Shigeru Ban: Emergency shelters made from paper

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Miloš Milosavljević

Hi. I am an architect.

Zdravo, ja sam arhitekta.

I am the only architect in the world

Ja sam jedini arhitekta u svetu

making buildings out of paper like this cardboard tube,

koji pravi zgrade od papira poput ove kartonske cevi,

and this exhibition is the first one I did

a ova izložba je prva koju sam uradio

using paper tubes.

koristeći papirne cevi.

1986, much, much longer before people started talking

1986, mnogo pre nego što su ljudi počeli da pričaju

about ecological issues and environmental issues,

o ekološkim problemima i problemima životne sredine,

I just started testing the paper tube

počeo sam da testiram papirne cevi

in order to use this as a building structure.

kako bih ih upotrebio kao građevinski materijal.

It's very complicated to test the new material for the building,

Veoma je komplikovano testirati novi materijal za zgradu

but this is much stronger than I expected,

ali ovo je dosta snažnije nego što sam očekivao

and also it's very easy to waterproof,

i takođe je lako načiniti ga vodootpornim,

and also, because it's industrial material,

a pošto je industrijski materijal

it's also possible to fireproof.

takođe ga je moguće učiniti otpornim na vatru.

Then I built the temporary structure, 1990.

1990. sam napravio privremenu strukturu.

This is the first temporary building made out of paper.

Ovo je prva privremena zgrada napravljena od papira.

There are 330 tubes, diameter 55 [centimeters],

Tu je 330 cevi prečnika 55 centimetara.

there are only 12 tubes with a diameter

Ima samo 12 cevi

of 120 centimeters, or four feet, wide.

prečnika 120 centimetara ili 4 stope.

As you see it in the photo, inside is the toilet.

Kao što vidite na fotografiji, unutra se nalazi toalet.

In case you're finished with toilet paper,

Za slučaj da vam je nestalo toalet papira,

you can tear off the inside of the wall. (Laughter)

možete otkinuti unutrašnjost zida. (Smeh)

So it's very useful.

Veoma je korisno.

Year 2000, there was a big expo in Germany.

2000. je bio veliki sajam u Nemačkoj.

I was asked to design the building,

Pitali su me da projektujem zgradu

because the theme of the expo was environmental issues.

jer su tema sajma bili ekološki problemi.

So I was chosen to build the pavilion out of paper tubes,

Izabrali su mene da napravim paviljon od papirnih cevi,

recyclable paper.

od papira koji se može reciklirati.

My goal of the design is not when it's completed.

Cilj mog dizajna se ne ispunjava onda kada se on završi.

My goal was when the building was demolished,

Cilj se ispunjava onda kada je zgrada srušena,

because each country makes a lot of pavilions

jer u svakoj zemlji grade mnogo paviljona,

but after half a year, we create a lot of industrial waste,

ali nakon pola godine stvara se mnogo industrijskog otpada

so my building has to be reused or recycled.

tako da moja zgrada mora da se reciklira ili ponovo iskoristi.

After, the building was recycled.

Nakon toga, zgrada je reciklirana.

So that was the goal of my design.

To je bio cilj mog dizajna.

Then I was very lucky to win the competition

Onda sam imao sreće i pobedio sam na takmičenju

to build the second Pompidou Center in France

za izgradnju drugog Pompidu centra u Francuskoj

in the city of Metz.

u gradu Mec.

Because I was so poor,

Želeo sam da iznajmim kancelariju u Parizu

I wanted to rent an office in Paris,

ali sam bio siromašan,

but I couldn't afford it,

tako da to nisam mogao da priuštim,

so I decided to bring my students to Paris

pa sam odlučio da svoje studente povedem u Pariz

to build our office on top of the Pompidou Center in Paris

i da izgradimo svoju kancelariju na vrhu Pompidu centra u Parizu,

by ourselves.

i to sami.

So we brought the paper tubes and the wooden joints

Poneli smo papirne cevi i drvene zglobove

to complete the 35-meter-long office.

da bismo završili kancelariju dugu 35 metara.

We stayed there for six years without paying any rent.

Tamo smo boravili 6 godina, a da nismo platili kiriju.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

Thank you. I had one big problem.

