Shigeru Ban: Emergency shelters made from paper

Translator: Katarina Viard Reviewer: Petra Aquamarine

Hi. I am an architect.

Ahojte. Som architekt.

I am the only architect in the world

Som jediný architekt na svete,

making buildings out of paper like this cardboard tube,

ktorý stavia budovy z papiera,

ako je táto kartónová trubica.

and this exhibition is the first one I did

Toto je prvá výstava, kde som použil

using paper tubes.

papierové trubice.

1986, much, much longer before people started talking

V roku 1986, oveľa skôr než ľudia začali hovoriť

about ecological issues and environmental issues,

o ekologických problémoch a životnom prostredí,

I just started testing the paper tube

som začal testovať papierovú trubicu

in order to use this as a building structure.

ako stavebný materiál.

It's very complicated to test the new material for the building,

Testy na nové konštrukčné materiály sú veľmi komplikované.

but this is much stronger than I expected,

Toto bolo však oveľa pevnejšie, než som čakal,

and also it's very easy to waterproof,

a keďže je to priemyselný materiál,

and also, because it's industrial material,

ľahko ho môžeme naimpregnovať

it's also possible to fireproof.

aj urobiť ohňovzdorným.

Then I built the temporary structure, 1990.

Potom som postavil dočasnú stavbu.

Rok 1990.

This is the first temporary building made out of paper.

Toto je prvá provizórna budova z papiera.

There are 330 tubes, diameter 55 [centimeters],

330 trubíc s priemerom 55 cm

there are only 12 tubes with a diameter

a iba 12 trubíc s priemerom 120 cm,

of 120 centimeters, or four feet, wide.

teda 4 stôp,

As you see it in the photo, inside is the toilet.

ako vidíte na fotke so záchodom.

In case you're finished with toilet paper,

Ak vám došiel toaletný papier,

you can tear off the inside of the wall. (Laughter)

môžete si odtrhnúť zo steny. (smiech)

So it's very useful.

Je to veľmi praktické.

Year 2000, there was a big expo in Germany.

V roku 2000 bola v Nemecku veľká výstava.

I was asked to design the building,

Požiadali ma o návrh budovy,

because the theme of the expo was environmental issues.

lebo témou výstavy boli problémy životného prostredia.

So I was chosen to build the pavilion out of paper tubes,

Postavil som pavilón z papierových trubíc,

recyclable paper.

z recyklovateľného papiera.

My goal of the design is not when it's completed.

Cieľom návrhu nie je budovu dokončiť.

My goal was when the building was demolished,

Mojím cieľom je jej demolácia.

because each country makes a lot of pavilions

Každá krajina postaví veľa pavilónov

but after half a year, we create a lot of industrial waste,

a po polroku je z nich priemyselný odpad.

so my building has to be reused or recycled.

Moja budova musí byť

znovu využiteľná alebo recyklovaná.

After, the building was recycled.

So that was the goal of my design.

To bolo cieľom môjho návrhu.

Then I was very lucky to win the competition

Potom som mal šťastie a vyhral som konkurz

to build the second Pompidou Center in France

na stavbu druhého Pompidou centra

vo Francúzsku v meste Metz.

in the city of Metz.

Because I was so poor,

Keďže som bol chudobný

I wanted to rent an office in Paris,

a chcel som si prenajať kanceláriu v Paríži,

but I couldn't afford it,

nemohol som si to dovoliť.

so I decided to bring my students to Paris

Rozhodol som sa zobrať študentov do Paríža

to build our office on top of the Pompidou Center in Paris

a postavili sme si kanceláriu

v hornej časti centra Pompidou v Paríži.

by ourselves.

So we brought the paper tubes and the wooden joints

Priniesli sme papierové trubice a drevené spojky

to complete the 35-meter-long office.

a dokončili sme kanceláriu dlhú 35 m.

Zostali sme tam 6 rokov a neplatili žiaden nájom.

We stayed there for six years without paying any rent.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(smiech) (potlesk)

Thank you. I had one big problem.

Ďakujem. Mal som jeden veľký problém.

