—์„œ 50์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
10:27
In the later studies, they ran women.
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-- ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.--
์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ด๋ฐœ์‚ฌ, ์ ์›, ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์ด ๋ชจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
Ordinary people: barbers, clerks, white-collar people.
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10:32
So, you go down,
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์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
10:34
one of you will be a learner, one will be a teacher.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์„ ์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
The learner's a genial, middle-aged guy.
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์ด ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์˜จํ™”ํ•œ ์ค‘๋…„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
He gets tied up to the shock apparatus in another room.
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๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‡ผํฌ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
10:41
The learner could be middle-aged, could be as young as 20.
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ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ค‘๋…„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์Šค๋ฌด์‚ด ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณต์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
And one of you is told by the authority, the guy in the lab coat,
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10:48
"Your job as teacher is to give him material to learn.
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"๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์„ ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
Gets it right, reward.
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๋งž์ถ”๋ฉด ํฌ์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
10:52
Gets it wrong, you press a button on the shock box.
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ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์‡ผํฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
The first button is 15 volts. He doesn't even feel it."
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์€ 15๋ณผํŠธ๋กœ, ๋Š๋ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชป ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
10:58
That's the key.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•…์€ 15๋ณผํŠธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ.
10:59
All evil starts with 15 volts.
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11:01
And then the next step is another 15 volts.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด 15๋ณผํŠธ์”ฉ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
The problem is, at the end of the line, it's 450 volts.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”, ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด 450๋ณผํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์˜† ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์น˜์ฃ .
11:07
And as you go along, the guy is screaming,
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11:09
"I've got a heart condition! I'm out of here!"
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"๋‚œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ์–ด! ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด์ค˜์š”!"
11:11
You're a good person. You complain.
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์ฐฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋ช… ํ•ญ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:13
"Sir, who will be responsible if something happens to him?"
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"์ด๋ด์š”. ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€์ฃ ?"
11:15
The experimenter says, "Don't worry, I will be responsible.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์ด ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ฑฑ์ •๋งˆ์š”. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์งˆํ…Œ๋‹ˆ
11:18
Continue, teacher."
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๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์„ธ์š”."
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ 450๋ณผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:20
And the question is, who would go all the way to 450 volts?
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11:23
You should notice here, when it gets up to 375,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 375 ๋ณผํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
it says, "Danger. Severe Shock."
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"์œ„ํ—˜ : ์น˜๋ช…์  ์‡ผํฌ"
11:28
When it gets up to here, there's "XXX" -- the pornography of power.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—๋Š” XXX, ์ด๊ฑด ํฌ๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธ‰์ด๋ž€ ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
11:31
So Milgram asks 40 psychiatrists,
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋ฐ€๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 40๋ช…์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐˆ๊นŒ์š”?"
11:34
"What percent of American citizens would go to the end?"
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11:37
They said only one percent.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ 1%๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•™์  ํ–‰๋™์ด๊ณ ,
11:38
Because that's sadistic behavior, and we know, psychiatry knows,
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์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์—์„  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ 1%๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ํ•™์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:42
only one percent of Americans are sadistic.
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11:44
OK.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋น—๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
Here's the data. They could not be more wrong.
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11:48
Two thirds go all the way to 450 volts.
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3๋ถ„์˜ 2๊ฐ€ 450๋ณผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ์š”.
11:51
This was just one study.
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11:53
Milgram did more than 16 studies.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ€๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 16๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
11:55
And look at this.
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16๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„  ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
11:57
In study 16, where you see somebody like you go all the way,
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12:00
90 percent go all the way.
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๋ฌด๋ ค 90%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 5๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„  90%๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:02
In study five, if you see people rebel,
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12:04
90 percent rebel.
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12:06
What about women? Study 13 -- no different than men.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”? 13๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜, ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊ฒŒ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
So Milgram is quantifying evil as the willingness of people
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๋ฐ€๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด 450๋ณผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”
12:13
to blindly obey authority, to go all the way to 450 volts.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•…์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
And it's like a dial on human nature.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ฒ™๋„์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
12:18
A dial in a sense that you can make almost everybody totally obedient,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์ข…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜
12:23
down to the majority, down to none.
