Shigeru Ban: Emergency shelters made from paper

翻译人员: Zhiyi Chen 校对人员: Ying Wang

Hi. I am an architect.

大家好！我是一位建筑设计师。

I am the only architect in the world

我是世界上唯一一位以纸为建筑材料的

making buildings out of paper like this cardboard tube,

建筑师，就比如用这样的硬纸管。

and this exhibition is the first one I did

这是我第一个用纸管

using paper tubes.

举办的展览。

1986, much, much longer before people started talking

早在1986年，关于生态和环境问题的

about ecological issues and environmental issues,

讨论还远远没有开始的时候

I just started testing the paper tube

我刚刚开始测试纸筒

in order to use this as a building structure.

以便将其作为一种建筑结构使用

It's very complicated to test the new material for the building,

测试新的建筑材料过程很复杂，

but this is much stronger than I expected,

但纸管比我想象的要坚实许多，

and also it's very easy to waterproof,

而且进行防水处理也很容易，

and also, because it's industrial material,

加上纸是工业材料，所以

it's also possible to fireproof.

进行防火处理也是可能的，

Then I built the temporary structure, 1990.

接着在1990年，我搭建了这个临时的建筑结构。

This is the first temporary building made out of paper.

这是第一座纸制的临时性建筑。

There are 330 tubes, diameter 55 [centimeters],

由330个直径为55厘米的纸筒组成，

there are only 12 tubes with a diameter

只有12个纸筒的直径有120厘米，

of 120 centimeters, or four feet, wide.

或者说四英尺宽。

As you see it in the photo, inside is the toilet.

从照片上可以看到，里面是厕所。

In case you're finished with toilet paper,

万一卫生纸用完了，

you can tear off the inside of the wall. (Laughter)

可以从墙上撕点下来。（笑声）

So it's very useful.

所以说它很实用。

Year 2000, there was a big expo in Germany.

2000年，德国举办了一次盛大的世博会。

I was asked to design the building,

我受邀设计世博会日本馆。

because the theme of the expo was environmental issues.

因为环境问题是这次世博会的主题，

So I was chosen to build the pavilion out of paper tubes,

所以就选定了我来用纸筒建展览馆，

recyclable paper.

（用的是）可反复利用的纸。

My goal of the design is not when it's completed.

我的设计其目标并不在于建成，

My goal was when the building was demolished,

我的目标是能把这个建筑拆掉。

because each country makes a lot of pavilions

因为每个国家都建许多展览馆，

but after half a year, we create a lot of industrial waste,

但半年以后，剩下的是一大堆工业废品，

so my building has to be reused or recycled.

因此，我所建的必须能够再利用或回收利用。

After, the building was recycled.

世博会后，这座建筑就被回收利用了。

So that was the goal of my design.

这就是我设计的目标。

Then I was very lucky to win the competition

然后，我很幸运地赢得（建筑设计）比赛

to build the second Pompidou Center in France

进而取得了在法国梅茨城建造蓬皮杜中心

in the city of Metz.

新馆的机会。

Because I was so poor,

因为我当时很穷，

I wanted to rent an office in Paris,

本想在巴黎租一个办公室，

but I couldn't afford it,

却又租不起，

so I decided to bring my students to Paris

所以我决定带我的学生到巴黎

to build our office on top of the Pompidou Center in Paris

在蓬皮中心的楼顶搭建我们的办公室

by ourselves.

我们自己建。

So we brought the paper tubes and the wooden joints

于是我们就带着纸筒和木质连接

to complete the 35-meter-long office.

建成了这35米长的办公室。

We stayed there for six years without paying any rent.

我们在那里待了六年，不用付任何房租

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑声）（掌声）

Thank you. I had one big problem.

谢谢。当时我有个不小的问题。

Because we were part of the exhibition,

因为我们也是展会的一部分，

even if my friend wanted to see me, they had to buy a ticket to see me.

即便是我的朋友要见我，他们也要买票才能见到我。

That was the problem.

问题就在这儿。

Then I completed the Pompidou Center in Metz.

然后我完成了梅兹蓬皮中心的建造。

It's a very popular museum now,

中心现已成为非常受欢迎的博物馆，

and I created a big monument for the government.

我还为政府建造了一个庞大的纪念碑。

But then I was very disappointed

但我当时对自己的建筑师职业

at my profession as an architect,

却感到很失望，

because we are not helping, we are not working for society,

因为我们并不是在帮助社会，为民众工作，

but we are working for privileged people,

而是为有权势的人工作，

rich people, government, developers.

（比如）富人、政府、开发商。

They have money and power.

