Rebecca MacKinnon: Let's take back the Internet!

Prevodilac: Sanja Drakulovic Lektor: Ana Zivanovic-Nenadovic

So I begin with an advertisement

Počinjem sa reklamnom kampanjom

inspired by George Orwell

inspirisanom Džordž Orvelom

that Apple ran in 1984.

koju je "Epl" vodio 1984.

(Video) Big Brother: We are one people

(Video) Veliki Brat: Mi smo jedno,

with one will, one resolve,

imamo jednu volju, jednu rešenost,

one cause.

jedan cilj.

Our enemies shall talk themselves to death,

Naši neprijatelji će se zapričavati do smrti,

and we will fight them with their own confusion.

a mi ćemo se protiv njih boriti njihovom sopstvenom zbunjenošću.

We shall prevail.

Mi ćemo preovladati.

Narrator: On January 24th,

Narator: 24. januara,

Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh.

"Epl Kompjuter" će uvesti "Mekintoš".

And you'll see why 1984

I videćete zašto 1984

won't be like "1984."

neće ličiti na "1984".

Rebecca MacKinnon: So the underlying message of this video

Rebeka MekKinon: Dakle, skrivena poruka ovog videa

remains very powerful even today.

je ostala snažna i dan danas.

Technology created by innovative companies

Tehnologija koju su kreirale inovativne kompanije

will set us all free.

će nas sve osloboditi.

Fast-forward more than two decades:

Premotajmo više od dve decenije kasnije.

Apple launches the iPhone in China

"Epl" lansira "Ajfon" u Kini

and censors the Dalai Lama out

i cenzurom izbacuje Dalaj Lamu

along with several other politically sensitive applications

i nekoliko drugih politički osetljivih aplikacija

at the request of the Chinese government

na zahtev kineske vlade

for its Chinese app store.

za njihovu prodavnicu aplikacija.

The American political cartoonist

Američkom crtaču političkih stripova

Mark Fiore

Marku Fjoreu

also had his satire application

je takođe cenzurisana

censored in the United States

satirična aplikacija u Sjedinjenim Državama

because some of Apple's staff

jer su neki od zaposlenih u "Epl-u"

were concerned it would be offensive to some groups.

brinuli da će je neke grupe smatrati uvredljivom.

His app wasn't reinstated

Njegova aplikacija nije vraćena

until he won the Pulitzer Prize.

dok nije dobio Pulicerovu nagradu.

The German magazine Stern, a news magazine,

Nemačkom informativnom magazinu Štern,

had its app censored

aplikacija je cenzurisana

because the Apple nannies deemed it

jer su "Epl" dadilje smatrale

to be a little bit too racy for their users,

da je malo previše pikantna za njihove korisnike,

and despite the fact that this magazine

uprkos činjenici da se ovaj magazin

is perfectly legal for sale

potpuno legalno prodaje

on newsstands throughout Germany.

na novinskim kioscima po Nemačkoj.

And more controversially, recently,

I još kontroverznije, nedavno je

Apple censored a Palestinian protest app

"Epl" cenzurisao palestinsku protestnu aplikaciju

after the Israeli government voiced concerns

nakon što je izraelska vlada izrazila zabrinutost

that it might be used to organize violent attacks.

da bi mogla da bude iskorišćena za organizovanje agresivnih napada.

So here's the thing.

Dakle, ovako stoje stvari,

We have a situation where private companies

imamo situaciju gde privatne kompanije

are applying censorship standards

primenjuju cenzorske standarde

that are often quite arbitrary

koji su često sasvim proizvoljni

and generally more narrow

i obično uži nego

than the free speech constitutional standards

ustavom garantovani standardi slobode izražavanja

that we have in democracies.

koje imamo u demokratijama.

Or they're responding to censorship requests

Ili odgovaraju na zahteve cenzure

by authoritarian regimes

koji potiču od autoritarnih režima,

that do not reflect consent of the governed.

ali ne odražavaju pristanak upravljanih.

