Shigeru Ban: Emergency shelters made from paper

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

Hi. I am an architect.

Zdravo, ja sam arhitekt.

I am the only architect in the world

Ja sam jedini arhitekt na svijetu

making buildings out of paper like this cardboard tube,

koji radi zgrade iz papira kao što je ova kartonska cijev,

and this exhibition is the first one I did

i ova izložba je prva koju sam napravio

using paper tubes.

koristeći papirnate cijevi.

1986, much, much longer before people started talking

1986., puno, puno prije nego su ljudi počeli razgovarati

about ecological issues and environmental issues,

o ekološkim problemima i problemima okoliša,

I just started testing the paper tube

ja sam počeo testirati papirnatu cijev

in order to use this as a building structure.

kako bi ju koristio kao građevnu strukturu.

It's very complicated to test the new material for the building,

Jako je komplicirano testirati novi materijal za zgradu,

but this is much stronger than I expected,

ali ovo je puno snažnije nego sam očekivao,

and also it's very easy to waterproof,

i vrlo lako ga je učiniti vodootpornim,

and also, because it's industrial material,

i također, zato što je industrijski materijal,

it's also possible to fireproof.

moguće ga je učiniti vatrootpornim.

Then I built the temporary structure, 1990.

Potom sam izgradio privremenu strukturu, 1990.

This is the first temporary building made out of paper.

Ovo je prva privremena zgrada napravljena od papira.

There are 330 tubes, diameter 55 [centimeters],

Tu je 330 cijevi, promjera 55 centimetara,

there are only 12 tubes with a diameter

i samo 12 cijevi promjera

of 120 centimeters, or four feet, wide.

120 centimetara, ili četiri stope širine.

As you see it in the photo, inside is the toilet.

Kao što vidite na fotografiji, u ovom toaletu.

In case you're finished with toilet paper,

U slučaju da ste potrošili toaletni papir,

you can tear off the inside of the wall. (Laughter)

možete otkinuti unutarnju stranu zida. (Smijeh)

So it's very useful.

Tako da je to vrlo korisno.

Year 2000, there was a big expo in Germany.

2000. godine, bila je velika izložba u Njemačkoj.

I was asked to design the building,

Tražili su da dizajniram zgradu,

because the theme of the expo was environmental issues.

jer su tema izložbe bili problemi okoliša.

So I was chosen to build the pavilion out of paper tubes,

Tako da sam odabran za izgradnju paviljona od papirnatih cijevi,

recyclable paper.

papira koji se može reciklirati.

My goal of the design is not when it's completed.

Moj cilj pri dizajnu nije bio njegov dovršetak.

My goal was when the building was demolished,

Moj cilj je bio kada je zgrada srušena,

because each country makes a lot of pavilions

jer svaka zemlja gradi puno paviljona

but after half a year, we create a lot of industrial waste,

ali nakon pola godine stvaramo jako puno industrijskog otpada,

so my building has to be reused or recycled.

tako da se moja zgrada može ponovno iskoristiti ili reciklirati.

After, the building was recycled.

Nakon izložbe, zgrada je reciklirana.

So that was the goal of my design.

Tako da je to bio cilj mog dizajna.

Then I was very lucky to win the competition

Onda sam bio vrlo sretan da pobijedim na natjecanju

to build the second Pompidou Center in France

kako bih izgradio drugi Pompidou Centar u Francuskoj

in the city of Metz.

u gradu Metzu.

Because I was so poor,

Kako sam bio siromašan,

I wanted to rent an office in Paris,

htio sam unajmiti ured u Parizu,

but I couldn't afford it,

ali nisam si ga mogao priuštiti,

so I decided to bring my students to Paris

tako da sam odlučio dovesti svoje učenike u Pariz

to build our office on top of the Pompidou Center in Paris

kako bismo izgradili svoj ured na vrhu Pompidou Centra u Parizu

by ourselves.

vlastitim rukama.

So we brought the paper tubes and the wooden joints

Tako da smo donijeli papirnate cijevi i drvene spojeve

to complete the 35-meter-long office.

kako bismo završili naš ured dužine 35 metara.

We stayed there for six years without paying any rent.

Ostali smo tamo šest godina bez plaćanja stanarine.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh)(Pljesak)

Thank you. I had one big problem.

