Marcel Dicke: Why not eat insects?

翻译人员: Angelia King 校对人员: Bowen Yang

Okay, I'm going to show you

好了，我向大家再次展示

again something about our diets.

我们饮食中的食用昆虫。

And I would like to know what the audience is,

我想知道观众中有多少人吃过昆虫。

and so who of you ever ate insects?

大家曾吃过昆虫吗？

That's quite a lot.

非常多。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But still, you're not representing

但尽管如此，你们并不代表

the overall population of the Earth.

这地球上的所有人。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Because there's 80 percent out there that really eats insects.

因为地球上百分之八十的人食用昆虫。

But this is quite good.

但在场吃过昆虫的人也相当多了。

Why not eat insects? Well first, what are insects?

为什么不吃昆虫呢？首先，什么是昆虫？

Insects are animals that walk around on six legs.

用六条腿行走的动物就是昆虫。

And here you see just a selection.

你在这图中看到的昆虫仅是一部分。

There's six million species of insects on this planet,

在这地球上，有六百万种昆虫，

six million species.

六百万种。

There's a few hundreds of mammals --

哺乳动物仅有几百种，

six million species of insects.

昆虫却有六百万种。

In fact, if we count all the individual organisms,

事实上，假如我们考虑所有生物个体，

we would come at much larger numbers.

我们会得到更大的数目。

In fact, of all animals on Earth,

事实是地球上所有的动物，

of all animal species,

所有动物种类，

80 percent walks on six legs.

百分之八十的物种都是六条腿行走的动物。

But if we would count all the individuals,

但如果我们计算所有的个体，

and we take an average weight of them,

称量他们的平均重量，

it would amount to something like 200 to 2,000 kilograms

昆虫平均重量会是200到2000公斤，

for each of you and me on Earth.

相比起地球上，你我中的每一个而言。

That means that in terms of biomass,

在生物量上，

insects are more abundant than we are,

昆虫比我们人类要更加充足。

and we're not on a planet of men,

其实我们不是生活在一个人类星球上，

but we're on a planet of insects.

而是在一个昆虫星球上。

Insects are not only there in nature,

昆虫不仅仅存在于自然界，

but they also are involved in our economy,

它们还跟我们的经济息息相关，

usually without us knowing.

只是通常人们没有察觉。

There was an estimation,

几年前，有个

a conservative estimation, a couple of years ago

保守的估计，

that the U.S. economy

美国经济每年

benefited by 57 billion

因昆虫而获益五百七十亿

dollars per year.

美元。

It's a number -- very large --

这对美国经济是个非常大的

a contribution to the economy of the United States for free.

贡献，而且是无偿的。

And so I looked up what the economy was paying

接着我查看了同一年美国经济

for the war in Iraq

在伊拉克战争的支出是多少

in the same year.

。

It was 80 billion U.S. dollars.

八百亿美元。

Well we know that that

我们都知道伊拉克战争

was not a cheap war.

花费不菲。

So insects, just for free,

而昆虫，

contribute to the economy of the United States

它们

with about the same order of magnitude,

以同样的数百亿美元

just for free, without everyone knowing.

对美国经济作出的无偿贡献，却鲜为人知。

And not only in the States,

昆虫的贡献不只局限于美国，

but in any country, in any economy.

而是对世界上任何一个国家，任何一个经济体。

What do they do?

昆虫都做了什么？

They remove dung, they pollinate our crops.

它们清除粪便，给农作物授粉。

A third of all the fruits that we eat

我们食用水果中的三分之一

are all a result

都是

of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants.

靠它们传粉长成的。

They control pests,

他们抑制害虫。

and they're food for animals.

也是其他动物的食物来源。

They're at the start of food chains.

昆虫位于食物链的底端。

Small animals eat insects.

小动物吃昆虫。

Even larger animals eat insects.

大动物也不例外。

But the small animals that eat insects

但食用昆虫的小动物

are being eaten by larger animals,

也会被大一点的动物，

still larger animals.