Or they're responding to requests and concerns

Ili reaguju na zahteve i intervencije

by governments that have no jurisdiction

vlada koje nemaju nadležnost

over many, or most, of the users and viewers

nad mnogo, ili većinom, korisnika i gledalaca

who are interacting with the content in question.

koji imaju dodira sa dotičnim sadržajem.

So here's the situation.

Imamo ovakvu situaciju.

In a pre-Internet world,

U doba pre Interneta,

sovereignty over our physical freedoms,

suverenitet nad našim fizičkim slobodama,

or lack thereof,

ili nedostatkom istih,

was controlled almost entirely

su skoro u potpunosti

by nation-states.

kontrolisale države.

But now we have this new layer

Ali sada imamo taj novi sloj

of private sovereignty

privatne nadležnosti

in cyberspace.

u sajber prostoru.

And their decisions about software coding,

Njihove odluke o programiranju softvera,

engineering, design, terms of service

projektovanju, dizajnu, uslovima korišćenja

all act as a kind of law

vrše ulogu neke vrste zakona

that shapes what we can and cannot do with our digital lives.

koji oblikuje šta možemo i ne možemo da uradimo u našim digitalnim životima.

And their sovereignties,

I njihovi suvereniteti,

cross-cutting, globally interlinked,

unakrsni, globalno isprepletani,

can in some ways

mogu na neki način

challenge the sovereignties of nation-states

dovesti u pitanje suverenitete država

in very exciting ways,

na vrlo interesantne načine,

but sometimes also act

ali ponekad mogu služiti

to project and extend it

za njihovo zasnivanje i produbljivanje

at a time when control

u situacijama gde kontrola

over what people can and cannot do

nad time šta ljudi mogu ili ne mogu da urade

with information

sa informacijama

has more effect than ever

ima više uticaja nego ikad

on the exercise of power

na primenu moći

in our physical world.

u našem fizičkom svetu.

After all, even the leader of the free world

Naposletku, čak i vođi slobodnog sveta

needs a little help from the sultan of Facebookistan

je potrebna mala pomoć sultana od Fejsbukistana

if he wants to get reelected next year.

ako želi da bude ponovo izabran sledeće godine.

And these platforms

Ove platforme

were certainly very helpful

su, naravno, bile od velike pomoći

to activists in Tunisia and Egypt

aktivistima u Tunisu i Egiptu

this past spring and beyond.

prošlog proleća i nakon toga.

As Wael Ghonim,

Kao što je Vael Gonim,

the Google-Egyptian-executive by day,

egipatski "Gugl" funkcioner preko dana,

secret-Facebook-activist by night,

tajni Fejsbuk aktivista preko noći,

famously said to CNN

rekao "CNN-u" čuvenu izjavu,

after Mubarak stepped down,

nakon pada Mubaraka,

"If you want to liberate a society,

"Ako želite da oslobodite društvo,

just give them the Internet."

samo im dajte Internet".

But overthrowing a government is one thing

Ali svrgavanje vlade je jedna stvar,

and building a stable democracy

a izgradnja stabilne demokratije

is a bit more complicated.

je malko komplikovanija.

On the left there's a photo taken by an Egyptian activist

Levo je fotografija koju je snimio egipatski aktivista

who was part of the storming

koji je učestvovao u jurišu

of the Egyptian state security offices in March.

na egipatske bezbednjačke kancelarije u martu.

And many of the agents

Gomila agenata je iseckala

shredded as many of the documents as they could

što je više mogla dokumenata

and left them behind in piles.

i ostavila ih na gomilama.

But some of the files were left behind intact,

Ali neka dokumenta su ostala netaknuta,

and activists, some of them,

pa su aktivisti, neki od njih,

found their own surveillance dossiers

pronašli svoje dosijee o praćenju,

full of transcripts of their email exchanges,

pune transkripcija njihove imejl prepiske,

their cellphone text message exchanges,

razmenu elektronskih poruka sa mobilnih,

even Skype conversations.