Hvala vam. Imao sam jedan veliki problem.

Because we were part of the exhibition,

Kako smo bili deo izložbe,

even if my friend wanted to see me, they had to buy a ticket to see me.

čak i kada je neki prijatelj želeo da me vidi, morao je da kupi kartu.

That was the problem.

To je bio problem.

Then I completed the Pompidou Center in Metz.

Onda sam završio centar Pompidu u Mecu.

It's a very popular museum now,

To je sada veoma popularan muzej

and I created a big monument for the government.

i stvorio sam veliki spomenik za vladu.

But then I was very disappointed

Ali onda sam se veoma razočarao

at my profession as an architect,

u moje zanimanje kao arhitekte,

because we are not helping, we are not working for society,

jer mi ne pomažemo, ne radimo za društvo

but we are working for privileged people,

već radimo za privilegovane ljude,

rich people, government, developers.

bogate ljude, vladu, graditelje naselja.

They have money and power.

Oni imaju novac i moć.

Those are invisible.

To je nevidljivo.

So they hire us to visualize their power and money

Oni nas unajmljuju da otelotvorimo njihovu moć i novac

by making monumental architecture.

kroz monumentalnu arhitekturu.

That is our profession, even historically it's the same,

To je naše zanimanje, čak i kroz istoriju je isto,

even now we are doing the same.

čak i sada radimo istu stvar.

So I was very disappointed that we are not working for society,

Bio sam veoma razočaran što ne radimo za društvo,

even though there are so many people

iako ima tako mnogo ljudi

who lost their houses by natural disasters.

koji su izgubili domove zbog prirodnih katastrofa.

But I must say they are no longer natural disasters.

Ali moram da kažem da više ne postoje prirodne katastrofe.

For example, earthquakes never kill people,

Na primer, zemljotresi ne ubijaju ljude,

but collapse of the buildings kill people.

nego zgrade koje se urušavaju.

That's the responsibility of architects.

To je odgovornost arhitekata.

Then people need some temporary housing,

Ljudima je onda potreban privremeni smeštaj

but there are no architects working there

ali tu ne rade arhitekte

because we are too busy working for privileged people.

jer su zauzeti radeći za privilegovane ljude.

So I thought, even as architects,

Pa sam pomislio da čak i kao arhitekte

we can be involved in the reconstruction of temporary housing.

možemo biti uključeni u rekonstrukciju privremenog smeštaja.

We can make it better.

Možemo ga načiniti boljim.

So that is why I started working in disaster areas.

Zato sam počeo da radim u oblastima pogođenim katastrofom.

1994, there was a big disaster in Rwanda, Africa.

1994. bila je velika katastrofa u Ruandi u Africi.

Two tribes, Hutu and Tutsi, fought each other.

Dva plemena su se međusobno borila - Hutu i Tutsi.

Over two million people became refugees.

Preko 2 miliona ljudi postali su izbeglice.

But I was so surprised to see the shelter, refugee camp

Ali iznenadio sam se kada sam video sklonište, kamp za izbeglice

organized by the U.N.

koje su organizovale Ujedinjene nacije.

They're so poor, and they are freezing

Siromašni su i smrzavaju se

with blankets during the rainy season,

pod ćebadima u sezoni kiša,

In the shelters built by the U.N.,

a u skloništima Ujedinjenih nacija

they were just providing a plastic sheet,

obezbedili su samo plastični krov

and the refugees had to cut the trees, and just like this.

i izbeglice su morale da seku drveće, baš ovako.

But over two million people cut trees.

Ali preko dva miliona ljudi seklo je drveće

It just became big, heavy deforestation

To je postalo veliko, silno krčenje šuma

and an environmental problem.

i ekološki problem.

That is why they started providing aluminum pipes, aluminum barracks.

Zbog ovoga su počeli da dele aluminijumske cevi i barake.

Very expensive, they throw them out for money,

Veoma su skupe, izbacuju ih da bi dobili novac

then cutting trees again.

i onda ponovo seku drveće.

