The psychology of evil | Philip Zimbardo

2,810,396 views ใƒป 2008-09-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Philosophers, dramatists, theologians
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ืžื—ื–ืื™ื ื•ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
00:16
have grappled with this question for centuries:
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ื ืื‘ืงื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•
00:18
what makes people go wrong?
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ?
00:20
Interestingly, I asked this question when I was a little kid.
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื ืงืก, ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
00:23
I grew up in the South Bronx, inner-city ghetto in New York,
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืจื•ืข
00:26
and I was surrounded by evil,
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00:27
as all kids are who grew up in an inner city.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ
00:30
And I had friends who were really good kids,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
00:32
who lived out the Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde scenario -- Robert Louis Stevenson.
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ื•ืฉื—ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื“"ืจ ื’'ืงื™ืœ ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจ"ืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ
00:36
That is, they took drugs, got in trouble, went to jail.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฆืจื›ื• ืกืžื™ื, ื ืงืœืขื• ืœืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื›ืœื.
00:40
Some got killed, and some did it without drug assistance.
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•, ื•ื—ืœืงื - ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืกืžื™ื.
00:44
So when I read Robert Louis Stevenson, that wasn't fiction.
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ืื– ื›ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
00:47
The only question is, what was in the juice?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื• ืœื–ื”?
00:49
And more importantly, that line between good and evil --
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข
00:53
which privileged people like to think is fixed and impermeable,
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ืฉื‘ืจื™-ื”ืžื–ืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื-ื—ื“ื™ืจ,
00:56
with them on the good side, the others on the bad side --
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ - ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืจืข.
00:59
I knew that line was movable, and it was permeable.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ื—ื“ื™ืจ,
01:02
Good people could be seduced across that line,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
01:04
and under good and some rare circumstances, bad kids could recover
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ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืงื
ืขื ืขื–ืจื”, ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื.
01:09
with help, with reform, with rehabilitation.
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01:12
So I want to begin with this wonderful illusion
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืขื ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ื•
01:14
by [Dutch] artist M.C. Escher.
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ืžืืช ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืž"ืง ืืฉืจ.
01:16
If you look at it and focus on the white, what you see is a world full of angels.
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ืื ืชืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ,
ืชืจืื• ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ืžืœืื›ื™ื.
01:20
But let's look more deeply, and as we do,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ืื–,
01:23
what appears is the demons, the devils in the world.
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:26
That tells us several things.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:28
One, the world is, was, will always be filled with good and evil,
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ืื—ื“: ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื” ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข,
01:31
because good and evil is the yin and yang of the human condition.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืจืข ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืื ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:34
It tells me something else.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื,
01:35
If you remember, God's favorite angel was Lucifer.
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ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ.
01:39
Apparently, Lucifer means "the light."
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉ"ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ" ืžืฉืžืขื• "ื”ืื•ืจ",
01:41
It also means "the morning star," in some scripture.
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื’ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืฉื—ืจ.
01:44
And apparently, he disobeyed God,
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื” ืืช ืคื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
01:47
and that's the ultimate disobedience to authority.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืื™-ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช,
01:50
And when he did, Michael, the archangel, was sent to kick him out of heaven
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ื•ื›ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื ืฉืœื— ืžื™ื›ืืœ, ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืจืืฉื™,
ืœืกืœืงื• ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ืขื ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื.
01:55
along with the other fallen angels.
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01:57
And so Lucifer descends into hell, becomes Satan,
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืจื“ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ ืœื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื, ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ,
02:01
becomes the devil, and the force of evil in the universe begins.
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ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื›ืžืงื•ื ืœืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืข,
02:04
Paradoxically, it was God who created hell as a place to store evil.
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02:09
He didn't do a good job of keeping it there though.
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืกื’ื•ืจ ืฉื.
02:11
So, this arc of the cosmic transformation of God's favorite angel into the Devil,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ ื”ื–ื”,
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ,
02:16
for me, sets the context for understanding human beings
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
02:19
who are transformed from good, ordinary people into perpetrators of evil.
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
ืœื—ื•ืจืฉื™-ืจืขื”.
02:24
So the Lucifer effect, although it focuses on the negatives --
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคืงื˜ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื -
02:28
the negatives that people can become,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช,
02:31
not the negatives that people are --
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ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื,
02:33
leads me to a psychological definition.
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ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช: ืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—.
02:36
Evil is the exercise of power.
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02:38
And that's the key: it's about power.
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ื›ืืŸ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื—: ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—
ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
02:41
To intentionally harm people psychologically,
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02:43
to hurt people physically, to destroy people mortally, or ideas,
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ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
02:47
and to commit crimes against humanity.
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:51
If you Google "evil," a word that should surely have withered by now,
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ืื ืชื—ืคืฉื• ื‘"ื’ื•ื’ืœ" ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืจื•ืข", ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืœื,
02:54
you come up with 136 million hits in a third of a second.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• 136 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:58
A few years ago -- I am sure all of you were shocked, as I was,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื - ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืขืชื ื›ืžื•ื ื™
03:02
with the revelation of American soldiers abusing prisoners in a strange place
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ืขื ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื
ืฉื”ืชืขืœืœื• ื‘ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืจ
03:08
in a controversial war, Abu Ghraib in Iraq.