čak i "Skajp" razgovore.

And one activist actually found

Jedan aktivista je čak pronašao

a contract from a Western company

ugovor jedne zapadne kompanije

for the sale of surveillance technology

za prodaju opreme za prismotru

to the Egyptian security forces.

egipatskim bezbednjacima.

And Egyptian activists are assuming

Egipatski aktivisti pretpostavljaju

that these technologies for surveillance

da se ove tehnologije za prismotru

are still being used

još uvek koriste od strane

by the transitional authorities running the networks there.

tranzicionih vlasti koje tamo upravljaju mrežama.

And in Tunisia, censorship actually began to return in May --

A u Tunisu, cenzura je počela da se vraća u maju --

not nearly as extensively

ni blizu u toj meri

as under President Ben Ali.

kao pod predsednikom Ben Alijem.

But you'll see here a blocked page

Ali ovde ćete videti blokiranu stranicu o tome

of what happens when you try to reach

šta se dešava kada pokušate da dođete do

certain Facebook pages and some other websites

određenih Fejsbuk stranica i nekih drugih sajtova

that the transitional authorities

za koje su tranzicione vlasti

have determined might incite violence.

utvrdile da mogu izazvati nasilje.

In protest over this,

U znak protesta protiv ovoga,

blogger Slim Amamou,

bloger Slim Amamu,

who had been jailed under Ben Ali

koji je bio hapšen pod Ben Alijem

and then became part of the transitional government

a zatim postao deo tranzicione vlasti

after the revolution,

posle revolucije,

he resigned in protest from the cabinet.

dao je otkaz iz kabineta u znak protesta.

But there's been a lot of debate in Tunisia

Bilo je dosta debate u Tunisu

about how to handle this kind of problem.

o tome kako rešiti ovu vrstu problema.

In fact, on Twitter,

U stvari, na Tviteru,

there were a number of people who were supportive of the revolution

bilo je dosta ljudi koji su podržavali revoluciju

who said, "Well actually,

koji su rekli, "Pa u stvari,

we do want democracy and free expression,

mi želimo demokratiju i slobodu govora,

but there is some kinds of speech that need to be off-bounds

ali postoje neke vrste govora koje moraju biti nedostupne

because it's too violent and it might be destabilizing for our democracy.

jer su suviše agresivne i to može ugroziti našu demokratiju."

But the problem is,

Ali problem je,

how do you decide who is in power to make these decisions

kako da odlučite ko ima prava da donese ovakve odluke

and how do you make sure

i kako da budete sigurni

that they do not abuse their power?

da oni neće zloupotrebiti svoju moć?

As Riadh Guerfali,

Kao što je Riad Guerfali,

the veteran digital activist from Tunisia,

digitalni aktivista veteran iz Tunisa,

remarked over this incident,

istakao povodom ovog incidenta,

"Before, things were simple:

"Ranije su stvari bile jednostavne:

you had the good guys on one side and the bad guys on the other.

imali ste dobre momke na jednoj strani i loše momke na drugoj.

Today, things are a lot more subtle."

Sada, stvari su mnogo suptilnije."

Welcome to democracy, our Tunisian and Egyptian friends.

Dobrodošli u demokratiju, naši prijatelji iz Tunisa i Egipta.

The reality is

Stvarnost je da

that even in democratic societies today,

čak i u demokratskim društvima danas,

we do not have good answers

nemamo dobar odgovor na to

for how you balance the need

kako uskladiti potrebu za sigurnošću

for security and law enforcement on one hand

i sprovođenjem zakona sa jedne strane

and protection of civil liberties

i zaštitom građanskih prava

and free speech on the other

i slobode govora sa druge

in our digital networks.

na našim digitalnim mrežama.