Because we were part of the exhibition,

Keďže sme boli súčasťou výstavy,

even if my friend wanted to see me, they had to buy a ticket to see me.

aj priatelia, ktorí ma chceli navštíviť, si museli kúpiť vstupenku.

To bol problém.

That was the problem.

Then I completed the Pompidou Center in Metz.

Potom som dokončil Centrum Pompidou v Metz.

It's a very popular museum now,

Teraz je z neho populárne múzeum

and I created a big monument for the government.

a pre vládu som vytvoril veľký monument.

But then I was very disappointed

Neskôr som sa sklamal

at my profession as an architect,

v mojom povolaní architekta.

because we are not helping, we are not working for society,

My nepomáhame, nepracujeme pre spoločnosť,

but we are working for privileged people,

ale pre privilegovaných ľudí,

rich people, government, developers.

bohatých ľudí, vládu, developerov.

They have money and power.

Oni majú peniaze a moc,

Those are invisible.

ktoré sú neviditeľné.

So they hire us to visualize their power and money

Oni si nás najímajú, aby sme zviditeľnili ich moc a peniaze

by making monumental architecture.

tým, že vytvoríme monumentálnu architektúru.

That is our profession, even historically it's the same,

Toto je naše povolanie.

Tak ako v histórii, aj teraz robíme to isté.

even now we are doing the same.

So I was very disappointed that we are not working for society,

Bol som veľmi sklamaný, že nepracujeme pre spoločnosť

even though there are so many people

napriek tomu, že toľko ľudí

who lost their houses by natural disasters.

prišlo o strechu nad hlavou počas prírodných katastrof.

But I must say they are no longer natural disasters.

Musím povedať, že nejde ani tak o prírodné katastrofy.

For example, earthquakes never kill people,

Napríklad zemetrasenie ľudí nezabíja,

but collapse of the buildings kill people.

zabíjajú ich budovy, ktoré sa zrútia.

That's the responsibility of architects.

To je úloha architektov.

Then people need some temporary housing,

Ľudia potrebujú dočasné bývanie,

but there are no architects working there

ale architekti chýbajú,

because we are too busy working for privileged people.

lebo majú plné ruky práce pre privilegovaných ľudí.

So I thought, even as architects,

Tak som rozmýšľal, že aj my architekti

we can be involved in the reconstruction of temporary housing.

môžeme byť súčasťou rekonštrukcie provizórnych príbytkov.

We can make it better.

Môžeme ich vylepšiť.

So that is why I started working in disaster areas.

Preto som začal pracovať v krízových oblastiach.

1994, there was a big disaster in Rwanda, Africa.

V roku 1994 bol v africkej Rwande veľký konflikt.

Two tribes, Hutu and Tutsi, fought each other.

Bojovali proti sebe 2 kmene, Hutu a Tutsi.

Over two million people became refugees.

Viac ako 2 milióny ľudí sa stali utečencami.

But I was so surprised to see the shelter, refugee camp

Bol som veľmi prekvapený prístreškami v utečeneckom tábore

organized by the U.N.

pod vedením OSN.

They're so poor, and they are freezing

Sú také chabé

a ľudia mrznú pod prikrývkami počas obdobia dažďov.

with blankets during the rainy season,

In the shelters built by the U.N.,

V prístreškoch postavených OSN

they were just providing a plastic sheet,

dostanú iba plastové plachty

and the refugees had to cut the trees, and just like this.

a utečenci musia sami rúbať stromy.

But over two million people cut trees.

2 milióny ľudí vyrubovali stromy,

It just became big, heavy deforestation

čo viedlo k veľkému odlesňovaniu

and an environmental problem.

a ekologickému problému.

That is why they started providing aluminum pipes, aluminum barracks.

Preto im začali poskytovať hliníkové trúbky,

ale tie sú veľmi drahé, tak ich vymieňali za peniaze

Very expensive, they throw them out for money,

then cutting trees again.

a potom zase rúbali stromy.

So I proposed my idea to improve the situation

Navrhol som teda, že im v tejto situácii pomôžem

using these recycled paper tubes

a použijeme recyklované papierové trubice,

because this is so cheap and also so strong,

ktoré sú lacné a pevné,

but my budget is only 50 U.S. dollars per unit.

ale na každú jednotku som mal rozpočet iba 50 USD.