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ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช: ืื‘ื•-ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
03:11
And these were men and women
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
03:13
who were putting prisoners through unbelievable humiliation.
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ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืกื›ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ.
03:18
I was shocked, but I wasn't surprised,
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ื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืขืชื™, ืืš ืœื ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™,
03:19
because I had seen those same visual parallels
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
03:22
when I was the prison superintendent of the Stanford Prison Study.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ืœื, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืœื ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“.
03:25
Immediately the Bush administration military said what?
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ืžื” ืืžืจ ืžื™ื“ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ?
03:28
What all administrations say when there's a scandal:
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ืžืฉืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืฉืคื•ืจืฆืช ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื”:
"ืืœ ืชืืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื•. ื–ื• ืœื ืืฉืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
03:31
"Don't blame us. It's not the system.
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"ืืœื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืจืงื™-ืขื•ืœ."
03:33
It's the few bad apples, the few rogue soldiers."
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03:35
My hypothesis is, American soldiers are good, usually.
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
03:38
Maybe it was the barrel that was bad.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช.
03:40
But how am I going to deal with that hypothesis?
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ืืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื•?
03:43
I became an expert witness for one of the guards,
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ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื“-ืžื•ืžื—ื”
03:45
Sergeant Chip Frederick, and in that position,
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ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื, ืกืžืœ ืฆ'ื™ืค ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง,
ื•ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชืจื™ืกืจ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
03:47
I had access to the dozen investigative reports.
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03:50
I had access to him.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื•; ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•,
03:52
I could study him, have him come to my home, get to know him,
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ืœื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื™, ืœื”ื›ื™ืจื•,
03:55
do psychological analysis to see, was he a good apple or bad apple.
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ืœื ืชื—ื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ืชืคื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืงื•ื‘.
03:59
And thirdly, I had access to all of the 1,000 pictures
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ 1,000 ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื
04:03
that these soldiers took.
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ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื”.
04:05
These pictures are of a violent or sexual nature.
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ืืœื™ื ืื• ืžื™ื ื™.
04:07
All of them come from the cameras of American soldiers.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืฆืœืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื,
04:10
Because everybody has a digital camera or cell phone camera,
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ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื• ืžืฆืœืžืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“.
04:13
they took pictures of everything, more than 1,000.
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ื”ื ืฆื™ืœืžื• ื”ื›ืœ. ืžืขืœ 1,000 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
04:16
And what I've done is I organized them into various categories.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
ืืš ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘.
04:19
But these are by United States military police, army reservists.
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04:24
They are not soldiers prepared for this mission at all.
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ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ืœืงืจืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
04:28
And it all happened in a single place, Tier 1-A, on the night shift.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“: ืงื•ืžื” 1 ืื™ื™, ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
04:31
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืงื•ืžื” 1 ืื™ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™.
04:33
Tier 1-A was the center for military intelligence.
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04:35
It was the interrogation hold.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืกื™-ืื™ื™-ืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื,
04:37
The CIA was there.
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04:38
Interrogators from Titan Corporation, all there,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืชืื’ื™ื“ "ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ", ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื,
04:42
and they're getting no information about the insurgency.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื.
04:44
So they're going to put pressure on these soldiers,
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
04:47
military police, to cross the line,
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04:49
give them permission to break the will of the enemy,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘,
04:52
to prepare them for interrogation, to soften them up,
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ืœื”ื›ื™ื ื ืœื—ืงื™ืจื”, ืœืจื›ืš ืื•ืชื,
04:54
to take the gloves off.
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ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื•ืช. ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื”,
04:55
Those are the euphemisms, and this is how it was interpreted.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืคื•ืจืฉื•.
04:59
Let's go down to that dungeon.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืง.
05:03
(Typewriting)
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[ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืœื“ื”]
05:05
[Abu Ghraib Iraq Prison Abuses 2008 Military Police Guards' Photos]
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-ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื ืื‘ื•-ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘, 2003- -ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื-
05:11
[The following images include nudity and graphic depictions of violence]
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-ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื”-
05:18
(Camera shutter sounds)
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[ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืžืฆืœืžื”]
05:39
(Thuds)
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05:45
(Camera shutter)
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[ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืžืฆืœืžื”]
05:59
(Camera shutter)
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06:09
(Breathing)
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[ื”ืชื ืฉืžื•ืช]
06:17
(Bells)
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[ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื”]
06:47
(Bells end)
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06:49
So, pretty horrific.
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ืื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืจื ืœืžื“ื™.
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข.
06:51
That's one of the visual illustrations of evil.
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06:55
And it should not have escaped you
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื
06:57
that the reason I paired the prisoner with his arms out
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืงื™ืฉืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืฉื•ืช
07:00
with Leonardo da Vinci's ode to humanity
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ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื”-ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™, "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœืœ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช",
07:03
is that that prisoner was mentally ill.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืกื™ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื•.
