Shigeru Ban: Emergency shelters made from paper

譯者: Sharon Loh 審譯者: Ning Zhang

Hi. I am an architect.

大家好！我是一個建築師。

I am the only architect in the world

我也是世界上唯一用這樣的紙管

making buildings out of paper like this cardboard tube,

來作建築的建築師，

and this exhibition is the first one I did

這是我第一個

using paper tubes.

用紙管做的展覽。

1986, much, much longer before people started talking

1986年，當年還沒有很多人在討論

about ecological issues and environmental issues,

有關生態與環境的議題的時候，

I just started testing the paper tube

我就開始測試，

in order to use this as a building structure.

用紙管來作建築架構。

It's very complicated to test the new material for the building,

嘗試用新的物料去做建築 是一件很複雜的事情，

but this is much stronger than I expected,

不過這比我想像中堅固，

and also it's very easy to waterproof,

而且它非常防水，

and also, because it's industrial material,

因為它是工業用的物料，

it's also possible to fireproof.

它又能防火。

Then I built the temporary structure, 1990.

1990 年，我建造了一個臨時的建構。

This is the first temporary building made out of paper.

這是第一個用紙建造出來的臨時建築。

There are 330 tubes, diameter 55 [centimeters],

那裡用了 330 支直徑 55（公分）的紙管，

there are only 12 tubes with a diameter

還有 12 支 120 公分直徑，

of 120 centimeters, or four feet, wide.

大約是四尺寬的管子。

As you see it in the photo, inside is the toilet.

就像你所看到的這一張照片，裡面是一間厠所。

In case you're finished with toilet paper,

假設你用完了衛生紙，

you can tear off the inside of the wall. (Laughter)

你可以就在裡面撕來用。（笑聲）

So it's very useful.

看，它實在是非常實用。

Year 2000, there was a big expo in Germany.

2000 年，德國有一個大型的博覽會。

I was asked to design the building,

我應邀去設計建築，

because the theme of the expo was environmental issues.

因為那個博展會的主題是環境議題。

So I was chosen to build the pavilion out of paper tubes,

所以我選擇建造一所紙管築成的展示館，

recyclable paper.

用的是循環再用紙。

My goal of the design is not when it's completed.

我設計的目的不是在於將它完成。

My goal was when the building was demolished,

而是在建築被拆的時候，

because each country makes a lot of pavilions

因為每一個國家都會建造許多的展示館

but after half a year, we create a lot of industrial waste,

但是半年之後，那都將會成為一大堆工業廢料，

so my building has to be reused or recycled.

所以我的建築一定要是 可以翻用或者循環再用的。

After, the building was recycled.

往後，建築被循環再用了。

So that was the goal of my design.

這就是我做設計的原意。

Then I was very lucky to win the competition

當年，我幸運地贏了比賽

to build the second Pompidou Center in France

在法國的梅思城 (Metz)，

in the city of Metz.

建築了第二個龐畢度中心。

Because I was so poor,

因為我當時很窮，

I wanted to rent an office in Paris,

但我又想在巴黎有一個辦公室，

but I couldn't afford it,

可是我負擔不來，

so I decided to bring my students to Paris

所以我決定帶我的學生到巴黎，

to build our office on top of the Pompidou Center in Paris

在巴黎的龐畢度中心的頂層

by ourselves.

建立起我的辦公室。

So we brought the paper tubes and the wooden joints

因此我們帶了一些紙管和木結合

to complete the 35-meter-long office.

完成了我們 35 米長的辦公室。

We stayed there for six years without paying any rent.

我們在那裡待了六年，不用付任何的房租。

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑聲）（掌聲）

Thank you. I had one big problem.

謝謝。可是，我還是有一個大難題。

Because we were part of the exhibition,

因為，我們也是展覽的一部分，

even if my friend wanted to see me, they had to buy a ticket to see me.

所以我的朋友要是來看我， 她／他們都需要買票。

That was the problem.

這可真是一個難題。

Then I completed the Pompidou Center in Metz.

當我完成了梅思的龐畢度中心。

It's a very popular museum now,

它現在已經是一所出名的博物館，

and I created a big monument for the government.

而且我還為政府設計一所龐大的紀念館。

But then I was very disappointed

可是當時我感到非常失望

at my profession as an architect,

因為我作為一位專業的建築師

because we are not helping, we are not working for society,

卻沒有為社會作出什麼貢獻，

but we are working for privileged people,

我們都在為特權的人士服務，

rich people, government, developers.

那些富人，政府及發展商們。

They have money and power.

他們有錢又有勢力。

Those are invisible.

可那些都是不易被看見的。

So they hire us to visualize their power and money

於是，他們聘請我們 來建立紀念館式的建築

by making monumental architecture.