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์ฒ™๋„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ฃ . ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:26
What are the external parallels? For all research is artificial.
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12:29
What's the validity in the real world?
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์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
1978๋…„ ๊ฐ€์ด์•„๋‚˜ ์ •๊ธ€์—์„œ 912๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด
12:31
912 American citizens committed suicide or were murdered
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12:34
by family and friends in Guyana jungle in 1978,
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์ž์‚ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์นœ์ธ์ฒ™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:37
because they were blindly obedient to this guy, their pastor --
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์ข…ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
not their priest -- their pastor, Reverend Jim Jones.
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์„ฑ์ง์ž๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง ์กด์Šค ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:43
He persuaded them to commit mass suicide.
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12:46
And so, he's the modern Lucifer effect,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ๋ฃจ์‹œํผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ด์ฃ .
12:48
a man of God who becomes the Angel of Death.
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12:52
Milgram's study is all about individual authority to control people.
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๋ฐ€๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค ์†์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃ .
12:57
Most of the time, we are in institutions,
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13:00
so the Stanford Prison Study is a study of the power of institutions
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์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€
13:03
to influence individual behavior.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
Interestingly, Stanley Milgram and I were in the same high school class
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋ฐ€๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” 1954๋…„์— ๋ธŒ๋กฑ์Šค์˜
์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋จผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
13:09
in James Monroe in the Bronx, 1954.
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13:13
I did this study with my graduate students,
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด๊ทธ ํ—ค์ด๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
์ œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ,
13:15
especially Craig Haney -- and it also began work with an ad.
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์ €ํฌ๋„ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ˆ์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ’์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:18
We had a cheap, little ad,
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13:19
but we wanted college students for a study of prison life.
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75๋ช…์ด ์ง€์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์ฃ .
13:23
75 people volunteered, took personality tests.
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13:25
We did interviews.
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๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 24๋ช…์„ ๋ฝ‘์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
Picked two dozen: the most normal, the most healthy.
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์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ
13:29
Randomly assigned them to be prisoner and guard.
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ˆ˜์™€ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
So on day one, we knew we had good apples.
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์ฒซ ๋‚ ์—” ๋‹ค๋“ค ์„ ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:33
I'm going to put them in a bad situation.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
And secondly, we know there's no difference
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ •์ž‘ ๊ฐ„์ˆ˜์—ญ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ
13:38
between the boys who will be guards and those who will be prisoners.
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์ฃ„์ˆ˜์—ญ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด
์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
To the prisoners, we said,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์—ญ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:42
"Wait at home. The study will begin Sunday."
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"์ผ์š”์ผ์— ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ• ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ ์ˆ™์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค๋ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:45
We didn't tell them
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„
13:46
that the city police were going to come and do realistic arrests.
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์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํฌํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
(Video) (Music)
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13:55
[Day 1]
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์˜์ƒ ์† ๋‚จ์ž : ์ˆœ์ฐฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ํ˜„๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”์–ด์š”.
14:23
Student: A police car pulls up in front, and a cop comes to the front door,
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14:28
and knocks, and says he's looking for me.
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๋…ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
14:30
So they, right there, you know, they took me out the door,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€์„œ
14:33
they put my hands against the car.
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์ œ ์†์„ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ์ฐจ์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
14:36
It was a real cop car, it was a real policeman,
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์‹ค์ œ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ์ฐจ์— ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
14:39
and there were real neighbors in the street,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ—˜์ธ ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”
์‹ค์ œ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:41
who didn't know that this was an experiment.
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14:44
And there was cameras all around and neighbors all around.
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์ œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
14:47
They put me in the car, then they drove me around Palo Alto.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ ˆ ์ฐจ์— ํƒœ์šด ํ›„ ํŒฐ๋กœ ์•จํ† ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
14:52
They took me to the basement of the police station.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
์ €๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์น˜์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€๋’€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
Then they put me in a cell.
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15:05
I was the first one to be picked up, so they put me in a cell,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ์ €๋ฅผ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ
๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ์ฐฝ์‚ด ๋ฌธ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ์ฃ .