他们有钱有权。

Those are invisible.

财富和权力是无形的。

So they hire us to visualize their power and money

所以他们就通过雇用我们来建造宏伟的建筑

by making monumental architecture.

来彰显他们的权力和财富。

That is our profession, even historically it's the same,

这就是我们的职业，甚至在历史上也是如此，

even now we are doing the same.

直到现在我们还在做着同样的事。

So I was very disappointed that we are not working for society,

因此我对于我们并不是为社会大众服务而感到非常失落，

even though there are so many people

即使有这么多的人

who lost their houses by natural disasters.

因为自然灾害流离失所。

But I must say they are no longer natural disasters.

但我必须要说的是罪魁祸首并不是自然灾害。

For example, earthquakes never kill people,

打个比方，地震从来都不夺人性命，

but collapse of the buildings kill people.

建筑倒塌才是致死原因。

That's the responsibility of architects.

这是建筑师的责任。

Then people need some temporary housing,

人们需要一个临时住房时，

but there are no architects working there

却没有搭建这些临时住房的建筑师

because we are too busy working for privileged people.

因为我们都忙着为有权势的人工作。

So I thought, even as architects,

所以，我想，作为建筑师，

we can be involved in the reconstruction of temporary housing.

我们也可以参与临时住房的重建。

We can make it better.

我们可以对其进行改善。

So that is why I started working in disaster areas.

因此我开始在灾难地区工作。

1994, there was a big disaster in Rwanda, Africa.

1994年非洲卢旺达发生了一场大灾难。

Two tribes, Hutu and Tutsi, fought each other.

胡图族和图西族两个部落互相残杀。

Over two million people became refugees.

两百多万人变为难民。

But I was so surprised to see the shelter, refugee camp

但当我看到由联合国安排的帐篷和难民营时，

organized by the U.N.

我大吃一惊。

They're so poor, and they are freezing

帐篷都很破旧，雨季期间

with blankets during the rainy season,

批着毛毯也十分的冷，

In the shelters built by the U.N.,

联合国搭建的帐篷中，

they were just providing a plastic sheet,

只提供了一张塑料垫子，

and the refugees had to cut the trees, and just like this.

而难民不得不去砍树，就像这样。

But over two million people cut trees.

但两百多万人去砍树，

It just became big, heavy deforestation

就演变成了大片的严重的森林采伐

and an environmental problem.

并造成了环境问题。

That is why they started providing aluminum pipes, aluminum barracks.

正因如此，联合国就开始提供铝制的管子和棚屋。

Very expensive, they throw them out for money,

很贵，于是就被当地人拿去换钱了，

then cutting trees again.

然后又砍起树来。

So I proposed my idea to improve the situation

于是，我提出了利用这些再生纸管

using these recycled paper tubes

来改善现状的想法

because this is so cheap and also so strong,

因为纸管便宜又坚实。

but my budget is only 50 U.S. dollars per unit.

但我的预算只有每个（帐篷）50美元。

We built 50 units to do that as a monitoring test

我们就搭建了50个用来监控测试

for the durability and moisture and termites, so on.

其耐用性，抗湿和防白蚁能力等等。

And then, year afterward, 1995, in Kobe, Japan,

接着一年后，1995年，日本的神户，

we had a big earthquake.

发生了一起大地震。

Nearly 7,000 people were killed,

将近七千人死亡，

and the city like this Nagata district,

而整座城就像这长田区一样，

all the city was burned in a fire after the earthquake.

都在地震后的大火中焚烧着。

And also I found out there's many Vietnamese refugees

我发现有很多越南来的难民

suffering and gathering at a Catholic church --

聚集在一个天主教教堂旁边，忍受着痛苦。

all the building was totally destroyed.

整座教堂全部烧毁。

So I went there and also I proposed to the priests,

我就到那里去并向神父提出，

"Why don't we rebuild the church out of paper tubes?"

“我们何不用纸筒重建教堂呢？”

And he said, "Oh God, are you crazy?

他叫道，“哦天哪，你疯了么？

After a fire, what are you proposing?"

火灾刚过啊，你这是在说什么啊？“

So he never trusted me, but I didn't give up.

所以他一直都不信任我，不过我没有放弃。

I started commuting to Kobe,

我开始常去神户，

and I met the society of Vietnamese people.

接触了越南人的社区。

They were living like this with very poor plastic sheets

他们就这样住在一个公园，在破烂的

in the park.

塑料帐篷中。

So I proposed to rebuild. I raised -- did fundraising.