去展視他們的財富與權力。

That is our profession, even historically it's the same,

這就是我們的專業， 儘管在過去的歷史發展中，它還是一樣，

even now we are doing the same.

直到現在，我們依然做著同樣的事情。

So I was very disappointed that we are not working for society,

我為了我們不曾為社會做事情而失望，

even though there are so many people

儘管世界上有那麼多人

who lost their houses by natural disasters.

因為天災而痛失家園。

But I must say they are no longer natural disasters.

我一定要說的是，沒有天然災害。

For example, earthquakes never kill people,

舉個例子，地震永遠不會殺人，

but collapse of the buildings kill people.

可是倒塌的建築物卻殺了人。

That's the responsibility of architects.

這實在是建築師的責任。

Then people need some temporary housing,

當人們需要一些臨時房屋，

but there are no architects working there

卻沒有建築師為了她／他們工作，

because we are too busy working for privileged people.

我們都在忙著為特權人士服務。

So I thought, even as architects,

我想，建築師們其實也

we can be involved in the reconstruction of temporary housing.

可以加入參與重建臨時房屋的行列，

We can make it better.

把它做的更好。

So that is why I started working in disaster areas.

這是為什麼我開始在災區工作。

1994, there was a big disaster in Rwanda, Africa.

1994 年，在非洲的盧旺達有一場大災難。

Two tribes, Hutu and Tutsi, fought each other.

兩個部族：胡圖和圖西族互相屠殺。

Over two million people became refugees.

有超過兩百萬人因此成為難民。

But I was so surprised to see the shelter, refugee camp

可是，當我看見那些由聯合國管理的

organized by the U.N.

庇護中心和難民營的時候，

They're so poor, and they are freezing

看見那些難民多可憐， 她／他們都快要冷得結冰了，

with blankets during the rainy season,

在雨季裡，她／他們只有包著毛毯，

In the shelters built by the U.N.,

在聯合國的庇護中心內，

they were just providing a plastic sheet,

她／他們只有塑料的墊子，

and the refugees had to cut the trees, and just like this.

難民需要去砍樹，就像這樣。

But over two million people cut trees.

不過，當超過兩百萬的人在砍樹，

It just became big, heavy deforestation

那將會變成一場很嚴重的滅林和

and an environmental problem.

帶來很多環境問題。

That is why they started providing aluminum pipes, aluminum barracks.

這是為什麼他們開始供應 (不清潔的）管子和兵營。

Very expensive, they throw them out for money,

那是非常昂貴的，於是他們又停了發款，

then cutting trees again.

於是，難民們又開始砍樹。

So I proposed my idea to improve the situation

我提出我的構思去改善這個情況，

using these recycled paper tubes

建議他們用循環再用的紙管

because this is so cheap and also so strong,

因為這是很平宜而又堅韌的物料，

but my budget is only 50 U.S. dollars per unit.

在我的預算裡，一個單位只需要 50 美金。

We built 50 units to do that as a monitoring test

我們建造了 50 個單位來作耐用、濕度及白蟻...

for the durability and moisture and termites, so on.

等等的監控測試。

And then, year afterward, 1995, in Kobe, Japan,

1995 年，在日本的神戶，

we had a big earthquake.

我們又發生一場很嚴重的地震。

Nearly 7,000 people were killed,

接近 7000 人遇難，

and the city like this Nagata district,

整個城市像這個長田區，

all the city was burned in a fire after the earthquake.

在地震之後，整個城市都在大火之中。

And also I found out there's many Vietnamese refugees

同時，我發現那裡有很多越南難民

suffering and gathering at a Catholic church --

在一所天主教教堂裡聚集

all the building was totally destroyed.

所有的建築物都已經完全被摧毀。

So I went there and also I proposed to the priests,

我到了那裡，向神父提出建議，

"Why don't we rebuild the church out of paper tubes?"

“為什麼我們不用紙管來重建教堂？”

And he said, "Oh God, are you crazy?

可是他說：“哦，上帝喔，你是不是精神有問題？

After a fire, what are you proposing?"

經過一場大火之後，你還要提出這個嗎？“

So he never trusted me, but I didn't give up.

他沒有相信我，可是我沒有放棄。

I started commuting to Kobe,

我開始在神戶把社區聯繫起來，

and I met the society of Vietnamese people.

我去見了越南社團的人。

They were living like this with very poor plastic sheets

他們就是這樣依靠塑料的墊子

in the park.

在公園裡面生活。

So I proposed to rebuild. I raised -- did fundraising.