甚至更大型的动物捕食。

And at the end of the food chain, we are eating them as well.

在食物链的末端，是我们人类食用这些动物。

There's quite a lot of people that are eating insects.

相当多的人吃昆虫。

And here you see me

这幅图，大家看到我

in a small, provincial town in China, Lijiang --

在中国的一个小省城，丽江--

about two million inhabitants.

这里大约有2百万居民。

If you go out for dinner, like in a fish restaurant,

如果你外出就餐，就像在鱼庄，

where you can select which fish you want to eat,

你可以选择你想吃的鱼类产品一样，

you can select which insects you would like to eat.

选择你想吃的昆虫食品。

And they prepare it in a wonderful way.

他们会烹饪出非常特别的昆虫佳肴。

And here you see me enjoying a meal

所以你看到的是，我在享用一顿，

with caterpillars, locusts,

有毛毛虫和蚱蜢，

bee pupae -- delicacies.

蜜蜂等的美味佳肴。

And you can eat something new everyday.

每天你都可以尝个鲜。

There's more than 1,000 species of insects

全球各地，人们正在食用1000余种

that are being eaten all around the globe.

的昆虫。

That's quite a bit more

种类远远多于

than just a few mammals that we're eating,

人们食用的那么几种哺乳动物，

like a cow or a pig

例如牛，猪，

or a sheep.

或者羊。

More than 1,000 species --

1000多种--

an enormous variety.

极其丰富。

And now you may think, okay,

现在大家可能会想，

in this provincial town in China they're doing that, but not us.

那只是这个中国小城镇的人这么吃罢了，我们可不这样。

Well we've seen already that quite some of you

可是，我们已经看到在场的很多人

already ate insects maybe occasionally,

都吃过昆虫，尽管有些只是偶然吃了一次。

but I can tell you that every one of you

但我要告诉大家，我们每个人都吃昆虫，

is eating insects, without any exception.

无一例外。

You're eating at least

大家每年至少吃

500 grams per year.

500克昆虫。

What are you eating?

这怎么会呢？

Tomato soup, peanut butter,

番茄汤，花生酱，

chocolate, noodles --

巧克力，面条--

any processed food that you're eating

你吃过的任何加工食品

contains insects,

都含有昆虫，

because insects are here all around us,

因为昆虫就在我们身边，

and when they're out there in nature

它们在外边自然界中，

they're also in our crops.

它们也在我们的农作物中。

Some fruits get some insect damage.

一些水果进了虫有些损害。

Those are the fruits, if they're tomato,

如果是番茄，

that go to the tomato soup.

他们就被制成番茄汤。

If they don't have any damage, they go to the grocery.

如果它们完好无损，则会被售往杂货店。

And that's your view of a tomato.

这是你们看到的是番茄。

But there's tomatoes that end up in a soup,

但还有被制成汤的番茄。

and as long as they meet

只要它们符合

the requirements of the food agency,

食品署的要求，

there can be all kinds of things in there,

加工食品里可以有各种各样的东西，

no problem.

这没有问题。

In fact, why would we put these balls in the soup,

事实上，我们为什么还往汤里放肉丸呢？

there's meat in there anyway?

里面不早就有昆虫肉了吗？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

In fact, all our processed foods

其实，我们所有的加工食品

contain more proteins

所含的蛋白质

than we would be aware of.

比我们想象的要多得多。

So anything is a good protein source already.

所以加工食品都是不错的蛋白质的来源。

Now you may say,

现在大家会说，

"Okay, so we're eating 500 grams just by accident."

“好吧，我们只是‘不小心’吃了500克的昆虫。”

We're even doing this on purpose.

可是我们在很多食物中

In a lot of food items that we have --

有意食用昆虫。

I have only two items

在幻灯片中，我这儿仅有2个例子

here on the slide --

--

pink cookies or surimi sticks

粉红色的饼干和蟹肉条

or, if you like, Campari --

又或者，堪培利开胃酒。

a lot of our food products that are of a red color

我们许多食物生产中的红色

are dyed with a natural dye.