15:08
which was just like a room with a door with bars on it.
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15:12
You could tell it wasn't a real jail.
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์ง„์งœ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
ํ—ˆ๋ฆ„ํ•œ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…ํžˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋’€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
They locked me in there, in this degrading little outfit.
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15:18
They were taking this experiment too seriously.
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์‹คํ—˜์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋์–ด์š”.
15:21
Here are the prisoners, who are going to be dehumanized, they'll become numbers.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•ด์งˆ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋ฆ„ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋“ค์€ ํž˜๊ณผ ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
Here are the guards with the symbols of power and anonymity.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
15:28
Guards get prisoners to clean the toilet bowls out with their bare hands,
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๋งจ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ
๊ตด์š•์ ์ธ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
to do other humiliating tasks.
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์˜จํ†ต ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฒ—๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋กฑํ–ˆ์ฃ .
15:33
They strip them naked. They sexually taunt them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ
15:35
They begin to do degrading activities, like having them simulate sodomy.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๊ตด์š•์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ์ผฐ์ฃ .
15:38
You saw simulating fellatio in soldiers in Abu Ghraib.
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์•„๋ถ€๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Ÿด์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๊ฒŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ณด์…จ์ฃ .
5์ผ ๋งŒ์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•ด์ ธ
15:42
My guards did it in five days.
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15:44
The stress reaction was so extreme
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15:46
that normal kids we picked because they were healthy
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฝ‘ํžŒ ์ด ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์€
15:48
had breakdowns within 36 hours.
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36์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์— ์‡ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
The study ended after six days, because it was out of control.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ†ต์ œ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ด๋ผ 6์ผ๋งŒ์— ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:54
Five kids had emotional breakdowns.
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5๋ช…์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‡ ์•ฝ์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:58
Does it make a difference
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์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”๊ฒŒ
15:59
if warriors go to battle changing their appearance or not?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:02
If they're anonymous, how do they treat their victims?
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์ต๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ
ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
16:05
In some cultures, they go to war without changing their appearance.
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์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ
์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋ก  "ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์™•"์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
In others, they paint themselves like "Lord of the Flies."
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๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
16:11
In some, they wear masks.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์ง€์š”.
16:12
In many, soldiers are anonymous in uniform.
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16:14
So this anthropologist, John Watson, found 23 cultures that had two bits of data.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž ์กด ์™“์Šจ์€
23๊ฐœ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
Do they change their appearance? 15.
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์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”? 15๊ฐœ.
16:21
Do they kill, torture, mutilate? 13.
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์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ , ํ† ๋ง‰๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”? 13๊ฐœ.
์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š”
16:24
If they don't change their appearance,
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8๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 1๊ฐœ ๋งŒ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ† ๋ง‰๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
only one of eight kills, tortures or mutilates.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฑด ๋ถ‰์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
The key is in the red zone.
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16:29
If they change their appearance,
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์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š”
13๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 12๊ฐœ, ์ฆ‰ 90%๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ† ๋ง‰๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
12 of 13 -- that's 90 percent -- kill, torture, mutilate.
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16:35
And that's the power of anonymity.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ์˜ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
So what are the seven social processes
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•…์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ ํ……์ด๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋“œ๋Š”
16:38
that grease the slippery slope of evil?
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7๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ฃ .
16:40
Mindlessly taking the first small step.
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๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘.
16:42
Dehumanization of others. De-individuation of self.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™”. ์ž์•„์˜ ํƒˆ๊ฐœ์„ฑํ™”.
16:45
Diffusion of personal responsibility.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์—์˜ ๋งน๋ชฉ์  ๋ณต์ข….
16:47
Blind obedience to authority.
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16:49
Uncritical conformity to group norms.
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์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์ˆœ์‘.
16:50
Passive tolerance of evil through inaction, or indifference.
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ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•…์„ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์ธํ•จ.
16:54
And it happens when you're in a new or unfamiliar situation.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
16:57
Your habitual response patterns don't work.