我跟他們建議重建。 我去籌款，而且籌到了錢。

I made a paper tube shelter for them,

幫他們用紙管建立起了庇護中心，

and in order to make it easy to be built by students

這個讓學生們很容易的把它建立起來，

and also easy to demolish,

也能輕易的拆除，

I used beer crates as a foundation.

我用啤酒的板條箱做地基。

I asked the Kirin beer company to propose,

我問了 Kirin 啤酒公司

because at that time, the Asahi beer company

因為那個時候，Asahi 啤酒公司

made their plastic beer crates red,

已經開始用紅色的塑料啤酒板條箱，

which doesn't go with the color of the paper tubes.

這個跟紙筒的顏色不配。

The color coordination is very important.

要知道喔，顏色的配合是非常重要的。

And also I still remember, we were expecting

我還是記得，我們會期待

to have a beer inside the plastic beer crate,

在啤酒板條箱裡會找到剩下來的啤酒，

but it came empty. (Laughter)

可是，它總是空空的。（笑聲）

So I remember it was so disappointing.

那曾經是多麼令人沮喪的！

So during the summer with my students,

在夏天，我跟學生們在一起，

we built over 50 units of the shelters.

我們建成了超過 50 個庇護中心單位。

Finally the priest, finally he trusted me to rebuild.

最後，神父終於相信我們，讓我們進行重建。

He said, "As long as you collect money by yourself,

他說：“當你籌到需要的錢，

bring your students to build, you can do it."

你和你的學生就去開始吧。”

So we spent five weeks rebuilding the church.

我們花了五個星期去重建教會。

It was meant to stay there for three years,

那本來說好是用三年的，

but actually it stayed there 10 years because people loved it.

但實際上，它已經 被用上了十年，人們都很喜歡。

Then, in Taiwan, they had a big earthquake,

後來台灣發生了一場嚴重的地震，

and we proposed to donate this church,

我們建議捐出這所教會，

so we dismantled them,

所以我們把它拆卸了，

we sent them over to be built by volunteer people.

送往台灣，再由志願人士把它建立起來。

It stayed there in Taiwan as a permanent church even now.

至今，它在台灣已經成為了一所永久的教會。

So this building became a permanent building.

這些建築成為了永久的建築。

Then I wonder, what is a permanent and what is a temporary building?

然而，我卻開始疑惑， 到底什麼建築是永久的，什麼是臨時的呢？

Even a building made in paper

一座建築儘管是紙做的，可是

can be permanent as long as people love it.

只要人們喜歡，它就可以成為永久的。

Even a concrete building can be very temporary

而一座為了賺錢而建立的堅固的建築，

if that is made to make money.

它也可以是臨時的。

In 1999, in Turkey, the big earthquake,

1999 年， 在土耳其有一場大地震，

I went there to use the local material to build a shelter.

我到了那裡，用了當地的物料去建庇護中心。

2001, in West India, I built also a shelter.

2001 年，在西印度， 我也建了另一所。

In 2004, in Sri Lanka, after the Sumatra earthquake

2004 年，在斯里蘭卡發生蘇門答臘地震，

and tsunami, I rebuilt Islamic fishermen's villages.

還有海嘯之後，我建立了一條伊斯蘭漁民的鄉村。

And in 2008, in Chengdu, Sichuan area in China,

2008 年，在中國四川的成都，

nearly 70,000 people were killed,

接近 70,000 人（在地震中）死亡，

and also especially many of the schools were destroyed

當中有很多人是因為 當地官商勾結的問題學校

because of the corruption between the authority and the contractor.

倒塌而死亡。

I was asked to rebuild the temporary church.

我被要求去重建臨時的教會。

I brought my Japanese students to work with the Chinese students.

我帶了我的日本學生去跟中國學生們一起工作。

In one month, we completed nine classrooms,

在一個月內，我們就完成了九個

over 500 square meters.

超過 500 平房米的課室。

It's still used, even after the current earthquake in China.

縱使在最近中國發生的地震過後， 它們還在被使用著。

In 2009, in Italy, L'Aquila, also they had a big earthquake.

2009 年，在義大利拉魁拉也發生了一場大地震。

And this is a very interesting photo:

這是一張很有趣的照片：

former Prime Minister Berlusconi

（義大利的）前總理貝盧斯科尼和

and Japanese former former former former Prime Minister Mr. Aso --

日本的前前前前首相麻生太郎

you know, because we have to change the prime minister ever year.

你知道嗎，我們是必須在每年都更換首相的。

And they are very kind, affording my model.

他們都很善良，接受我的模型。

I proposed a big rebuilding, a temporary music hall,

我建議了一項大型的重建， 一個臨時的音樂廳，

because L'Aquila is very famous for music

因為拉魁拉是一個音樂很出名的地方

and all the concert halls were destroyed,

但是，所有的表演廳都被毀了，

so musicians were moving out.