07:05
That prisoner covered himself with shit every day,
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ืืกื™ืจ ื–ื” ื›ื™ืกื” ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื,
07:08
they had to roll him in dirt so he wouldn't stink.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืคืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืจื™ื—.
07:10
But the guards ended up calling him "Shit Boy."
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• 'ื ืขืจ-ื”ื—ืจื'.
07:12
What was he doing in that prison rather than in some mental institution?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœื ื”ื”ื•ื
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื—ื•ืœื™-ืจื•ื—?
07:17
In any event, here's former Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืจืžืกืคืœื“.
07:20
He comes down and says, "I want to know, who is responsible?
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจืื™
"ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ื?" ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
07:23
Who are the bad apples?"
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07:24
Well, that's a bad question.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ืกื—ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ, "ืžื” ืื—ืจืื™?"
07:26
You have to reframe it and ask, "What is responsible?"
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07:28
"What" could be the who of people,
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ื›ื™ "ืžื”" ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ืžื™" ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:30
but it could also be the what of the situation,
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ืืš ื’ื ืœ"ืžื”" ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘,
07:32
and obviously that's wrongheaded.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™.
07:34
How do psychologists try to understand such transformations of human character,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื ืกื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
07:38
if you believe that they were good soldiers
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
07:40
before they went down to that dungeon?
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืง?
07:42
There are three ways. The main way is called dispositional.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ, ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืชืคื•ื— ืจืงื•ื‘.
07:45
We look at what's inside of the person, the bad apples.
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07:48
This is the foundation of all of social science,
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ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
07:51
the foundation of religion, the foundation of war.
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ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช, ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
07:55
Social psychologists like me come along and say,
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
07:57
"Yeah, people are the actors on the stage,
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"ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืžื”,
07:59
but you'll have to be aware of the situation.
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"ืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘.
08:01
Who are the cast of characters? What's the costume?
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"ืžื™ ืœื™ื”ืง ืื•ืชื? ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช?
08:04
Is there a stage director?"
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"ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ืžื”?"
08:05
And so we're interested in what are the external factors
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
08:08
around the individual -- the bad barrel?
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื, ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช.
08:11
Social scientists stop there and they miss the big point
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ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืขื™-ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืคื”, ื•ื™ื—ืžื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
08:13
that I discovered when I became an expert witness for Abu Ghraib.
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื“-ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืื‘ื•-ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘.
08:16
The power is in the system.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
08:18
The system creates the situation that corrupts the individuals,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
08:21
and the system is the legal, political, economic, cultural background.
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื—ื•ืงื™, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
08:26
And this is where the power is of the bad-barrel makers.
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ื•ืฉื ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื•ืช.
08:30
If you want to change a person, change the situation.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘;
08:32
And to change it, you've got to know where the power is, in the system.
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืžืฆื ื”ื›ื•ื—.
ื›ืš ืฉืืคืงื˜ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
08:36
So the Lucifer effect involves understanding
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08:38
human character transformations with these three factors.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 3 ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื”.
08:43
And it's a dynamic interplay.
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ื•ืืœื• ื™ื—ืกื™-ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื. ืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘?
08:44
What do the people bring into the situation?
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08:46
What does the situation bring out of them?
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื?
08:48
And what is the system that creates and maintains that situation?
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ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘?
08:52
My recent book, "The Lucifer Effect," is about,
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ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, "ืืคืงื˜ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ", ืฉื•ืืœ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื?
08:55
how do you understand how good people turn evil?
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08:57
And it has a lot of detail about what I'm going to talk about today.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:01
So Dr. Z's "Lucifer Effect," although it focuses on evil,
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ืื– ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื–', "ืืคืงื˜ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ", ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจื•ืข,
09:04
really is a celebration of the human mind's infinite capacity
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคืืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
09:08
to make any of us kind or cruel,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘-ืœื‘ ืื• ืœืื›ื–ืจ,
09:10
caring or indifferent, creative or destructive,
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ืœืื™ื›ืคืชื™ ืื• ืื“ื™ืฉ, ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืื• ื”ืจืกื ื™,
09:13
and it makes some of us villains.
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ื•ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• - ืœื ื‘ืœื™ื.
09:15
And the good news that I'm going to hopefully come to at the end
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ื•ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
09:18
is that it makes some of us heroes.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
09:21
This wonderful cartoon in the New Yorker summarizes my whole talk:
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ื–ื• ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืคืœืื” ืžื”"ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงืจ",
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆืืชื™:
09:25
"I'm neither a good cop nor a bad cop, Jerome.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืจืข, ื’'ืจื•ื.
09:27
Like yourself, I'm a complex amalgam
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"ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ืš, ืื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
09:29
of positive and negative personality traits
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"ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช."
09:32
that emerge or not, depending on the circumstances."
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09:35
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:37
There's a study some of you think you know about,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
09:40
but very few people have ever read the story.