都是用天然色素染成的。

The surimi sticks

蟹肉棒

[of] crabmeat, or is being sold as crab meat,

就是蟹肉，或被卖成蟹肉，

is white fish

它是白鱼

that's being dyed with cochineal.

被染上胭脂红。

Cochineal is a product

而胭脂红是提取于

of an insect that lives off these cacti.

一种靠仙人掌生活的昆虫产品。

It's being produced in large amounts,

胭脂红

150 to 180 metric tons per year

以每年150到180公吨大量生产，

in the Canary Islands in Peru,

在秘鲁的加那利群岛，

and it's big business.

这是笔大买卖。

One gram of cochineal

一克胭脂红

costs about 30 euros.

价值约30欧元。

One gram of gold

一克黄金

is 30 euros.

也是30欧元。

So it's a very precious thing

所以胭脂红是非常宝贵的东西，

that we're using to dye our foods.

我们用它来给食物染色。

Now the situation in the world is going to change

现在全球情况正在变化，

for you and me, for everyone on this Earth.

对你我，地球上每个人而言。

The human population is growing very rapidly

人口总数正快速地，

and is growing exponentially.

成倍地增长着。

Where, at the moment, we have

目前地球上有

something between six and seven billion people,

60亿到70亿人口，

it will grow to about nine billion

到2050年，总人口数会增加到

in 2050.

约90亿。

That means that we have a lot more mouths to feed,

这意味着我们有更多的人口要养活。

and this is something that worries more and more people.

这是个让越来越多人担忧的问题。

There was an FAO conference last October

去年十月粮农组织大会

that was completely devoted to this.

特此就这问题而召开。

How are we going to feed this world?

我们将怎样养活这个世界？

And if you look at the figures up there,

请注意上边粮农组织的数据，

it says that we have a third more mouths to feed,

它说我们还有多于现在三分之一的人口要养活，

but we need an agricultural production increase

但这需要农业生产提高

of 70 percent.

百分之七十。

And that's especially because this world population

这尤其是因为世界人口总数

is increasing,

在增加，

and it's increasing, not only in numbers,

不仅仅是数量的增加，

but we're also getting wealthier,

而且我们也变得富有了，

and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more

人们一旦富裕了就会开始吃更多的食物

and also starts to eat more meat.

也开始吃更多的肉。

And meat, in fact, is something

实际上，肉类食品的

that costs a lot

农业生产成本

of our agricultural production.

很高。

Our diet consists, [in] some part, of animal proteins,

我们饮食由许多动物蛋白质组成，

and at the moment, most of us here

目前，在这儿，我们中多数人

get it from livestock,

从家畜，

from fish, from game.

鱼类，或野味中获取动物蛋白质。

And we eat quite a lot of it.

我们吃很多肉。

In the developed world it's on average

在发达国家，平均每人每年食用

80 kilograms per person per year,

80公斤的肉，

which goes up to 120

美国的平均值

in the United States

更是高达120公斤，

and a bit lower in some other countries,

其他一些国家稍微低点，

but on average 80 kilograms

但平均下来是

per person per year.

每人每年80公斤。

In the developing world it's much lower.

在发展中国家这个平均值要低得多。

It's 25 kilograms per person per year.

每人每年25公斤。

But it's increasing enormously.

但增长很快。

In China in the last 20 years,

在中国过去20年中，

it increased from 20 to 50,

这平均值从20公斤增加到了50公斤，

and it's still increasing.

这将会持续下去。

So if a third of the world population

那么如果世界人口的三分之一

is going to increase its meat consumption

正增加他们的肉消费

from 25 to 80 on average,

平均从25公斤增长到80公斤，

and a third of the world population

另外，世界人口的三分之一

is living in China and in India,

正生活在中国和印度，

we're having an enormous demand on meat.

我们对肉类食品的需求会变得相当大。

And of course, we are not there to say

当然，我们不是说，

that's only for us, it's not for them.

肉食需求只是对我们而言，不用考虑他们（发展中国家的人们）。

They have the same share that we have.