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16:59
Your personality and morality are disengaged.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"์•…์ธ์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ์‰ฌ์šด๊ฒŒ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
17:02
"Nothing is easier than to denounce the evildoer;
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์šด๊ฒŒ ์—†๋‹ค." -๋„์Šคํ† ์˜ˆํ”„์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
nothing more difficult than understanding him," Dostoyevsky.
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์ดํ•ด๋ž€ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ๋ณ€๋ช…๋ก ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
17:08
Understanding is not excusing. Psychology is not excuse-ology.
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17:12
So social and psychological research reveals
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์•ฝ ์—†์ด๋„ ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
how ordinary, good people can be transformed without the drugs.
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17:17
You don't need it. You just need the social-psychological processes.
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์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:20
Real world parallels?
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ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:22
Compare this with this.
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17:26
James Schlesinger -- I'm going to end with this -- says,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์Š๋ ˆ์ง„์ €์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
17:28
"Psychologists have attempted to understand how and why
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"์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์˜จ
17:31
individuals and groups who usually act humanely
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๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ
17:33
can sometimes act otherwise in certain circumstances."
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๋น„ ์ธ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
17:37
That's the Lucifer effect.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฃจ์‹œํผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:38
And he goes on to say, "The landmark Stanford study
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š”, "์ด ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
17:40
provides a cautionary tale for all military operations."
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์— ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:44
If you give people power without oversight,
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ํ†ต์ œ์—†์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”๊ฑด
17:47
it's a prescription for abuse.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฉ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋†”๋‘”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
17:48
They knew that, and let that happen.
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๋‹น์‹œ ํŽ˜์ด ์žฅ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ
17:51
So another report, an investigative report by General Fay,
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17:54
says the system is guilty.
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์ด๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
In this report, he says it was the environment that created Abu Ghraib,
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์•„๋ถ€๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ,
18:00
by leadership failures that contributed to the occurrence of such abuse,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•™๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€
๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ,
18:03
and because it remained undiscovered
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด
18:05
by higher authorities for a long period of time.
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์ƒ๋ถ€์— ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
ํ•™๋Œ€๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ . ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์‹œํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
18:08
Those abuses went on for three months.
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18:09
Who was watching the store?
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18:11
The answer is nobody, I think on purpose.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:13
He gave the guards permission to do those things,
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๊ฐ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
์ง€ํ•˜๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:16
and they knew nobody was ever going to come down to that dungeon.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ํ‹€์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
So you need a paradigm shift in all of these areas.
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18:21
The shift is away from the medical model that focuses only on the individual.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜
์˜ํ•™์  ๊ด€๋…์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:25
The shift is toward a public health model
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์—๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ฑ, ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
18:28
that recognizes situational and systemic vectors of disease.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
Bullying is a disease. Prejudice is a disease.
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๊ดด๋กญํž˜๋„ ๋ณ‘์ด๊ณ , ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๋„ ๋ณ‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ํญ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
Violence is a disease.
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18:35
Since the Inquisition, we've been dealing with problems at the individual level.
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์ค‘์„ธ์˜ ์ข…๊ต์žฌํŒ ์ดํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž˜ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
18:39
It doesn't work.
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18:40
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn says, "The line between good and evil
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ฅด ์†”์ œ๋‹ˆ์นœ์€ ์„ ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์ด
18:43
cuts through the heart of every human being."
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:45
That means that line is not out there.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ ์„ ์€ ์ € ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:47
That's a decision that you have to make, a personal thing.
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์„ ์•…์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ, ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:50
So I want to end very quickly on a positive note.
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์ด์ œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:53
Heroism as the antidote to evil,
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์•…์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜์›…์  ํ–‰๋™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:56
by promoting the heroic imagination,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
์˜์›…์  ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ฃ .
18:58
especially in our kids, in our educational system.
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19:00
We want kids to think, "I'm a hero in waiting,
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์•„์ด๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ "๋‚œ ์ค€๋น„๋œ ์˜์›…์ด๋ฉฐ,
์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜์›…๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค"
19:03
waiting for the right situation to come along,
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19:05
and I will act heroically.
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๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:06
My whole life, I'm now going to focus away from evil --
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์ด์ œ ์ „ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ์˜จ ์•…์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
์˜์›…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:09
that I've been in since I was a kid -- to understanding heroes.