Hvala vam. Imao sam jedan veliki problem.

Because we were part of the exhibition,

Kako smo bili dio izložbe,

even if my friend wanted to see me, they had to buy a ticket to see me.

čak i ako su me prijatelji htjeli vidjeti, morali su kupiti kartu za ulazak na izložbu.

That was the problem.

To je bio problem.

Then I completed the Pompidou Center in Metz.

Onda sam dovršio Pompidou Centar u Metzu.

It's a very popular museum now,

To je sada vrlo popularan muzej,

and I created a big monument for the government.

i stvorio sam veliki spomenik za vladu.

But then I was very disappointed

Ali onda sam bio vrlo razočaran

at my profession as an architect,

u moju profesiju kao arhitekta,

because we are not helping, we are not working for society,

jer mi ne pomažemo, mi ne radimo za društvo,

but we are working for privileged people,

nego radimo za privilegirane ljude,

rich people, government, developers.

bogataše, vladu, graditelje stambenih naselja.

They have money and power.

Oni imaju novac i moć.

Those are invisible.

Oni su nevidljivi.

So they hire us to visualize their power and money

Unajme nas da vizualiziramo njihovu moć i novac

by making monumental architecture.

gradeći monumentalne građevine.

That is our profession, even historically it's the same,

To je naša profesija, čak i povijesno stvar je ista,

even now we are doing the same.

i sada radimo isto.

So I was very disappointed that we are not working for society,

Tako da sam bio vrlo razočaran što ne radimo za društvo,

even though there are so many people

iako postoji tako puno ljudi

who lost their houses by natural disasters.

koji su izgubili kuće u prirodnim katastrofama.

But I must say they are no longer natural disasters.

Ali moram reći da to više nisu prirodne katastrofe.

For example, earthquakes never kill people,

Na primjer, potresi nikad ne ubijaju ljude,

but collapse of the buildings kill people.

ali urušavanje zgrade ubija ljude.

That's the responsibility of architects.

To je odgovornost arhitekta.

Then people need some temporary housing,

Potom ljudi trebaju privremeni smještaj,

but there are no architects working there

ali ne postoje arhitekti koji to rade

because we are too busy working for privileged people.

jer smo zauzeti radeći za privilegirane ljude.

So I thought, even as architects,

Pomislio sam, čak kao i arhitekti,

we can be involved in the reconstruction of temporary housing.

možemo biti uključeni u rekonstrukciju privremenog smještaja.

We can make it better.

Možemo ga poboljšati.

So that is why I started working in disaster areas.

Zato sam počeo raditi u područjima pogođenim katastrofama.

1994, there was a big disaster in Rwanda, Africa.

1994, dogodila se velika katastrofa u Rwandi, u Africi.

Two tribes, Hutu and Tutsi, fought each other.

Dva plemena, Hutu i Tutsi, borili su se jedni protiv drugih.

Over two million people became refugees.

Oko dva milijuna ljudi postali su izbjeglice.

But I was so surprised to see the shelter, refugee camp

Ali bio sam iznenađen vidjevši sklonište, kamp za izbjeglice

organized by the U.N.

koji je organizirao U.N.

They're so poor, and they are freezing

Tako su siromašni, i smrzavaju se

with blankets during the rainy season,

s dekama za vrijeme kišne sezone,

In the shelters built by the U.N.,

u skloništima koja je izgradio U.N.,

they were just providing a plastic sheet,

oni su im dali samo plastične plahte,

and the refugees had to cut the trees, and just like this.

i izbjeglice su morale rezati drveće, upravo ovako.

But over two million people cut trees.

Ali preko dva milijuna ljudi sjeku drveće.

It just became big, heavy deforestation

Postalo je jedno veliko, teško krčenje šume

and an environmental problem.

i okolišni problem.

That is why they started providing aluminum pipes, aluminum barracks.

Zato su počeli davati aluminijske cijevi, aluminijske barake.

Very expensive, they throw them out for money,

Vrlo skupe, izbacuju ih zbog cijene,

then cutting trees again.

i potom ponovno sjeku drveće.