他们和我们一样，享有同等的需求。

Now to start with, I should say

我必须说，

that we are eating way too much meat

在西方国家，

in the Western world.

我们吃的肉太多了。

We could do with much, much less --

我们其实只需要吃很少就可以，

and I know, I've been a vegetarian for a long time,

我知道因为我食素已经很久了。

and you can easily do without anything.

大家能很容易地做到这一点。

You'll get proteins in any kind of food anyway.

从任何食物中都能获取蛋白质。

But then there's a lot of problems

然而肉类食品的生产，

that come with meat production,

却带有很多问题，

and we're being faced with that more and more often.

而且这些问题会越来越普遍。

The first problem that we're facing is human health.

我们要面对的第一个问题是人类健康。

Pigs are quite like us.

猪很像我们人类。

They're even models in medicine,

在医学上，猪是人类的临床试验的替代品。

and we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human.

我们甚至可以把猪的器官移植到人身上。

That means that pigs also share diseases with us.

这表明猪和人类有很多共同的疾病。

And a pig disease,

而猪的疾病，

a pig virus, and a human virus

猪的病毒，和人类的病毒

can both proliferate,

都能繁殖并扩散。

and because of their kind of reproduction,

正因为这种繁殖系统，

they can combine and produce a new virus.

猪和人携带的病毒可能变异，并生成一种新病毒。

This has happened in the Netherlands in the 1990s

1990年代荷兰发生过的

during the classical swine fever outbreak.

典型猪疫就是这么一例。

You get a new disease that can be deadly.

产生的这种新疾病是会致命的。

We eat insects -- they're so distantly related from us

大家吃昆虫，因为昆虫和我们非常不相像，

that this doesn't happen.

所以这种病毒的变异不会发生。

So that's one point for insects.

这是食用昆虫的一点。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And there's the conversion factor.

还有转换因素。

You take 10 kilograms of feed,

用10公斤饲料，

you can get one kilogram of beef,

大家可以得到1公斤的牛肉，

but you can get nine kilograms of locust meat.

但也可以得到9公斤的蚱蜢肉。

So if you would be an entrepreneur,

要是你是个企业家，

what would you do?

你会做什么？

With 10 kilograms of input,

10公斤的投入，

you can get either one or nine kg. of output.

你会得到也许1公斤或者9公斤的产出。

So far we're taking

目前，我们只是选择了这

the one, or up to five kilograms of output.

1公斤，或者5公斤的产出。

We're not taking the bonus yet.

我们还没选择那红利

We're not taking the nine kilograms of output yet.

那9公斤的产出。

So that's two points for insects.

这是昆虫的第二点好处。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And there's the environment.

还有环境。

If we take 10 kilograms of food --

我们假如用10公斤饲料--

(Laughter)

（笑声）

and it results in one kilogram of beef,

它会产出1公斤牛肉，

the other nine kilograms are waste,

和其他9公斤的排泄物，

and a lot of that is manure.

许多是粪便。

If you produce insects, you have less manure

假如你生产昆虫，你生产每公斤的昆虫肉，

per kilogram of meat that you produce.

你有更少的粪便。

So less waste.

更少的排泄物。

Furthermore, per kilogram of manure,

此外，每公斤昆虫粪便

you have much, much less ammonia

产生的氨

and fewer greenhouse gases

和温室气体，

when you have insect manure

比起牛的粪便

than when you have cow manure.

要少得多。

So you have less waste,

那么昆虫有更少的排泄物，

and the waste that you have is not as environmental malign

而且昆虫排泄物不像牛粪一样

as it is with cow dung.

对环境有害。

So that's three points for insects.

这是昆虫的第三点好处。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Now there's a big "if," of course,

当然还有个大疑问，

and it is if insects produce meat

那就是昆虫是否能有肉类食品

that is of good quality.

那样高的营养价值。

Well there have been all kinds of analyses

所有分析表明

and in terms of protein, or fat, or vitamins,

昆虫的蛋白质，脂肪，还有维他命

it's very good.