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ืืš ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜.
09:42
You watched the movie.
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09:44
This is Stanley Milgram, little Jewish kid from the Bronx,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื’ืจื, ื™ืœื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื‘ืจื•ื ืงืก,
09:47
and he asked the question, "Could the Holocaust happen here, now?"
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ืฉืฉืืœ: "ื”ืื ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื?"
09:51
People say, "No, that's Nazi Germany, Hitler, you know, that's 1939."
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืœื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ,
"ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘-1939."
09:54
He said, "Yeah, but suppose Hitler asked you,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืื“ื ื–ืจ?"
09:57
'Would you electrocute a stranger?' 'No way, I'm a good person.'"
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-"ืœื ื•ืœื! ืื ื™ ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘."
10:00
He said, "Why don't we put you in a situation
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืชืขืฉื•."
10:02
and give you a chance to see what you would do?"
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ 1,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
10:04
And so what he did was he tested 1,000 ordinary people.
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10:07
500 New Haven, Connecticut, 500 Bridgeport.
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ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜; ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'ืคื•ืจื˜.
ื•ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
10:11
And the ad said, "Psychologists want to understand memory.
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10:14
We want to improve people's memory, because it is the key to success."
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"ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
10:17
OK?
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10:20
"We're going to give you five bucks -- four dollars for your time.
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"ืชืงื‘ืœื• 4 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื–ืžื ื›ื,
10:24
We don't want college students. We want men between 20 and 50."
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"ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื’' ืืœื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 20 ืขื“ 50"--
10:27
In the later studies, they ran women.
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื--
10:29
Ordinary people: barbers, clerks, white-collar people.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื: ืกืคึผืจื™ื, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ.
10:32
So, you go down,
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ืืชื ื‘ืื™ื,
10:34
one of you will be a learner, one will be a teacher.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื”.
10:36
The learner's a genial, middle-aged guy.
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”.
10:38
He gets tied up to the shock apparatus in another room.
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ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืœื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ืจ.
10:41
The learner could be middle-aged, could be as young as 20.
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ 20.
10:45
And one of you is told by the authority, the guy in the lab coat,
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ื•ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื ืืžืจ ืข"ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืง ืžืขื‘ื“ื”:
10:48
"Your job as teacher is to give him material to learn.
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"ืชืคืงื™ื“ืš ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
"ืื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ืชื’ืžืœ ืื•ืชื•,
10:51
Gets it right, reward.
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10:52
Gets it wrong, you press a button on the shock box.
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"ื•ืื ืœื, ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ื”ืœื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
10:54
The first button is 15 volts. He doesn't even feel it."
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"ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ 15 ื•ื•ืœื˜. ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื”."
10:58
That's the key.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืคืชื—. ื”ืจื•ืข ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘-15 ื•ื•ืœื˜.
10:59
All evil starts with 15 volts.
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11:01
And then the next step is another 15 volts.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ 15 ื•ื•ืœื˜.
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ-450 ื•ื•ืœื˜.
11:04
The problem is, at the end of the line, it's 450 volts.
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11:07
And as you go along, the guy is screaming,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš, ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื—,
11:09
"I've got a heart condition! I'm out of here!"
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื—ืœืช-ืœื‘! ืชื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžืคื”!"
11:11
You're a good person. You complain.
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ื•ืืชื” ื”ืจื™ ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ืืชื” ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ:
11:13
"Sir, who will be responsible if something happens to him?"
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"ืื“ื•ื ื™, ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงืจื” ืœื•?"
11:15
The experimenter says, "Don't worry, I will be responsible.
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ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ: "ืืœ ืชื“ืื’. ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™
11:18
Continue, teacher."
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"ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ืžื•ืจื”."
11:20
And the question is, who would go all the way to 450 volts?
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืžื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ 450 ื•ื•ืœื˜?
11:23
You should notice here, when it gets up to 375,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ-375 ื•ื•ืœื˜
11:26
it says, "Danger. Severe Shock."
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืื–ื”ืจื”: "ืกื›ื ื”: ื”ืœื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ."
11:28
When it gets up to here, there's "XXX" -- the pornography of power.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื™ืงืกื™ื. ื”ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—.
11:31
So Milgram asks 40 psychiatrists,
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ืžื™ืœื’ืจื ืฉืืœ 40 ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื:
11:34
"What percent of American citizens would go to the end?"
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"ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืœืš ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ?"
11:37
They said only one percent.
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืจืง 1%, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืกื“ื™ื–ื,
11:38
Because that's sadistic behavior, and we know, psychiatry knows,
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืจืง 1% ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื ืกื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื.
11:42
only one percent of Americans are sadistic.
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11:44
OK.
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11:46
Here's the data. They could not be more wrong.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื ื˜ืขื• ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:48
Two thirds go all the way to 450 volts.
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ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ 450 ื•ื•ืœื˜. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“.
11:51
This was just one study.
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11:53
Milgram did more than 16 studies.
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ืžื™ืœื’ืจื ืขืจืš ืžืขืœ 16 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื. ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
11:55
And look at this.