In fact, in the United States,

U stvari, u Sjedinjenim Državama,

whatever you may think of Julian Assange,

šta god vi mislili o Žulijenu Asanžu,

even people who are not necessarily big fans of his

čak i ljudi koji nisu obavezno njegovi veliki fanovi

are very concerned about the way

su vrlo zabrinuti zbog načina na koji se

in which the United States government and some companies have handled Wikileaks.

vlada SAD-a, kao i neke kompanije ponašaju prema "Vikiliks".

Amazon webhosting dropped Wikileaks as a customer

Amazon provajder je otkazao Vikiliks kao korisnika

after receiving a complaint from U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman,

nakon što je primio žalbu od američkog senatora Džoa Libermana,

despite the fact

uprkos činjenici

that Wikileaks had not been charged,

da Vikiliks nije bio optužen,

let alone convicted,

a kamoli osuđen.

of any crime.

za bilo koji zločin.

So we assume

Tako da pretpostavljamo

that the Internet is a border-busting technology.

da je Internet tehnologija koja probija granice.

This is a map of social networks worldwide,

Ovo je mapa društvenih mreža celog sveta,

and certainly Facebook has conquered much of the world --

a naravno da je Fejsbuk osvojio veći deo sveta --

which is either a good or a bad thing,

što je ili dobra ili loša stvar,

depending on how you like

zavisno od toga da li vam se sviđa

the way Facebook manages its service.

kako Fejsbuk upravlja svojim uslugama.

But borders do persist

Ali granice odolevaju

in some parts of cyberspace.

u nekim krajevima sajber prostora.

In Brazil and Japan,

U Brazilu i Japanu,

it's for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.

to je zbog jedinstvenih kulturoloških i jezičkih razloga.

But if you look at China, Vietnam

Ali ako pogledate Kinu, Vijetnam

and a number of the former Soviet states,

i brojne bivše sovjetske republike,

what's happening there is more troubling.

ono što se tamo dešava je zabrinjavajuće.

You have a situation

Imate situaciju

where the relationship between government

gde odnos između vlade

and local social networking companies

i lokalnih kompanija društvenih mreža

is creating a situation

stvara situaciju

where, effectively,

gde, efektivno,

the empowering potential of these platforms

ovlašćujući potencijal tih platformi

is being constrained

je ograničen

because of these relationships

zbog ovih odnosa

between companies and government.

između kompanija i vlade.

Now in China,

Danas u Kini,

you have the "great firewall," as it's well-known,

imate "veliki fajervol", kao što je opšte poznato,

that blocks Facebook

koji blokira Fejsbuk

and Twitter and now Google+

i Tviter a sada i Gugl+

and many of the other overseas websites.

i mnoge druge prekookeanske sajtove.

And that's done in part with the help from Western technology.

A to se delom čini zahvaljujući zapadnoj tehnologiji.

But that's only half of the story.

Ali to je samo deo priče.

The other part of the story

Drugi deo priče

are requirements that the Chinese government places

su zahtevi koje kineska vlada postavlja

on all companies operating on the Chinese Internet,

pred sve kompanije na kineskom Internetu,

known as a system of self-discipline.

poznati kao sistem samo-discipline.

In plain English, that means censorship and surveillance

Srpski rečeno, to podrazumeva cenzuru i prismotru

of their users.

njihovih korisnika.

And this is a ceremony I actually attended in 2009

Ovo je ceremonija kojoj sam lično prisustvovala 2009.

where the Internet Society of China presented awards

kada je Internet društvo Kine dodelilo nagrade

to the top 20 Chinese companies

najboljih 20 kompanija

that are best at exercising self-discipline --

u primeni samo-discipline -

i.e. policing their content.

tj. kontrolisanju svog sadržaja.

And Robin Li, CEO of Baidu,

A Robin Li, direktor Baidua,

China's dominant search engine,

najvećeg kineskog pretraživača,

was one of the recipients.

je bio jedan od dobitnika.