So I proposed my idea to improve the situation

Pa sam predložio svoju ideju za popravak situacije

using these recycled paper tubes

koristeći ove reciklirane papirnate cijevi

because this is so cheap and also so strong,

jer je ovo tako jeftino i također vrlo snažno,

but my budget is only 50 U.S. dollars per unit.

ali moj budžet je 50 dolara po jedinici.

We built 50 units to do that as a monitoring test

Izgradili smo 50 jedinica kako bismo imali kontrolirajući test

for the durability and moisture and termites, so on.

za trajnosti i vlagu i termite, i tako dalje.

And then, year afterward, 1995, in Kobe, Japan,

I onda, godinu dana nakon toga, 1995., u Kobeu, Japanu,

we had a big earthquake.

imali smo veliki potres.

Nearly 7,000 people were killed,

Gotovo 7.000 ljudi je poginulo,

and the city like this Nagata district,

i grad kao ovaj u okrugu Nagata,

all the city was burned in a fire after the earthquake.

cijeli grad je izgorio u požaru nakon potresa.

And also I found out there's many Vietnamese refugees

I tamo sam također našao puno Vijetnamskih izbjeglica

suffering and gathering at a Catholic church --

koje pate i okupljaju se u Katoličkoj crkvi --

all the building was totally destroyed.

cijela zgrada je bila potpuno uništena.

So I went there and also I proposed to the priests,

Otišao sam tamo i također predložio svećenicima,

"Why don't we rebuild the church out of paper tubes?"

"Zašto ne bismo ponovno izgradili crkvu od papirnatih cijevi?"

And he said, "Oh God, are you crazy?

I onda je rekao, "O Bože, jeste li ludi?

After a fire, what are you proposing?"

Poslije požara, što predlažete?"

So he never trusted me, but I didn't give up.

Tako da mi nije vjerovao, ali nisam odustao.

I started commuting to Kobe,

Počeo sam putovati u Kobe,

and I met the society of Vietnamese people.

i upoznao sam se s društvom Vijetnamskih ljudi.

They were living like this with very poor plastic sheets

Živjeli su ovako, sa vrlo lošim plastičnim plahtama

in the park.

u parku.

So I proposed to rebuild. I raised -- did fundraising.

Tako da sam predložio ponovnu izgradnju. Skupio sam -- skupljao sam sredstva.

I made a paper tube shelter for them,

Napravio sam sklonište od papirnatih cijevi za njih,

and in order to make it easy to be built by students

i kako bi ih učinio jednostavnim za izradu studentima

and also easy to demolish,

i također jednostavnim za srušiti,

I used beer crates as a foundation.

koristio sam prazne gajbe piva kao temelj.

I asked the Kirin beer company to propose,

Pitao sam Kirin tvornicu piva da ponudi,

because at that time, the Asahi beer company

jer u to vrijeme, Asahi tvornica piva

made their plastic beer crates red,

pravila je crvene gajbe za pivo,

which doesn't go with the color of the paper tubes.

koje se ne slažu sa bojom paprinatih cijevi.

The color coordination is very important.

Koordinacija boje je vrlo važna.

And also I still remember, we were expecting

I također se sjećam, očekivali smo

to have a beer inside the plastic beer crate,

da ćemo imati pivo u plastičnim gajbama piva,

but it came empty. (Laughter)

ali došle su prazne. (Smijeh)

So I remember it was so disappointing.

Sjećam se da je to bilo vrlo razočaravajuće.

So during the summer with my students,

Tako da sam tijekom ljeta sa svojim učenicima,

we built over 50 units of the shelters.

izgradio preko 50 skloništa.

Finally the priest, finally he trusted me to rebuild.

Svećenik mi je napokon povjerio ponovnu izgradnju.

He said, "As long as you collect money by yourself,

Rekao je, "Dokle god sam skupiš novac,

bring your students to build, you can do it."

dovedeš svoje učenike da izgrade, možeš to učiniti."

So we spent five weeks rebuilding the church.

Tako da smo proveli pet tjedana u ponovnoj izgradnji crkve.

It was meant to stay there for three years,

Trebala je ostati tamo tri godine,

but actually it stayed there 10 years because people loved it.

ali zapravo ostala je tamo 10 godina jer se svidjela ljudima.