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11:57
In study 16, where you see somebody like you go all the way,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ 16 ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
12:00
90 percent go all the way.
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90% ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
12:02
In study five, if you see people rebel,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืก' 5 ืจื•ืื™ื 90% ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžืจื“ื•.
12:04
90 percent rebel.
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12:06
What about women? Study 13 -- no different than men.
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ืžื” ืขื ื ืฉื™ื? ืžื—ืงืจ 13: ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:09
So Milgram is quantifying evil as the willingness of people
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ืœื’ืจื ืžื›ืžืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช,
12:13
to blindly obey authority, to go all the way to 450 volts.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ 450 ื•ื•ืœื˜.
12:16
And it's like a dial on human nature.
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ื•ื–ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื’ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
12:18
A dial in a sense that you can make almost everybody totally obedient,
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ื—ื•ื’ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
12:23
down to the majority, down to none.
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ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืื• ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“.
12:26
What are the external parallels? For all research is artificial.
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ืžื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ? ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
12:29
What's the validity in the real world?
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ืžื” ืชืงืคื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™?
912 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื• ืื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืข"ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
12:31
912 American citizens committed suicide or were murdered
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12:34
by family and friends in Guyana jungle in 1978,
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ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืื ื”, ื‘-1978,
12:37
because they were blindly obedient to this guy, their pastor --
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ืžืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื
12:40
not their priest -- their pastor, Reverend Jim Jones.
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ืœื ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืžื˜ื™ืฃ. ื”ืื‘ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื•ื ืก,
12:43
He persuaded them to commit mass suicide.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
12:46
And so, he's the modern Lucifer effect,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืืคืงื˜-ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
12:48
a man of God who becomes the Angel of Death.
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ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
12:52
Milgram's study is all about individual authority to control people.
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ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื’ืจื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
12:57
Most of the time, we are in institutions,
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
13:00
so the Stanford Prison Study is a study of the power of institutions
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืœื ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
13:03
to influence individual behavior.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
13:05
Interestingly, Stanley Milgram and I were in the same high school class
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ืคืจื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ: ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื’ืจื ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืชื”,
13:09
in James Monroe in the Bronx, 1954.
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ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ "ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื•ื ืจื•" ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื ืงืก, ื‘-1954 .
13:13
I did this study with my graduate students,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื ื™,
13:15
especially Craig Haney -- and it also began work with an ad.
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ืžื•ื“ืขื”.
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืกืฃ, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื•ืงื˜ื ื”.
13:18
We had a cheap, little ad,
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13:19
but we wanted college students for a study of prison life.
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ื”ื–ืžื ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื’' ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืœื.
13:23
75 people volunteered, took personality tests.
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75 ืื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•, ืขืฉื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช,
13:25
We did interviews.
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ื.
13:26
Picked two dozen: the most normal, the most healthy.
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ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
13:29
Randomly assigned them to be prisoner and guard.
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ื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืืงืจืื™ ืœืืกื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื.
13:31
So on day one, we knew we had good apples.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
13:33
I'm going to put them in a bad situation.
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ื•ืฉื›ืขืช ืื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข,
13:35
And secondly, we know there's no difference
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
13:38
between the boys who will be guards and those who will be prisoners.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื.
ืœื ืขืจื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื,
13:41
To the prisoners, we said,
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13:42
"Wait at home. The study will begin Sunday."
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ืืžืจื ื•: "ื—ื›ื• ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ."
13:45
We didn't tell them
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ืœื ืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชื’ื™ืข ื•ืชืขืจื•ืš ืžืขืฆืจื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื.
13:46
that the city police were going to come and do realistic arrests.
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13:49
(Video) (Music)
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(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
13:55
[Day 1]
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14:23
Student: A police car pulls up in front, and a cop comes to the front door,
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ืชืœืžื™ื“: ื ืขืฆืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื“ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช
14:28
and knocks, and says he's looking for me.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืช ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื™.
14:30
So they, right there, you know, they took me out the door,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ื›ื”, ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื“ืœืช,
14:33
they put my hands against the car.
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ื•ื”ืฉืขื™ื ื• ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
14:36
It was a real cop car, it was a real policeman,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™,
ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขืžื“ื• ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
14:39
and there were real neighbors in the street,
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14:41
who didn't know that this was an experiment.
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14:44
And there was cameras all around and neighbors all around.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื›ื ื™ื.
14:47
They put me in the car, then they drove me around Palo Alto.
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ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืคืืœื• ืืœื˜ื•
14:52
They took me to the basement of the police station.
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
ืœืžืจืชืฃ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
15:04
Then they put me in a cell.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชื ืžืขืฆืจ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆืจื•,
15:05
I was the first one to be picked up, so they put me in a cell,
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ืื– ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชื ืžืขืฆืจ
15:08
which was just like a room with a door with bars on it.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขื ื“ืœืช ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื.
15:12
You could tell it wasn't a real jail.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™.
15:14
They locked me in there, in this degrading little outfit.