We built 50 units to do that as a monitoring test

Postavili sme 50 jednotiek, aby sme otestovali

for the durability and moisture and termites, so on.

životnosť, vlhkosť, termity atď.

And then, year afterward, 1995, in Kobe, Japan,

O rok neskôr, v roku 1995,

v Kóbe v Japonsku sme mali veľké zemetrasenie.

we had a big earthquake.

Nearly 7,000 people were killed,

Takmer 7000 ľudí prišlo o život.

and the city like this Nagata district,

Celá štvrť Nagata

all the city was burned in a fire after the earthquake.

po zemetrasení vyhorela.

And also I found out there's many Vietnamese refugees

Takisto som zistil,

že veľa vietnamských utečencov, ktorí trpeli,

suffering and gathering at a Catholic church --

sa schádzalo v katolíckom kostole,

all the building was totally destroyed.

ktorého budova bola úplne zničená.

So I went there and also I proposed to the priests,

Išiel som tam a navrhol kňazovi:

"Why don't we rebuild the church out of paper tubes?"

„Postavme nový kostol z papierových trubíc!“

And he said, "Oh God, are you crazy?

A on na to: „Môj ty Bože! Ty si sa zbláznil?!

After a fire, what are you proposing?"

Toto navrhuješ po požiari?“

So he never trusted me, but I didn't give up.

Vôbec mi neveril, ale ja som sa nevzdal.

I started commuting to Kobe,

Začal som do Kóbe dochádzať

and I met the society of Vietnamese people.

a stretol som sa s vietnamskou komunitou.

They were living like this with very poor plastic sheets

Oni takto žili pod plastovými plachtami

in the park.

v parku.

So I proposed to rebuild. I raised -- did fundraising.

Navrhol som im prestavbu,

vyzbieral peniaze,

I made a paper tube shelter for them,

a postavil im papierový prístrešok.

and in order to make it easy to be built by students

Aby ho študenti mohli ľahko poskladať

and also easy to demolish,

aj ľahko rozobrať,

I used beer crates as a foundation.

na základy som použil pivové prepravky.

I asked the Kirin beer company to propose,

Požiadal som o ne pivovar Kirin,

because at that time, the Asahi beer company

pretože vtedy mal pivovar Asahi pivové prepravky červené

made their plastic beer crates red,

which doesn't go with the color of the paper tubes.

a tie sa nehodili k farbe papierových trubíc.

The color coordination is very important.

Farebný súlad je veľmi dôležitý.

And also I still remember, we were expecting

Dodnes si pamätám, ako sme dúfali,

to have a beer inside the plastic beer crate,

že v prepravkách bude aj pivo,

but it came empty. (Laughter)

ale prišli nám prázdne. (smiech)

So I remember it was so disappointing.

Boli sme takí sklamaní!

So during the summer with my students,

Počas leta sme s mojimi študentmi

we built over 50 units of the shelters.

postavili okolo 50 obývateľných jednotiek.

Finally the priest, finally he trusted me to rebuild.

Nakoniec aj kňaz začal mojej stavbe dôverovať.

He said, "As long as you collect money by yourself,

Povedal: „Ak sám vyzbieraš peniaze

bring your students to build, you can do it."

a prinesieš študentov, môžete stavať.“

So we spent five weeks rebuilding the church.

Stavba kostola nám trvala 5 týždňov.

It was meant to stay there for three years,

Mal tam pôvodne zostať iba 3 roky,

but actually it stayed there 10 years because people loved it.

ale nakoniec tam bol až 10, lebo ľudia ho milovali.

Then, in Taiwan, they had a big earthquake,

Na Taiwane mali potom tiež veľké zemetrasenie,

and we proposed to donate this church,

tak sme sa im rozhodli darovať tento kostol.

so we dismantled them,

Rozobrali sme ho

we sent them over to be built by volunteer people.

a poslali dobrovoľníkom, ktorí ho zložili.

It stayed there in Taiwan as a permanent church even now.

Na Taiwane stojí tento kostol až doteraz.

So this building became a permanent building.