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์˜์›…์  ์ž์งˆ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
19:12
Banality of heroism.
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์˜์›…์  ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:13
It's ordinary people who do heroic deeds.
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19:15
It's the counterpoint to Hannah Arendt's "Banality of Evil."
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์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ ŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ "์•…์˜ ์ง„๋ถ€ํ•จ"๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์ง€์š”.
19:18
Our traditional societal heroes are wrong, because they are the exceptions.
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์ „ํ†ต์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์˜์›…๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
19:22
They organize their life around this. That's why we know their names.
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ํ‰์ƒ์„ ์˜์›…๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ด๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ,
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์ดˆ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
19:26
Our kids' heroes are also wrong models for them,
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์˜์›…์˜ ๋กค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:28
because they have supernatural talents.
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19:30
We want our kids to realize most heroes are everyday people,
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์ด์ œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์›…์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
์˜์›…์  ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์ผ๊นจ์›Œ์ค˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์กฐ ๋‹ค๋น„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:33
and the heroic act is unusual.
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19:35
This is Joe Darby.
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19:36
He was the one that stopped those abuses you saw,
383
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์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜ ํ•™๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จ์‹œํ‚จ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ,
19:39
because when he saw those images,
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19:40
he turned them over to a senior investigating officer.
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์ƒ๊ธ‰ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ค์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:43
He was a low-level private, and that stopped it.
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์ด ๋ง๋‹จ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์›…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:45
Was he a hero? No.
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19:47
They had to put him in hiding, because people wanted to kill him,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆจ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ,
19:50
and then his mother and his wife.
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์•„๋‚ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆจ์–ด์ง€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:52
For three years, they were in hiding.
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19:53
This is the woman who stopped the Stanford Prison Study.
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์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ค‘์ง€์‹œํ‚จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:56
When I said it got out of control, I was the prison superintendent.
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์ด ํ†ต์ œ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ด์—ˆ์„๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์˜€์ฃ .
19:59
I didn't know it was out of control. I was totally indifferent.
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
20:02
She saw that madhouse and said,
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ €์—๊ฒŒ
20:04
"You know what, it's terrible what you're doing to those boys.
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"๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ €๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ง“์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
20:07
They're not prisoners nor guards, they're boys, and you are responsible."
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์ €๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ„์ˆ˜๋„, ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•™์ƒ์ผ๋ฟ. ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹น์‹  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด์—์š”."
20:11
And I ended the study the next day.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:13
The good news is I married her the next year.
398
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์— ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
20:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
20:18
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
20:25
I just came to my senses, obviously.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ง€์š”.
20:27
So situations have the power to do [three things].
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ž€ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:30
But the point is, this is the same situation
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋”๋ผ๋„
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
20:33
that can inflame the hostile imagination in some of us,
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20:36
that makes us perpetrators of evil,
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•…์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋˜์ง€,
20:38
can inspire the heroic imagination in others.
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๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์˜์›…์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์š”.
20:40
It's the same situation and you're on one side or the other.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:43
Most people are guilty of the evil of inaction,
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด๋ž€ ์•…์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:45
because your mother said, "Don't get involved. Mind your own business."
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์€ "๊ดœํ•œ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ"๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋งํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์—„๋งˆ. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋จผ์ €์—์š”."
20:49
And you have to say, "Mama, humanity is my business."
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20:51
So the psychology of heroism is -- we're going to end in a moment --
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด์ œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์›… ํ•™์Šต์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:55
how do we encourage children in new hero courses,
412
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20:57
that I'm working on with Matt Langdon -- he has a hero workshop --
413
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'์˜์›… ์›Œํฌ์ƒต'์„ ๋งก๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งท ๋žญ๋˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
21:00
to develop this heroic imagination, this self-labeling,
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"๋‚œ ์ค€๋น„๋œ ์˜์›…์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ
21:03
"I am a hero in waiting," and teach them skills.
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์˜์›…์  ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
21:06
To be a hero, you have to learn to be a deviant,
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์˜์›…์ด ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:09
because you're always going against the conformity of the group.