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ื”ื ื ืขืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื.
15:18
They were taking this experiment too seriously.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
15:21
Here are the prisoners, who are going to be dehumanized, they'll become numbers.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืœืœ ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื.
ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกืžืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
15:25
Here are the guards with the symbols of power and anonymity.
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ื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ืžืืœืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืกืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช,
15:28
Guards get prisoners to clean the toilet bowls out with their bare hands,
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
15:31
to do other humiliating tasks.
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ื”ื ืžืคืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
15:33
They strip them naked. They sexually taunt them.
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ ืกื“ื•ื --
15:35
They begin to do degrading activities, like having them simulate sodomy.
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15:38
You saw simulating fellatio in soldiers in Abu Ghraib.
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-- ืจืื™ืชื ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื™ ืืฆืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืื‘ื•-ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ --
15:42
My guards did it in five days.
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ื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš 5 ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
15:44
The stress reaction was so extreme
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15:46
that normal kids we picked because they were healthy
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื,
15:48
had breakdowns within 36 hours.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืชื•ืš 36 ืฉืขื•ืช.
15:50
The study ended after six days, because it was out of control.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ 6 ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
15:54
Five kids had emotional breakdowns.
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
15:58
Does it make a difference
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
15:59
if warriors go to battle changing their appearance or not?
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ืฉืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืงืจื‘ ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื?
16:02
If they're anonymous, how do they treat their victims?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืชื, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ืกื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื?
16:05
In some cultures, they go to war without changing their appearance.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
16:08
In others, they paint themselves like "Lord of the Flies."
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืœ-ื–ื‘ื•ื‘.
ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ื•ืช.
16:11
In some, they wear masks.
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื.
16:12
In many, soldiers are anonymous in uniform.
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16:14
So this anthropologist, John Watson, found 23 cultures that had two bits of data.
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ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ื’'ื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืฆื
23 ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื 2 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
16:19
Do they change their appearance? 15.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช? 15.
16:21
Do they kill, torture, mutilate? 13.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื, ืžืขื ื™ื, ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืžื™ื? 13
16:24
If they don't change their appearance,
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ื›ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื”,
ืจืง 1 ืžืชื•ืš 8 ื”ื•ืจื’, ืžืขื ื” ืื• ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืžื•ืžื™ื.
16:26
only one of eight kills, tortures or mutilates.
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื.
16:28
The key is in the red zone.
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16:29
If they change their appearance,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื,
12 ืžื›ืœ 13 - 90% - ื™ื”ืจื’ื•, ื™ืขื ื• ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืœื• ืžื•ืžื™ื.
16:31
12 of 13 -- that's 90 percent -- kill, torture, mutilate.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
16:35
And that's the power of anonymity.
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16:36
So what are the seven social processes
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
16:38
that grease the slippery slope of evil?
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ืฉืžืฉืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงืœืง ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืข?
16:40
Mindlessly taking the first small step.
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™-ื“ืขืช,
16:42
Dehumanization of others. De-individuation of self.
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ื”ืฉืคืœืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
16:45
Diffusion of personal responsibility.
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ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช,
16:47
Blind obedience to authority.
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ืงื‘ืœื” ื ื˜ื•ืœืช-ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช,
16:49
Uncritical conformity to group norms.
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16:50
Passive tolerance of evil through inaction, or indifference.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจื•ืข ืข"ื™ ืื™-ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช.
16:54
And it happens when you're in a new or unfamiliar situation.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืœื-ืžื•ื›ืจ.
ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
16:57
Your habitual response patterns don't work.
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ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชื›ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื ื•ืชืง.
16:59
Your personality and morality are disengaged.
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17:02
"Nothing is easier than to denounce the evildoer;
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"ืื™ืŸ ืงืœ ืžืœื’ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจืข, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื•,"
17:05
nothing more difficult than understanding him," Dostoyevsky.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงื™.
17:08
Understanding is not excusing. Psychology is not excuse-ology.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” "ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”".
17:12
So social and psychological research reveals
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ
17:14
how ordinary, good people can be transformed without the drugs.
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ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื.
17:17
You don't need it. You just need the social-psychological processes.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื. ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
17:20
Real world parallels?
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ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™? ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื”:
17:22
Compare this with this.
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17:26
James Schlesinger -- I'm going to end with this -- says,
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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืฉืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ -- ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš --
17:28
"Psychologists have attempted to understand how and why
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ืื•ืžืจ: "ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข
17:31
individuals and groups who usually act humanely
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"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
17:33
can sometimes act otherwise in certain circumstances."
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"ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช."
17:37
That's the Lucifer effect.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืคืงื˜ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ.
17:38
And he goes on to say, "The landmark Stanford study
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ืžื—ืงืจ ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘
17:40
provides a cautionary tale for all military operations."
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"ืžืกืคืง ืœืงื— ื•ืื–ื”ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื."
17:44
If you give people power without oversight,
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ืื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืœืœื ืคื™ืงื•ื—,
17:47
it's a prescription for abuse.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืจืฉื ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ-ืœืจืขื”. ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื›ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช.