Táto budova sa stala stálou budovou.

Then I wonder, what is a permanent and what is a temporary building?

Potom sa pýtam, ktorá budova je stála a ktorá iba dočasná?

Even a building made in paper

Aj budova postavená z papiera

can be permanent as long as people love it.

môže byť trvalá, pokiaľ ju ľudia milujú.

Even a concrete building can be very temporary

Aj betónová budova môže byť iba dočasná,

if that is made to make money.

pokiaľ je postavená iba kvôli peniazom.

In 1999, in Turkey, the big earthquake,

V roku 1999 bolo v Turecku veľké zemetrasenie,

I went there to use the local material to build a shelter.

išiel som tam a postavil prístrešok z miestnych materiálov.

2001, in West India, I built also a shelter.

V roku 2001 som tiež postavil prístrešok v Západnej Indii.

In 2004, in Sri Lanka, after the Sumatra earthquake

V roku 2004 som na Srí Lanke,

po zemetrasení na Sumatre a po tsunami,

and tsunami, I rebuilt Islamic fishermen's villages.

zrekonštruoval dedinu islamských rybárov.

And in 2008, in Chengdu, Sichuan area in China,

V roku 2008 v Čcheng-tu v čínskej provincii Sečuán

nearly 70,000 people were killed,

zomrelo takmer 70 000 ľudí

and also especially many of the schools were destroyed

a taktiež bolo veľa škôl zničených

because of the corruption between the authority and the contractor.

kvôli korupcii medzi úradmi a dodávateľom.

I was asked to rebuild the temporary church.

Požiadali ma, aby som postavil provizórny kostol.

I brought my Japanese students to work with the Chinese students.

Zobral som tam japonských študentov, aby pracovali s čínskymi.

In one month, we completed nine classrooms,

Za mesiac sme vytvorili 9 tried

over 500 square meters.

na viac ako 500 m2.

It's still used, even after the current earthquake in China.

Stále sa používajú, dokonca aj po poslednom zemetrasení v Číne.

In 2009, in Italy, L'Aquila, also they had a big earthquake.

V roku 2009 mali zemetrasenie aj v talianskej L'Aquile.

And this is a very interesting photo:

Toto je veľmi zaujímavá fotka:

former Prime Minister Berlusconi

bývalý premiér Berlusconi

and Japanese former former former former Prime Minister Mr. Aso --

a japonský ex- ex- ex- expremiér, pán Ako.

you know, because we have to change the prime minister ever year.

Viete, my meníme premiéra každý rok.

And they are very kind, affording my model.

Bolo od nich milé, že dotovali môj návrh.

I proposed a big rebuilding, a temporary music hall,

Navrhol som veľkú stavbu, provizórnu hudobnú sálu,

because L'Aquila is very famous for music

lebo L'Aquila je preslávená kvôli hudbe

a keďže všetky koncertné siene boli zničené,

and all the concert halls were destroyed,

so musicians were moving out.

hudobníci začali odchádzať.

So I proposed to the mayor,

Navrhol som starostovi,

I'd like to rebuild the temporary auditorium.

že postavím provizórne auditórium.

He said, "As long as you bring your money, you can do it."

Povedal mi: „Ak si na to donesieš peniaze, môžeš.“

And I was very lucky.

Mal som veľké šťastie.

Mr. Berlusconi brought G8 summit,

Pán Berlusconi zvolal samit G8,

and our former prime minister came,

na ktorý prišiel aj náš bývalý premiér,

so they helped us to collect money,

pomohli nám vyzbierať peniaze

and I got half a million euros from the Japanese government

a od japonskej vlády som dostal pol milióna eur

to rebuild this temporary auditorium.

na stavbu tohto provizórneho auditória.

Year 2010 in Haiti, there was a big earthquake,

V roku 2010 bolo na Haiti zemetrasenie,

but it's impossible to fly over,

ale nedalo sa tam letieť.

so I went to Santo Domingo, next-door country,

Išiel som teda do Santo Dominga v susednej krajine

to drive six hours to get to Haiti

a odtiaľ do Haiti 6 hodín autom

with the local students in Santo Domingo

spolu s miestnymi študentmi zo Santo Dominga,

to build 50 units of shelter out of local paper tubes.

aby sme postavili 50 príbytkových buniek z miestnych papierových trubíc.