音樂師們只能遷出。

So I proposed to the mayor,

所以，我向市長建議，

I'd like to rebuild the temporary auditorium.

我希望可以重建一所臨時的會堂。

He said, "As long as you bring your money, you can do it."

他說：“當你籌到所需要的錢，你就開始吧。”

And I was very lucky.

我當時很幸運。

Mr. Berlusconi brought G8 summit,

貝盧斯科尼在帶領了 G8 峰會，

and our former prime minister came,

和我們的前首相來，

so they helped us to collect money,

他們幫忙我們籌款，

and I got half a million euros from the Japanese government

而我又從日本政府處帶來了 50 萬歐元

to rebuild this temporary auditorium.

去重建這一所臨時會堂。

Year 2010 in Haiti, there was a big earthquake,

2010 年，在海地有一場大地震，

but it's impossible to fly over,

那時候，我們根本沒辦法坐飛機過去，

so I went to Santo Domingo, next-door country,

只有從隔壁的國家聖多明哥，

to drive six hours to get to Haiti

開了六個小時的車到了海地，

with the local students in Santo Domingo

跟當地的學生在聖多明哥

to build 50 units of shelter out of local paper tubes.

用紙管建造出 50 個庇護中心單位。

This is what happened in Japan two years ago, in northern Japan.

這是兩年前，在日本北部發生的。

After the earthquake and tsunami,

在地震和海嘯之後，

people had to be evacuated in a big room like a gymnasium.

人們需要遷到一個大的空間，像體育館。

But look at this. There's no privacy.

可是，請看看這一張，他們完全沒有隱私。

People suffer mentally and physically.

人們是同時承受著肉體和精神上的創傷。

So we went there to build partitions

所以，我們在那裡跟所有的志願學生

with all the student volunteers with paper tubes,

用紙管建立起屏風，

just a very simple shelter out of the tube frame and the curtain.

只是用框架架起地毯， 就能變成了簡單的庇護所。

However, some of the facility authority

無奈，一些設施管理層

doesn't want us to do it, because, they said,

不想我們這樣做，因為，他們說，

simply, it's become more difficult to control them.

簡單來說，那讓他們變得更難去控制管理。

But it's really necessary to do it.

可是，當時真的有這樣做的需要。

They don't have enough flat area to build

因為他們沒有足夠的空間去

standard government single-story housing like this one.

建立像這樣的政府標準單層房子。

Look at this. Even civil government is doing

看這一張，地區政府正在建造

such poor construction of the temporary housing,

一些結構很差的臨時住房，

so dense and so messy because there is no storage, nothing, water is leaking,

那裡沒有儲物處...漏水，太密集和混雜的，

so I thought, we have to make multi-story building

因為現場的地方不足又不是很舒適，

because there's no land and also it's not very comfortable.

我想我們必須去建立多層建築，

So I proposed to the mayor while I was making partitions.

於是，當我在做屏風的時候， 我就把建議告訴市長。

Finally I met a very nice mayor in Onagawa village

最終，我在宮城縣的女川

in Miyagi.

遇上了一位很好商量的市長。

He asked me to build three-story housing on baseball [fields].

他讓我在籃球場上建立起三層高的房屋。

I used the shipping container

我用了貨櫃箱

and also the students helped us to make

還有，學生幫我們完成了

all the building furniture

所有的建築及準備傢俬

to make them comfortable,

讓房子不僅能夠在政府提供的預算內完工，

within the budget of the government

還變得更舒適。

but also the area of the house is exactly the same,

那是跟區內其他房子一模一樣，

but much more comfortable.

而同時又更舒適的。

Many of the people want to stay here forever.

很多人說想永遠的住下去。

I was very happy to hear that.

我很興奮聽到這樣的話。

Now I am working in New Zealand, Christchurch.

現在，我正在新西蘭的基督城裡工作。

About 20 days before the Japanese earthquake happened,

大約就在日本地震發生前 20 天，

also they had a big earthquake,

那裡也發生了一場大地震，

and many Japanese students were also killed,

有許多的日本學生在當中遇難，

and the most important cathedral of the city,

城裡最重要的天主教堂，

the symbol of Christchurch, was totally destroyed.

基督城的象徵也都被徹底的毀滅了。

And I was asked to come to rebuild the temporary cathedral.

我被叫來重建一所臨時的天主教堂。

So this is under construction.

這個還在建築當中。

And I'd like to keep building monuments

我希望我能保存人們所愛的

that are beloved by people.

不朽建築。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you. (Applause)

謝謝（掌聲）

Thank you very much. (Applause)

非常感謝！ （掌聲）