So I proposed my idea to improve the situation

Predložio sam moju ideju da situaciju poboljšamo

using these recycled paper tubes

koristeći ove cevi od recikliranog papira

because this is so cheap and also so strong,

zato što su jeftine i jake,

but my budget is only 50 U.S. dollars per unit.

ali moj budžet je samo 50 američkih dolara po jedinici.

We built 50 units to do that as a monitoring test

Napravili smo 50 jedinica kao test posmatranja

for the durability and moisture and termites, so on.

izdržljivosti na vlagu, termite i ostalo.

And then, year afterward, 1995, in Kobe, Japan,

Godinu dana kasnije, 1995. u Kobeu u Japanu

we had a big earthquake.

imali smo veliki zemljotres.

Nearly 7,000 people were killed,

Skoro 7000 ljudi je poginulo

and the city like this Nagata district,

i grad poput ovog u okrugu Nagata

all the city was burned in a fire after the earthquake.

bio je ceo spaljen u požaru nakon zemljotresa.

And also I found out there's many Vietnamese refugees

Takođe sam saznao da ima mnogo izbeglica iz Vijetnama

suffering and gathering at a Catholic church --

koje pate i skupljaju se u katoličkoj crkvi -

all the building was totally destroyed.

cela zgrada bila je potpuno uništena.

So I went there and also I proposed to the priests,

Otišao sam tamo i predložio sveštenicima:

"Why don't we rebuild the church out of paper tubes?"

"Zašto ne bismo ponovo sagradili crkvu od papirnih cevi?"

And he said, "Oh God, are you crazy?

On je rekao: "Bože moj, jesi li ti lud?

After a fire, what are you proposing?"

Predlažeš to nakon požara?"

So he never trusted me, but I didn't give up.

Nikada mi nije ukazao poverenje, ali nisam odustao.

I started commuting to Kobe,

Počeo sam da putujem za Kobe

and I met the society of Vietnamese people.

i upoznao sam društvo Vijetnamaca.

They were living like this with very poor plastic sheets

Ovako su živeli u parku sa veoma lošim

in the park.

plastičnim pokrivačima.

So I proposed to rebuild. I raised -- did fundraising.

Predložio sam obnovu. Skupio sam novac od priloga.

I made a paper tube shelter for them,

Za njih sam napravio sklonište od papirnih cevi,

and in order to make it easy to be built by students

a kako bi za studente bilo lako da ih naprave

and also easy to demolish,

kao i da ih unište,

I used beer crates as a foundation.

za osnovu sam koristio gajbe od piva.

I asked the Kirin beer company to propose,

Za pomoć sam pitao pivaru Kirin

because at that time, the Asahi beer company

jer je u to vreme pivara Asahi

made their plastic beer crates red,

pravila crvene gajbe za pivo,

which doesn't go with the color of the paper tubes.

koje se nisu slagale sa bojom papirnih cevi.

The color coordination is very important.

Slaganje boja je veoma bitno.

And also I still remember, we were expecting

Takođe se sećam da smo očekivali

to have a beer inside the plastic beer crate,

da ćemo u gajbama dobiti pivo,

but it came empty. (Laughter)

ali bile su prazne. (Smeh)

So I remember it was so disappointing.

Sećam se da je to bilo veoma razočaravajuće.

So during the summer with my students,

Sa svojim studentima preko leta

we built over 50 units of the shelters.

sagradili smo preko 50 jedinica skloništa.

Finally the priest, finally he trusted me to rebuild.

Konačno mi je i sveštenik ukazao poverenje za obnovu.

He said, "As long as you collect money by yourself,

Rekao je: "Dok god sam skupiš novac

bring your students to build, you can do it."

i dovedeš svoje studente na obnovu, možeš da uradiš to."

So we spent five weeks rebuilding the church.

Proveli smo pet nedelja u obnovi crkve.

It was meant to stay there for three years,

Trebalo je da tu ostane tri godine

but actually it stayed there 10 years because people loved it.

ali ostala je 10 jer su je ljudi obožavali.

Then, in Taiwan, they had a big earthquake,

Onda su na Tajvanu imali veliki zemljotres

and we proposed to donate this church,

i predožili smo da doniramo ovu crkvu,

so we dismantled them,

pa smo je rastavili

we sent them over to be built by volunteer people.

i poslali je volonterima na sastavljanje.