17:48
They knew that, and let that happen.
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17:51
So another report, an investigative report by General Fay,
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ื“ื•"ื— ืื—ืจ, ื“ื•"ื— ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืจืœ ืคื™ื™
17:54
says the system is guilty.
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ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืฉืžื”, ื•ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื–ื”
17:56
In this report, he says it was the environment that created Abu Ghraib,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”"ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ืื‘ื•-ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘,
18:00
by leadership failures that contributed to the occurrence of such abuse,
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"ื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื›ื–ื•,
18:03
and because it remained undiscovered
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"ื•ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืจ ื—ืกื•ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืข"ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ."
18:05
by higher authorities for a long period of time.
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ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืžืฉื›ื• 3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืžื™ ื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง?
18:08
Those abuses went on for three months.
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18:09
Who was watching the store?
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18:11
The answer is nobody, I think on purpose.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ืืฃ ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ - ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
18:13
He gave the guards permission to do those things,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืง.
18:16
and they knew nobody was ever going to come down to that dungeon.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
18:19
So you need a paradigm shift in all of these areas.
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18:21
The shift is away from the medical model that focuses only on the individual.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
18:25
The shift is toward a public health model
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
18:28
that recognizes situational and systemic vectors of disease.
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ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”.
18:31
Bullying is a disease. Prejudice is a disease.
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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื”. ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื”. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื”.
18:34
Violence is a disease.
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18:35
Since the Inquisition, we've been dealing with problems at the individual level.
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ื•ืžืื– ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
18:39
It doesn't work.
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18:40
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn says, "The line between good and evil
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข
18:43
cuts through the heart of every human being."
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
18:45
That means that line is not out there.
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ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื•;
18:47
That's a decision that you have to make, a personal thing.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ. ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
18:50
So I want to end very quickly on a positive note.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช:
18:53
Heroism as the antidote to evil,
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ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืชืจื•ืคืช-ื ื’ื“ ืœืจื•ืข,
18:56
by promoting the heroic imagination,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
18:58
especially in our kids, in our educational system.
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19:00
We want kids to think, "I'm a hero in waiting,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื•: "ืื ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื”,
19:03
waiting for the right situation to come along,
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"ืฉืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื– ืืคืขืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”.
19:05
and I will act heroically.
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19:06
My whole life, I'm now going to focus away from evil --
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"ืžืขืชื” ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ืข
"ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื– ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื."
19:09
that I've been in since I was a kid -- to understanding heroes.
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ื”ื‘ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”
19:12
Banality of heroism.
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ื”ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉื™-ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”.
19:13
It's ordinary people who do heroic deeds.
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19:15
It's the counterpoint to Hannah Arendt's "Banality of Evil."
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ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืŸ "ื”ื‘ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข" ืฉืœ ื—ื ื” ืืจื ื“ื˜.
19:18
Our traditional societal heroes are wrong, because they are the exceptions.
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ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”.
19:22
They organize their life around this. That's why we know their names.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•, ื’ื ื”ื ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
19:26
Our kids' heroes are also wrong models for them,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
19:28
because they have supernatural talents.
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19:30
We want our kids to realize most heroes are everyday people,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
19:33
and the heroic act is unusual.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืจื™ื’. ื–ื”ื• ื’'ื• ื“ืืจื‘ื™.
19:35
This is Joe Darby.
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19:36
He was the one that stopped those abuses you saw,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื,
ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจ.
19:39
because when he saw those images,
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19:40
he turned them over to a senior investigating officer.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจืื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื”ื›ืœ. ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ? ืœื.
19:43
He was a low-level private, and that stopped it.
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19:45
Was he a hero? No.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจื•, ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืจื’ื•,
19:47
They had to put him in hiding, because people wanted to kill him,
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19:50
and then his mother and his wife.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ืื™ืžื• ื•ืืช ืืฉืชื•.
ื”ื ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ื•ื.
19:52
For three years, they were in hiding.
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19:53
This is the woman who stopped the Stanford Prison Study.
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ื–ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืขืฆืจื” ืืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืœื ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“.
19:56
When I said it got out of control, I was the prison superintendent.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ืœื.
19:59
I didn't know it was out of control. I was totally indifferent.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื“ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
20:02
She saw that madhouse and said,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”, ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจื”:
20:04
"You know what, it's terrible what you're doing to those boys.
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”? ื ื•ืจื ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
20:07
They're not prisoners nor guards, they're boys, and you are responsible."
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"ืืœื” ืœื ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืœื” ืœื ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื;
"ืืœื” ื ืขืจื™ื, ื•ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™."
20:11
And I ended the study the next day.
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ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.
20:13
The good news is I married her the next year.
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืฉืืชื™ ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
20:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:18
(Applause)
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20:25
I just came to my senses, obviously.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฉืชื•ื ื•ืชื™.
20:27
So situations have the power to do [three things].