都非常丰富。

In fact, it's comparable

事实上，它可以

to anything we eat as meat at the moment.

和目前我们吃的任何肉食相媲美。

And even in terms of calories, it is very good.

即使按热量来衡量，昆虫也是很不错的。

One kilogram of grasshoppers

比起10个热狗，或者6个巨无霸，

has the same amount of calories

一公斤蚱蜢能提供同等的

as 10 hot dogs, or six Big Macs.

卡路里。

So that's four points for insects.

这是食用昆虫的第四点好处。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I can go on,

我可以继续说

and I could make many more points for insects,

许多食用昆虫的好处，

but time doesn't allow this.

但时间不容许。

So the question is, why not eat insects?

所以问题是，为什么不食用昆虫呢？

I gave you at least four arguments in favor.

我已经给了大家至少4个食用昆虫的理由。

We'll have to.

我们得亲自试试。

Even if you don't like it,

即使你不喜欢吃昆虫，

you'll have to get used to this

你也得学着去适应它。

because at the moment,

因为目前，

70 percent of all our agricultural land

我们农业用地的百分之七十

is being used to produce livestock.

都在用来饲养牲畜。

That's not only the land

这不仅包括

where the livestock is walking and feeding,

牲畜圈养地和喂养的地方，

but it's also other areas

还包括

where the feed is being produced and being transported.

用于生产和运输的饲料储存地。

We can increase it a bit

我们可以增加一点农业用地，

at the expense of rainforests,

牺牲雨林，

but there's a limitation very soon.

但不久这就会到一个极限。

And if you remember that we need to increase

如果大家记得，我们需要提高

agricultural production by 70 percent,

农业生产百分之七十，

we're not going to make it that way.

但我们做不到这点。

We could much better change

所以我们最好

from meat, from beef,

从肉食，从牛肉，

to insects.

转变到食用昆虫。

And then 80 percent of the world

世界上百分之八十的人

already eats insects,

已经食用昆虫，

so we are just a minority --

我们只是少数的一部分人，

in a country like the U.K., the USA,

例如来自英国，美国，

the Netherlands, anywhere.

荷兰等其他地方的少数一部分不食用昆虫的人。

On the left-hand side, you see a market in Laos

在左手边，你看到的是老挝的市场

where they have abundantly present

那里，人们会大量买卖

all kinds of insects that you choose for dinner for the night.

各种各样的昆虫，用来做晚餐。

On the right-hand side you see a grasshopper.

在右手边，你看到的是蚱蜢。

So people there are eating them,

那里的人们吃蚱蜢，

not because they're hungry,

不是因为他们没有肉吃，

but because they think it's a delicacy.

而是因为他们觉得昆虫很美味。

It's just very good food.

昆虫是非常棒的食物。

You can vary enormously.

人们可以享用很多种类的昆虫。

It has many benefits.

这有很多好处。

In fact, we have delicacy

事实上，很多我们所谓的美味

that's very much like this grasshopper:

像极了这种蚱蜢：

shrimps, a delicacy

虾，一种美味

being sold at a high price.

卖得很贵。

Who wouldn't like to eat a shrimp?

谁不喜欢吃虾呢？

There are a few people who don't like shrimp,

极少的人不喜欢吃虾，

but shrimp, or crabs,

但是龙虾，螃蟹

or crayfish,

或者小龙虾

are very closely related.

都是非常相似的种类。

They are delicacies.

它们都是美味佳肴。

In fact, a locust is a "shrimp" of the land,

事实上，蚱蜢就是陆地上的龙虾，

and it would make very good into our diet.

蚱蜢会使我们的饮食变得非常丰富。

So why are we not eating insects yet?

那么我们为什么还不食用昆虫呢？

Well that's just a matter of mindset.

也许这是心理的问题。

We're not used to it,

我们不习惯吃昆虫，

and we see insects as these organisms that are very different from us.

我们视昆虫，这些生物与我们格格不入。

That's why we're changing the perception of insects.