于是我提议重建（住所）并筹集了资金。

I made a paper tube shelter for them,

我为他们制作了一个纸筒帐篷。

and in order to make it easy to be built by students

为了方便学生搭建

and also easy to demolish,

与拆除，

I used beer crates as a foundation.

我使用啤酒箱作为地基。

I asked the Kirin beer company to propose,

我请麒麟啤酒公司来提议，

because at that time, the Asahi beer company

因为当时朝日啤酒

made their plastic beer crates red,

生产的啤酒箱是红色的，

which doesn't go with the color of the paper tubes.

与纸筒的颜色不相称。

The color coordination is very important.

颜色协调是非常重要的。

And also I still remember, we were expecting

我还记得当时我们还期待着塑料

to have a beer inside the plastic beer crate,

啤酒箱中还有啤酒可以喝，

but it came empty. (Laughter)

但送来的啤酒箱是空的。（笑声）

So I remember it was so disappointing.

我记得大家都很失望。

So during the summer with my students,

整个夏天我和我的学生，

we built over 50 units of the shelters.

搭建了50个这样的帐篷。

Finally the priest, finally he trusted me to rebuild.

最后神父终于相信了我，允许我重建教堂。

He said, "As long as you collect money by yourself,

他说，“只要你自己集资，

bring your students to build, you can do it."

带你的学生来建，就行。”

So we spent five weeks rebuilding the church.

于是我们花了五个星期的时间重建了这座教堂。

It was meant to stay there for three years,

原先计划这座教堂会在那里保存三年，

but actually it stayed there 10 years because people loved it.

但因为人们的厚爱，这座教堂矗立在那里整整十年

Then, in Taiwan, they had a big earthquake,

然后，台湾发生了一场大地震，

and we proposed to donate this church,

我们提议捐出这座教堂，

so we dismantled them,

于是我们就拆解下纸管，

we sent them over to be built by volunteer people.

我们把纸管送去那里由志愿者搭建。

It stayed there in Taiwan as a permanent church even now.

这座教堂就长驻台湾，成为了一个永久教堂直至今日。

So this building became a permanent building.

于是这座建筑就变成了一座永久的建筑。

Then I wonder, what is a permanent and what is a temporary building?

而后我就想，什么是永久的，而什么又是临时性的建筑？

Even a building made in paper

即使是一个用纸搭建的建筑，

can be permanent as long as people love it.

只要人们喜欢，它就可以变成永恒的。

Even a concrete building can be very temporary

即使是一个混凝土建筑，如果它是为了赚钱而建的，

if that is made to make money.

那也可以在瞬间烟消云散。

In 1999, in Turkey, the big earthquake,

1999年，土耳其发生了大地震。

I went there to use the local material to build a shelter.

我去那里利用当地的材料搭建了一个避难所。

2001, in West India, I built also a shelter.

2001年，在西印度，我也搭建了一个避难所。

In 2004, in Sri Lanka, after the Sumatra earthquake

2004年，斯里兰卡发生苏门答腊地震和海啸之后，

and tsunami, I rebuilt Islamic fishermen's villages.

我重建了伊斯兰渔民的村庄。

And in 2008, in Chengdu, Sichuan area in China,

2008年，中国的成都四川地区，

nearly 70,000 people were killed,

将近七万人遇难，

and also especially many of the schools were destroyed

特别是很多学校被毁

because of the corruption between the authority and the contractor.

原因是政府部门与承包商之间的腐败行为。

I was asked to rebuild the temporary church.

我受托重建这座临时教堂。

I brought my Japanese students to work with the Chinese students.

我带着我的日本学生与中国学生合作，

In one month, we completed nine classrooms,

一个月之内，我们建成了九个教室，

over 500 square meters.

总面积超过500平米。

It's still used, even after the current earthquake in China.

即使在中国最近发生的地震之后，教堂依然在使用中。

In 2009, in Italy, L'Aquila, also they had a big earthquake.

2009年，意大利的拉奎拉也发生大地震。

And this is a very interesting photo:

这是一张很有趣的照片：

former Prime Minister Berlusconi

前任总理贝卢斯科尼与

and Japanese former former former former Prime Minister Mr. Aso --

日本前前前前任首相麻生先生

you know, because we have to change the prime minister ever year.

大家都知道我们的首相是年年换的。

And they are very kind, affording my model.

他们都很友善，资助了我的模型。

I proposed a big rebuilding, a temporary music hall,

我提议进行一次大重建，建一个临时的音乐大厅，

because L'Aquila is very famous for music

因为拉奎拉以音乐著称,

and all the concert halls were destroyed,

而且所有的音乐会厅都被毁了，

so musicians were moving out.