It stayed there in Taiwan as a permanent church even now.

I danas stoji na Tajvanu kao stalna zgrada.

So this building became a permanent building.

Tako da je ova zgrada postala trajna.

Then I wonder, what is a permanent and what is a temporary building?

Onda sam se zapitao, šta je trajna, a šta privremena zgrada?

Even a building made in paper

Čak i zgrada od papira

can be permanent as long as people love it.

može biti trajna dokle god je ljudi vole.

Even a concrete building can be very temporary

Čak i zgrada od betona može biti privremena

if that is made to make money.

ako je cilj da se zaradi novac.

In 1999, in Turkey, the big earthquake,

U Turskoj se 1999. desio veliki zemljotres

I went there to use the local material to build a shelter.

i otišao sam tamo da iskoristim lokalne materijale i napravim sklonište.

2001, in West India, I built also a shelter.

2001. u zapadnoj Indiji takođe sam napravio sklonište.

In 2004, in Sri Lanka, after the Sumatra earthquake

2004. u Šri Lanki nakon zemljotresa na Sumatri

and tsunami, I rebuilt Islamic fishermen's villages.

i cunamija, obnovio sam sela muslimanskih ribara.

And in 2008, in Chengdu, Sichuan area in China,

2008. u Čengduu, u oblasti Sičuan u Kini

nearly 70,000 people were killed,

skoro 70 000 ljudi je poginulo,

and also especially many of the schools were destroyed

a naročito je uništeno mnogo škola

because of the corruption between the authority and the contractor.

zbog korupcije između vlasti i izvođača radova.

I was asked to rebuild the temporary church.

Zamolili su me da obnovim privremenu crkvu.

I brought my Japanese students to work with the Chinese students.

Poveo sam svoje studente iz Japana da rade sa kineskim studentima.

In one month, we completed nine classrooms,

Za mesec dana završili smo devet učionica,

over 500 square meters.

preko 500 kvadratnih metara.

It's still used, even after the current earthquake in China.

Još uvek se koriste, čak i nakon skorašnjeg zemljotresa u Kini.

In 2009, in Italy, L'Aquila, also they had a big earthquake.

2009. u Italiji, u L'Akvili, takođe se desio veliki zemljotres.

And this is a very interesting photo:

Ovo je veoma zanimljiva slika:

former Prime Minister Berlusconi

bivši premijer Berluskoni

and Japanese former former former former Prime Minister Mr. Aso --

i japanski bivši bivši bivši bivši premijer gospodin Aso -

you know, because we have to change the prime minister ever year.

znate, jer moramo da menjamo premijera svake godine.

And they are very kind, affording my model.

Oni su veoma ljubazni i finansirali su moj model.

I proposed a big rebuilding, a temporary music hall,

Predložio sam veliku obnovu, privremenu muzičku salu

because L'Aquila is very famous for music

jer je L'Akvila veoma poznata po muzici

and all the concert halls were destroyed,

a sve koncertne dvorane su bile uništene,

so musicians were moving out.

pa su se muzičari iseljavali.

So I proposed to the mayor,

Predložio sam to gradonačelniku,

I'd like to rebuild the temporary auditorium.

da želim da obnovim privremeni auditorijum.

He said, "As long as you bring your money, you can do it."

On je rekao: "Dok god to uradiš svojim novcem, može."

And I was very lucky.

Imao sam puno sreće.

Mr. Berlusconi brought G8 summit,

Gospodin Berluskoni sazvao je sastanak grupe G8

and our former prime minister came,

i došao je naš bivši premijer

so they helped us to collect money,

i pomogli su nam da skupimo novac

and I got half a million euros from the Japanese government

i dobio sam pola miliona evra od japanske vlade

to rebuild this temporary auditorium.

za obnovu ovog privremenog auditorijuma.