Then, in Taiwan, they had a big earthquake,

Onda, na Taiwanu, imali su velik potres,

and we proposed to donate this church,

i predložili smo da doniramo ovu crkvu,

so we dismantled them,

tako da smo je rastavili,

we sent them over to be built by volunteer people.

poslali smo je tamo kako bi ju volonteri izgradili.

It stayed there in Taiwan as a permanent church even now.

Ostala je tamo na Taiwanu kao trajna crkva čak i danas.

So this building became a permanent building.

Tako da je ova zgrada postala stalna zgrada.

Then I wonder, what is a permanent and what is a temporary building?

Onda sam se zapitao, što je stalna a što je privremena zgrada?

Even a building made in paper

Čak i zgrada napravljena od papira

can be permanent as long as people love it.

može postati trajna ako je ljudi vole.

Even a concrete building can be very temporary

Čak i zgrade od betona mogu biti vrlo privremene

if that is made to make money.

ako je to napravljeno kako bi se zaradio novac.

In 1999, in Turkey, the big earthquake,

1999. godine, u Turskoj, veliki potres,

I went there to use the local material to build a shelter.

a ja sam otišao tamo kako bih koristio lokalne materijale da izgradim sklonište.

2001, in West India, I built also a shelter.

2001., u južnoj Indiji, također sam izgradio sklonište.

In 2004, in Sri Lanka, after the Sumatra earthquake

2004., u Šri Lanci, nakon Sumatranskog potresa

and tsunami, I rebuilt Islamic fishermen's villages.

i tsunamia, izgradio sam selo islamskih ribara.

And in 2008, in Chengdu, Sichuan area in China,

I 2008. godine, u Chengduu, Sichuan područje u Kini,

nearly 70,000 people were killed,

gotovo 70.000 ljudi poginulo je,

and also especially many of the schools were destroyed

i mnoge škole su uništene

because of the corruption between the authority and the contractor.

jer su vlada i graditelji bili korumpirani.

I was asked to rebuild the temporary church.

Zamolili su me da ponovno izgradim privremenu crkvu.

I brought my Japanese students to work with the Chinese students.

Poveo sam svoje studente iz Japana kako bi radili sa Kineskim studentima.

In one month, we completed nine classrooms,

U mjesec dana, dovršili smo devet učionica,

over 500 square meters.

veličine preko 500 četvornih metara.

It's still used, even after the current earthquake in China.

Još uvijek se koriste, čak i nakon trenutnih potresa u Kini.

In 2009, in Italy, L'Aquila, also they had a big earthquake.

2009. godine, u Italiji, L'Aquila, također se dogodio veliki potres.

And this is a very interesting photo:

I ovo je vrlo zanimljiva slika:

former Prime Minister Berlusconi

bivši premijer Berlusconi

and Japanese former former former former Prime Minister Mr. Aso --

i bivši bivši bivši bivši Japanski premijer gospodin Aso --

you know, because we have to change the prime minister ever year.

znate, jer moramo mijenjati premijera svake godine.

And they are very kind, affording my model.

I oni su vrlo ljubazni, platili su moj model.

I proposed a big rebuilding, a temporary music hall,

Predložio sam veliku ponovnu izgradnju, privremenu glazbenu dvoranu,

because L'Aquila is very famous for music

jer je L'Aquila vrlo poznata po glazbi

and all the concert halls were destroyed,

i sve su koncertne dvorane uništene,

so musicians were moving out.

tako da su se glazbenici iseljavali.

So I proposed to the mayor,

Tako da sam predložio gradonačelniku,

I'd like to rebuild the temporary auditorium.

da bih htio izgraditi privremeno gledalište.

He said, "As long as you bring your money, you can do it."

Rekao je: "Dokle god to učiniš vlastitim novcem, možeš to napraviti."

And I was very lucky.

I bio sam vrlo sretan.

Mr. Berlusconi brought G8 summit,

Gospodin Berlusconi doveo je skup G8,

and our former prime minister came,

i naš bivši premijer došao je,

so they helped us to collect money,

tako da su nam pomogli skupiti novac,

and I got half a million euros from the Japanese government

pa sam dobio pola milijuna eura od Japanske vlade

to rebuild this temporary auditorium.

kako bih izgradio ovo privremeno gledalište.