所以音乐家都离开了。

So I proposed to the mayor,

所以我就向市长提出，

I'd like to rebuild the temporary auditorium.

我希望能重建这个临时音乐厅。

He said, "As long as you bring your money, you can do it."

他说：“只要你自己筹款建，你就可以建。”

And I was very lucky.

我当时很幸运。

Mr. Berlusconi brought G8 summit,

贝卢斯科尼先生组织了八国峰会，

and our former prime minister came,

我们曾经的首相也来了，

so they helped us to collect money,

于是他们帮助我们筹到了资金，

and I got half a million euros from the Japanese government

我从日本政府那里获得了五十万欧元

to rebuild this temporary auditorium.

来重建这座临时音乐厅。

Year 2010 in Haiti, there was a big earthquake,

2010年，海地发生大地震，

but it's impossible to fly over,

但是没有直达那里的飞机，

so I went to Santo Domingo, next-door country,

就是我就去了邻国圣多明各，

to drive six hours to get to Haiti

然后与那里当地的学生

with the local students in Santo Domingo

开6个小时的车到达海地

to build 50 units of shelter out of local paper tubes.

用当地的纸筒搭建了50个避难所。

This is what happened in Japan two years ago, in northern Japan.

这是两年前在日本，日本的北部所是发生的事。

After the earthquake and tsunami,

地震和海啸过后，

people had to be evacuated in a big room like a gymnasium.

人们要疏散到一个像体育馆的地方

But look at this. There's no privacy.

但可以看出，那里丝毫没有隐私。

People suffer mentally and physically.

人们身心都在煎熬。

So we went there to build partitions

于是我们就去那里建隔板。

with all the student volunteers with paper tubes,

所有这些学生志愿者带着纸筒去了，

just a very simple shelter out of the tube frame and the curtain.

就是一个很简单用纸管搭成的框架外加窗帘构成的避难所

However, some of the facility authority

可是，设施部门的一些人

doesn't want us to do it, because, they said,

不想我们做这件事，因为他们说

simply, it's become more difficult to control them.

这样一来控制这些人就变得更困难。

But it's really necessary to do it.

但是，事实证明立隔板是有必要的。

They don't have enough flat area to build

他们没有足够的平地建设

standard government single-story housing like this one.

像这样的普通公用单层住房。

Look at this. Even civil government is doing

看看这个，甚至公民政府的临时性住房

such poor construction of the temporary housing,

构建也如此简陋。

so dense and so messy because there is no storage, nothing, water is leaking,

这样的拥挤、杂乱，没有储藏处，什么都没有，还漏水，

so I thought, we have to make multi-story building

于是我想， 我们必须建多层楼的房子（才能解决）

because there's no land and also it's not very comfortable.

没有土地（建新房），住着又非常不舒服（的问题）

So I proposed to the mayor while I was making partitions.

所以我就边搭建隔板，边向市长提议

Finally I met a very nice mayor in Onagawa village

最后我在宫城县的女川村遇到一个非常好的

in Miyagi.

市长。

He asked me to build three-story housing on baseball [fields].

他要我在棒球场上搭建三层楼的住房。

I used the shipping container

我利用了海运集装箱

and also the students helped us to make

并且，学生们也帮助我们作了

all the building furniture

所有的建筑家具，

to make them comfortable,

把一切布置得很舒适

within the budget of the government

花费也保持在政府预算之内

but also the area of the house is exactly the same,

房子的面积一模一样，

but much more comfortable.

但舒适许多。

Many of the people want to stay here forever.

很多人都想永远待在这里。

I was very happy to hear that.

我听了十分高兴。

Now I am working in New Zealand, Christchurch.

现在我在新西兰的克赖斯特彻奇工作

About 20 days before the Japanese earthquake happened,

在日本发生地震的大概20天前，

also they had a big earthquake,

他们也经历了一场大地震，

and many Japanese students were also killed,

很多日本学生遇难，

and the most important cathedral of the city,

这座城市最重要的大教堂，

the symbol of Christchurch, was totally destroyed.

也是克赖斯特彻奇的标志完全毁灭。

And I was asked to come to rebuild the temporary cathedral.

我受托来重建临时大教堂

So this is under construction.

现在还在建设中。

And I'd like to keep building monuments

我希望能继续创造为人们

that are beloved by people.

所喜爱的有纪念价值的建筑作品。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢大家。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you. (Applause)

谢谢大家。（掌声）

Thank you very much. (Applause)

非常感谢大家。（掌声）