This is what happened in Japan two years ago, in northern Japan.

Toto sú zábery zo severu Japonska pred 2 rokmi.

After the earthquake and tsunami,

Po zemetrasení a tsunami

people had to be evacuated in a big room like a gymnasium.

museli byť ľudia evakuovaní do veľkých miestností, ako je telocvičňa.

Pozrite sa na to. Nemajú žiadne súkromie.

But look at this. There's no privacy.

People suffer mentally and physically.

Trpia psychicky aj fyzicky.

So we went there to build partitions

Postavili sme im tam priečky z papierových trubíc

with all the student volunteers with paper tubes,

za pomoci študentov – dobrovoľníkov.

just a very simple shelter out of the tube frame and the curtain.

Veľmi jednoduchý prístrešok z trúbkovej kostry a závesu.

However, some of the facility authority

Niektorí správcovia zariadenia

doesn't want us to do it, because, they said,

však boli proti tomuto vybaveniu,

simply, it's become more difficult to control them.

pretože vraj bolo potom ťažšie mať ľudí pod kontrolou.

But it's really necessary to do it.

Ale bolo to naozaj potrebné.

They don't have enough flat area to build

Nemajú dosť rovného pozemku na stavbu

standard government single-story housing like this one.

klasickej štátnej ubytovne s 1 poschodím, akou je táto.

Look at this. Even civil government is doing

Pozrite sa na to.

Dokonca aj vláda stavia také slabé provizórne ubytovne,

such poor construction of the temporary housing,

so dense and so messy because there is no storage, nothing, water is leaking,

sú tak nahusto a bez úložných priestorov je tam neporiadok, zateká tam.

so I thought, we have to make multi-story building

Napadlo mi, že musíme postaviť viacposchodovú budovu,

because there's no land and also it's not very comfortable.

keďže im chýba väčší pozemok a pohodlie.

So I proposed to the mayor while I was making partitions.

Počas rozdeľovania jednotiek som to navrhol starostovi.

Finally I met a very nice mayor in Onagawa village

Zoznámil som sa s veľmi príjemným starostom

v dedine Onagawa v Miyagi.

in Miyagi.

He asked me to build three-story housing on baseball [fields].

Požiadal ma o trojposchodovú ubytovňu na bejzbalovom ihrisku.

I used the shipping container

Použil som prepravné kontajnery

and also the students helped us to make

a študenti nám pomohli

all the building furniture

vyrobiť všetok nábytok,

to make them comfortable,

aby mali ľudia pohodlie.

within the budget of the government

Zmestili sme sa do vládneho rozpočtu,

but also the area of the house is exactly the same,

a aj dom má úplne rovnakú rozlohu,

but much more comfortable.

ale je oveľa pohodlnejší.

Many of the people want to stay here forever.

Veľa ľudí tam chce zostať natrvalo.

I was very happy to hear that.

Veľmi som sa tomu potešil.

Now I am working in New Zealand, Christchurch.

Teraz pracujem na Novom Zélande v Christchurch.

About 20 days before the Japanese earthquake happened,

Asi 20 dní pred zemetrasením v Japonsku

also they had a big earthquake,

mali tiež veľké zemetrasenie.

and many Japanese students were also killed,

Veľa japonských študentov prišlo o život

and the most important cathedral of the city,

a najdôležitejšia katedrála v meste,

the symbol of Christchurch, was totally destroyed.

symbol Christchurchu, bola úplne zničená.

And I was asked to come to rebuild the temporary cathedral.

Zavolali ma, aby som prišiel a postavil provizórnu katedrálu.

So this is under construction.

Práve na tom teda pracujem.

And I'd like to keep building monuments

Rád by som pokračoval v stavbe monumentov,

that are beloved by people.

ktoré budú mať ľudia radi.

Thank you very much.

Ďakujem pekne.

(Applause)

(potlesk)

Thank you. (Applause)

Ďakujem. (potlesk)

Thank you very much. (Applause)

Ďakujem vám veľmi pekne. (potlesk)