Year 2010 in Haiti, there was a big earthquake,

2010. je bio veliki zemljotres na Haitiju,

but it's impossible to fly over,

ali je nemoguće doleteti tamo

so I went to Santo Domingo, next-door country,

pa sam otišao u Santo Domingo u susednoj zemlji,

to drive six hours to get to Haiti

i vozio šest sati da dođem do Haitija

with the local students in Santo Domingo

sa lokalnim studentima iz Santo Dominga

to build 50 units of shelter out of local paper tubes.

kako bismo napravili 50 jedinica skloništa od lokalnih papirnih cevi.

This is what happened in Japan two years ago, in northern Japan.

Ovo se desilo u Japanu pre dve godine, na severu Japana.

After the earthquake and tsunami,

Nakon zemljotresa i cunamija

people had to be evacuated in a big room like a gymnasium.

ljudi su morali da se evakuišu u velike prostorije poput sala za fizičko.

But look at this. There's no privacy.

Ali pogledajte ovo. Nema privatnosti.

People suffer mentally and physically.

Ljudi pate, mentalno i fizički.

So we went there to build partitions

Otišli smo tamo da izgradimo odeljke

with all the student volunteers with paper tubes,

sa svim studentima volonterima sa papirnim cevima,

just a very simple shelter out of the tube frame and the curtain.

jednostavno sklonište sa okvirom od cevi i zavesom.

However, some of the facility authority

Ipak neki od nadređenih u objektu

doesn't want us to do it, because, they said,

nisu hteli da to radimo jer, kako su rekli,

simply, it's become more difficult to control them.

jednostavno je postalo teže da kontrolišu ljude.

But it's really necessary to do it.

Ali zaista je neophodno da se to uradi.

They don't have enough flat area to build

Nemaju dovoljno ravnog zemljišta da sagrade

standard government single-story housing like this one.

standardne vladine jednospratne zgrade poput ovih.

Look at this. Even civil government is doing

Pogledajte ovo. Čak i civilna vlada pravi

such poor construction of the temporary housing,

tako slabu konstrukciju privremenog smeštaja,

so dense and so messy because there is no storage, nothing, water is leaking,

tako gustu i neurednu jer nema skladišta, ničega, voda curi,

so I thought, we have to make multi-story building

pa sam pomislio da moramo da napravimo višespratnu zgradu

because there's no land and also it's not very comfortable.

jer nema dovoljno zemljišta i ovo nije baš udobno.

So I proposed to the mayor while I was making partitions.

To sam predložio gradonačelniku dok sam pravio odeljke.

Finally I met a very nice mayor in Onagawa village

Konačno sam upoznao veoma finog gradonačelnika u selu Onagava

in Miyagi.

u Mijagiju.

He asked me to build three-story housing on baseball [fields].

Zamolio me je da napravim trospratne zgrade na igralištima za bejzbol.

I used the shipping container

Koristio sam kontejner za transport

and also the students helped us to make

i studenti su takođe pomogli da napravimo

all the building furniture

sav nameštaj u zgradi

to make them comfortable,

kako bi im bilo udobno,

within the budget of the government

u granicama vladinog budžeta.

but also the area of the house is exactly the same,

Površina kuće je identična

but much more comfortable.

ali je kuća sada puno udobnija.

Many of the people want to stay here forever.

Dosta ljudi želi da zauvek ostane ovde.

I was very happy to hear that.

To me je veoma obradovalo.

Now I am working in New Zealand, Christchurch.

Sada radim u Krajstčerču na Novom Zelandu.

About 20 days before the Japanese earthquake happened,

Oko 20 dana pre nego što se desio zemljotres u Japanu,

also they had a big earthquake,

oni su takođe imali veliki zemljotres

and many Japanese students were also killed,

i dosta japanskih studenata je takođe poginulo,

and the most important cathedral of the city,

a najvažnija katedrala u gradu,

the symbol of Christchurch, was totally destroyed.

simbol Krajstčerča, bila je potpuno uništena.

And I was asked to come to rebuild the temporary cathedral.

Zamolili su me da dođem i obnovim privremenu katedralu.

So this is under construction.

Ovi radovi su u toku.

And I'd like to keep building monuments

Hteo bih da nastavim da pravim zgrade

that are beloved by people.

koje ljudi vole.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Aplauz)

Thank you very much. (Applause)

Mnogo vam hvala. (Aplauz)