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋งž์„œ์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
์˜์›…์ด๋ž€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:12
Heroes are ordinary people whose social actions are extraordinary. Who act.
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์˜์›…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:16
The key to heroism is two things.
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A: ๋‚จ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์ง€์•Š์„๋•Œ ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
21:18
You have to act when other people are passive.
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21:20
B: You have to act socio-centrically, not egocentrically.
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B: ์ž๊ธฐ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
21:23
And I want to end with a known story about Wesley Autrey, New York subway hero.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ๋Š”
๋‰ด์š• ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์˜์›… ์›จ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜คํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์”จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:27
Fifty-year-old African-American construction worker standing on a subway.
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50์„ธ์˜ ํ‘์ธ ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž์ฃ .
์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๋„์ค‘
21:31
A white guy falls on the tracks.
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ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ์ฒ ๋กœ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:32
The subway train is coming. There's 75 people there.
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์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—” 75๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
21:35
You know what? They freeze.
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์ •์ž‘ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
21:36
He's got a reason not to get involved.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„ค๋งŒํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:38
He's black, the guy's white, and he's got two kids.
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด๊ณ , ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒ ๋‘ ์•„์ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
21:41
Instead, he gives his kids to a stranger,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋Š”
์ฒ ๋กœ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค ์ฒญ๋…„์„ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ˆ•ํžˆ๊ณ 
21:43
jumps on the tracks, puts the guy between the tracks,
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21:45
lays on him, the subway goes over him.
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๊ฐ™์ด ์—Ž๋“œ๋ฆฐ ํ›„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ๊ทธ ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:47
Wesley and the guy -- 20 and a half inches height.
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์›จ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฒญ๋…„์˜ ๋†’์ด๋Š” 20.5 inch(52cm)์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ,
21:51
The train clearance is 21 inches.
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๊ธฐ์ฐจ์™€ ์ง€๋ฉด์˜ ํ‹ˆ์€ 21์ธ์น˜(53.3cm)์˜€์ฃ .
21:53
A half an inch would have taken his head off.
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0.5๋งŒ ๋” ๋†’์•˜์–ด๋„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:56
And he said, "I did what anyone could do," no big deal to jump on the tracks.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค."
์ฒ ๋กœ ์œ„๋กœ ๋›ฐ๋Š”๊ฑด ๋ณ„์ผ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
22:00
And the moral imperative is "I did what everyone should do."
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"๋‹ค๋“ค ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค." ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„๋• ๋ช…๋ น์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:04
And so one day, you will be in a new situation.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ฌ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:07
Take path one, you're going to be a perpetrator of evil.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ํƒ์€, ์•…์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
22:09
Evil, meaning you're going to be Arthur Andersen.
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์•„์„œ ์•ค๋”์Šค ๊ธฐ์—…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•…์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:12
You're going to cheat, or you're going to allow bullying.
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๋‚จ์„ ์†์ด๊ณ  ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
22:14
Path two, you become guilty of the evil of passive inaction.
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๋‘˜์งธ๋Š”, ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์˜ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
22:17
Path three, you become a hero.
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์…‹์งธ๋Š”, ์˜์›…์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€, ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
22:19
The point is, are we ready to take the path to celebrating ordinary heroes,
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์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์˜์›…์„ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๊ณ ,
22:23
waiting for the right situation to come along
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์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ,
์˜์›…์  ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:26
to put heroic imagination into action?
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๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ํ‰์ƒ์— ๋”ฑ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ฌ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:28
Because it may only happen once in your life,
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22:31
and when you pass it by, you'll always know,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ›—๋‚ ,
์˜์›…์ด ๋  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
22:33
I could have been a hero and I let it pass me by.
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22:35
So the point is thinking it and then doing it.
449
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ,
22:38
So I want to thank you. Thank you.
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22:40
Let's oppose the power of evil systems at home and abroad,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์˜ ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ
22:43
and let's focus on the positive.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
22:45
Advocate for respect of personal dignity, for justice and peace,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์กด์—„๊ณผ
22:48
which sadly our administration has not been doing.
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์ •์˜์™€ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์™ธ์นฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:51
Thanks so much.
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
22:52
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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