Year 2010 in Haiti, there was a big earthquake,

2010. godine u Haitiu dogodio se veliki potres,

but it's impossible to fly over,

ali nije bilo moguće letjeti do tamo,

so I went to Santo Domingo, next-door country,

tako da sam otišao u Santo Domingo, susjednu državu,

to drive six hours to get to Haiti

kako bih se šest sati vozio do Haitija

with the local students in Santo Domingo

sa lokalnim studentima u Santo Domingu

to build 50 units of shelter out of local paper tubes.

kako bismo izgradili 50 skloništa od lokalnih papirnatih cijevi.

This is what happened in Japan two years ago, in northern Japan.

Ovo se dogodilo u Japanu prije dvije godine, u sjevernom Japanu.

After the earthquake and tsunami,

Nakon potresa i tsunamia,

people had to be evacuated in a big room like a gymnasium.

ljudi su evakuirani u veliku zgrado poput dvorane.

But look at this. There's no privacy.

Ali pogledajte ovo. Nema privatnosti.

People suffer mentally and physically.

Ljudi pate mentalno i fizički.

So we went there to build partitions

Tako da smo otišli tamo kako bismo izgradili odjeljke

with all the student volunteers with paper tubes,

sa svim studentima volonterima koristeći papirnate cijevi,

just a very simple shelter out of the tube frame and the curtain.

samo jednostavno sklonište od okvira od papirnatih cijevi i zastora.

However, some of the facility authority

Ali ipak, voditelji ustanove

doesn't want us to do it, because, they said,

nisu htjeli da to učinimo, jer, kako su rekli,

simply, it's become more difficult to control them.

jednostavno, biti će ih teže kontrolirati.

But it's really necessary to do it.

Ali je to zaista nužno učiniti.

They don't have enough flat area to build

Nemaju dovoljno ravne površine za izgradnju

standard government single-story housing like this one.

standardnih vladinih jednokatnica kao što je ova.

Look at this. Even civil government is doing

Pogledajte ovo. Čak je i vlada

such poor construction of the temporary housing,

tako loše gradila privremeni smještaj,

so dense and so messy because there is no storage, nothing, water is leaking,

tako gust i tako neuredan jer nema spremišta, ničeg, voda curi,

so I thought, we have to make multi-story building

tako da sam mislio, moramo napraviti višekatnicu

because there's no land and also it's not very comfortable.

jer nema zemlje i također ovo nije vrlo udobno.

So I proposed to the mayor while I was making partitions.

Tako da sam to predložio gradonačelniku dok smo radili pregrade.

Finally I met a very nice mayor in Onagawa village

Napokon sam se susreo sa vrlo ljubaznim gradonačelnikom sela Oganawa

in Miyagi.

u Miyagiu.

He asked me to build three-story housing on baseball [fields].

Zamolio me da izgradim trokatnice na terenu za bejzbol.

I used the shipping container

Koristio sam brodske kontejnere

and also the students helped us to make

i studenti su nam pomogli napraviti

all the building furniture

sav namještaj u zgradama

to make them comfortable,

kako bi postale udobne,

within the budget of the government

unutar vladinog budžeta

but also the area of the house is exactly the same,

te zauzimajući isti prostor,

but much more comfortable.

ali puno udobnije.

Many of the people want to stay here forever.

Mnogi ljudi htjeli su ovdje ostati zauvijek.

I was very happy to hear that.

Bio sam vrlo sretan kad sam to čuo.

Now I am working in New Zealand, Christchurch.

Sada radim na Novom Zelandu u Crhistchurchu.

About 20 days before the Japanese earthquake happened,

Otprilike 20 dana prije nego se dogodio japanski potres,

also they had a big earthquake,

oni su također imali velik potres,

and many Japanese students were also killed,

i mnogi japanski studenti poginuli su,

and the most important cathedral of the city,

i najvažnija katedrala u gradu,

the symbol of Christchurch, was totally destroyed.

simbol Crhistchurcha, bio je potpuno uništen.

And I was asked to come to rebuild the temporary cathedral.

Zamolili su me da ponovno izgradim privremenu katedralu.

So this is under construction.

Tako da je ovo u izradi.

And I'd like to keep building monuments

I volio bih nastaviti graditi spomenike

that are beloved by people.

koje ljudi obožavaju.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam puno.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Pljesak)

Thank you very much. (Applause)

Hvala vam puno. (Pljesak)