这就是为什么我们正试图改变人们对昆虫的认知。

And I'm working very hard with my colleague, Arnold van Huis,

我和我的同事， Arnold van Huis阿诺德·范·休伊斯，尽我们所能，

in telling people what insects are,

告诉人们什么是昆虫，

what magnificent things they are,

他们有什么特别之处，

what magnificent jobs they do in nature.

在大自然中，他们起到怎样举足轻重的作用。

And in fact, without insects,

实际上，没有昆虫，

we would not be here in this room,

我们人类也不会出现在这屋子里。

because if the insects die out,

因为如果昆虫灭绝，

we will soon die out as well.

我们人类也会很快灭绝。

If we die out, the insects will continue very happily.

假如人类灭绝了，昆虫还会很快乐地繁衍下去。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So we have to get used to the idea of eating insects.

所以我们得去适应食用昆虫的想法。

And some might think, well they're not yet available.

有些人会想，昆虫还没被量产以至于可以日常食用。

Well they are.

其实昆虫已经被量产。

There are entrepreneurs in the Netherlands that produce them,

在荷兰，企业家们生产昆虫，

and one of them is here in the audience,

在现场观众中就有他们中的一员，

Marian Peeters, who's in the picture.

玛丽安.彼得斯，照片里的这位。

I predict that later this year, you'll get them in the supermarkets --

我预计今年年底，大家会在超市买到昆虫食品，

not visible, but as animal protein

不是一眼就能辨认出来，而是作为动物蛋白质

in the food.

出现在食物里。

And maybe by 2020,

也许到2020年，

you'll buy them just knowing that this is an insect that you're going to eat.

你买昆虫食品的时候就知道这是一种可食用的昆虫。

And they're being made in the most wonderful ways.

它们会被做成最美味的佳肴。

A Dutch chocolate maker.

一位荷兰的巧克力师傅。

(Music)

（音乐）

(Applause)

（掌声）

So there's even a lot of design to it.

可以有很多设计来制作昆虫巧克力。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Well in the Netherlands, we have an innovative Minister of Agriculture,

在荷兰，我们有一位富有革新精神的农业部长，

and she puts the insects on the menu

在她任职期间，在餐馆她要求把昆虫

in her restaurant in her ministry.

添加到主菜单。

And when she got all the Ministers of Agriculture of the E.U.

当她最近邀请欧盟所有农业部长

over to the Hague recently,

来海牙时，

she went to a high-class restaurant,

她在一家高级餐馆招待所有部长，

and they ate insects all together.

他们所有人一起食用昆虫。

It's not something that is a hobby of mine.

这不是我的个人爱好。

It's really taken off the ground.

这是实实在在发生的事。

So why not eat insects?

为什么不吃昆虫呢？

You should try it yourself.

你得亲自试试。

A couple of years ago, we had 1,750 people all together

几年前，我们同时有1750个人一起，

in a square in Wageningen town,

在荷兰瓦赫宁恩城的广场上，

and they ate insects at the same moment,

食用昆虫，

and this was still big, big news.

这在当时还是个大新闻。

I think soon it will not be big news anymore when we all eat insects,

我认为不久，当我们所有人都吃昆虫时，这就不会是大新闻了，

because it's just a normal way of doing.

因为这再平常不过了。

So you can try it yourself today,

那么今天大家会亲自食用昆虫，

and I would say, enjoy.

我会说享用吧。

And I'm going to show to Bruno some first tries,

我有请布鲁诺来尝试一下，

and he can have the first bite.

他尝第一口。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Bruno Giussani: Look at them first. Look at them first.

Bruno Giussani布鲁诺·朱萨尼：先看看这些美味。

Marcel Dicke: It's all protein.

Marcel Dicke马赛·狄基：都是蛋白质。

BG: That's exactly the same [one] you saw in the video actually.

BG：它们的确是大家在视频里看到的昆虫美味。

And it looks delicious.

它们看起来非常可口。

They just make it [with] nuts or something.

他们用坚果或者别的东西来点缀昆虫。

MD: Thank you.

MD：谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）