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
20:30
But the point is, this is the same situation
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื‘
20:33
that can inflame the hostile imagination in some of us,
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื‘ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
20:36
that makes us perpetrators of evil,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ืจืฉื™-ืจืข,
20:38
can inspire the heroic imagination in others.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื‘.
20:40
It's the same situation and you're on one side or the other.
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ื•ืื“ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ.
20:43
Most people are guilty of the evil of inaction,
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืื™ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช
20:45
because your mother said, "Don't get involved. Mind your own business."
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ื›ื™ ืืžื ืืžืจื”: "ืืœ ืชืชืขืจื‘. ืชืชืขืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš."
20:49
And you have to say, "Mama, humanity is my business."
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืืžื, ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื™ืกืงื™."
20:51
So the psychology of heroism is -- we're going to end in a moment --
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื-- ืžื™ื“ ื ืกื™ื™ื --
ืื™ืš ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™-ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
20:55
how do we encourage children in new hero courses,
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20:57
that I'm working on with Matt Langdon -- he has a hero workshop --
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ื‘ื”ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืžืื˜ ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื”ืœ ืกื“ื ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”,
21:00
to develop this heroic imagination, this self-labeling,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ-ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืืช ื”ืชื™ื•ื’ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื–ื”:
21:03
"I am a hero in waiting," and teach them skills.
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"ืื ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื”", ื•ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
21:06
To be a hero, you have to learn to be a deviant,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”,
21:09
because you're always going against the conformity of the group.
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ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช.
21:12
Heroes are ordinary people whose social actions are extraordinary. Who act.
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ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื,
ื•ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉื”. ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
21:16
The key to heroism is two things.
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ื', ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
21:18
You have to act when other people are passive.
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ื‘', ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช-ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช-ืขืฆืžื™.
21:20
B: You have to act socio-centrically, not egocentrically.
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21:23
And I want to end with a known story about Wesley Autrey, New York subway hero.
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจ, ืขืœ ื•ื•ืกืœื™ ืื•ื˜ืจื™,
ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง,
21:27
Fifty-year-old African-American construction worker standing on a subway.
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืŸ 50.
ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
21:31
A white guy falls on the tracks.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”.
21:32
The subway train is coming. There's 75 people there.
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช. ื™ืฉ ืฉื 75 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
21:35
You know what? They freeze.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
21:36
He's got a reason not to get involved.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘:
21:38
He's black, the guy's white, and he's got two kids.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื 2 ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจ,
21:41
Instead, he gives his kids to a stranger,
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ืงื•ืคืฅ ืืœ ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”, ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื,
21:43
jumps on the tracks, puts the guy between the tracks,
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21:45
lays on him, the subway goes over him.
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ื ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืขืœื™ื•.
21:47
Wesley and the guy -- 20 and a half inches height.
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ื•ื•ืกืœื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ: 52 ืก"ืž ื’ื•ื‘ื”.
ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช: 53 ืก"ืž.
21:51
The train clearance is 21 inches.
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21:53
A half an inch would have taken his head off.
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ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉื•.
21:56
And he said, "I did what anyone could do," no big deal to jump on the tracks.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช."
"ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”."
22:00
And the moral imperative is "I did what everyone should do."
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ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื•ื: "ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช."
22:04
And so one day, you will be in a new situation.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืชื ืชื™ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ.
22:07
Take path one, you're going to be a perpetrator of evil.
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ืื ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืช ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื—ื•ืจืฉื™-ืจืข.
22:09
Evil, meaning you're going to be Arthur Andersen.
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ืจืข, ืžืฉืžืข ืชื”ื™ื• ืืจืชื•ืจ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ.
22:12
You're going to cheat, or you're going to allow bullying.
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ืชืจืžื•, ืื• ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
22:14
Path two, you become guilty of the evil of passive inaction.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื”: ืชื—ื˜ืื• ื‘ืจื•ืข ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช.
22:17
Path three, you become a hero.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
22:19
The point is, are we ready to take the path to celebrating ordinary heroes,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš
ืฉืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
22:23
waiting for the right situation to come along
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ืฉืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ-ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”?
22:26
to put heroic imagination into action?
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22:28
Because it may only happen once in your life,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
22:31
and when you pass it by, you'll always know,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื—ืžื™ืฆื• ืื•ืชื”,
ืชื“ืขื• ืชืžื™ื“: "ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืจื’ืข ืœื—ืœื•ืฃ."
22:33
I could have been a hero and I let it pass me by.
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22:35
So the point is thinking it and then doing it.
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ืื– ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืš ื•ืื– ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš.
22:38
So I want to thank you. Thank you.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื”, ืชื•ื“ื”, ืชื•ื“ื”.
22:40
Let's oppose the power of evil systems at home and abroad,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ื•ื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืข ืžื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ,
22:43
and let's focus on the positive.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
22:45
Advocate for respect of personal dignity, for justice and peace,
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ื ื“ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ื,
22:48
which sadly our administration has not been doing.
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ืžื” ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืขืฉื”.
22:51
Thanks so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
22:52
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7