In Russia, they do not generally block the Internet

U Rusiji generalno ne blokiraju Internet

and directly censor websites.

i ne cenzurišu sajtove.

But this is a website called Rospil

Ali ovo je sajt koji se zove Rospil

that's an anti-corruption site.

koji je sajt protiv korupcije.

And earlier this year,

Početkom ove godine,

there was a troubling incident

desio se problematični incident

where people who had made donations to Rospil

kada su ljudi koji su dali donacije Rospilu

through a payments processing system

kroz sistem obrade plaćanja

called Yandex Money

koji se naziva "Jandeks Novac"

suddenly received threatening phone calls

odjednom primili preteće telefonske pozive

from members of a nationalist party

od članova nacionalističke partije

who had obtained details

koji su nabavili podatke

about donors to Rospil

o donatorima Rospila

through members of the security services

od članova bezbednosne službe

who had somehow obtained this information

koji su nekako dobili ove podatke

from people at Yandex Money.

od ljudi iz Jandeks Novca.

This has a chilling effect

Ovo obeshrabruje

on people's ability to use the Internet

ljude da koriste Internet

to hold government accountable.

kako bi kritikovali vladu.

So we have a situation in the world today

Tako da danas u svetu imamo situaciju

where in more and more countries

gde se u sve više zemalja

the relationship between citizens and governments

odnos između građana i vlada

is mediated through the Internet,

reguliše preko Interneta,

which is comprised primarily

koji je sačinjen pretežno

of privately owned and operated services.

od servisa koji su u privatnom posedu i rukovodstvu.

So the important question, I think,

Tako da mislim da značajno pitanje

is not this debate over whether the Internet

nije ova debata o tome da li će Internet

is going to help the good guys more than the bad guys.

pomoći dobrim više nego lošim momcima.

Of course, it's going to empower

Naravno, osnažiće bilo koga

whoever is most skilled at using the technology

ko je najveštiji u korišćenju tehnologije

and best understands the Internet

i najbolje razume Internet

in comparison with whoever their adversary is.

u poređenju sa bilo kojim njihovim suparnikom.

The most urgent question we need to be asking today

Najhitnije pitanje koje bi trebalo da postavljamo danas

is how do we make sure

je kako da obezbedimo

that the Internet evolves

da se Internet razvija

in a citizen-centric manner.

u korist građana.

Because I think all of you will agree

Jer mislim da ćete se svi složiti

that the only legitimate purpose of government

da je jedina legitimna svrha vlade

is to serve citizens,

da služi građanima.

and I would argue

Stojim iza toga

that the only legitimate purpose of technology

da je jedina zakonita svrha tehnologije

is to improve our lives,

da poboljša naše živote

not to manipulate or enslave us.

a ne da nama manipuliše ili da nas zarobi.

So the question is,

Pitanje je,

we know how to hold government accountable.

mi znamo kako da smatramo vladu odgovornom.

We don't necessarily always do it very well,

Ne radimo to uvek dovoljno dobro,

but we have a sense of what the models are,

ali imamo osećaj kakvi su principi,

politically and institutionally, to do that.

politički i institucionalni, da to radimo.

How do you hold the sovereigns of cyberspace

Kako očekivati od vladara sajber prostorom

accountable to the public interest

odgovornost za javni interes

when most CEO's argue

kada većina direktora tvrdi

that their main obligation

da je njihova glavna dužnost

is to maximize shareholder profit?

da maksimizuju dobit akcionara?

And government regulation

A regulative vlade

often isn't helping all that much.

najčešće nisu baš od pomoći.

You have situations, for instance, in France

Imate situaciju, na primer, u Francuskoj

where president Sarkozy

gde predsednik Sarkozi

tells the CEO's of Internet companies,

kaže direktorima Internet kompanija,

"We're the only legitimate representatives

"Mi smo jedini legitimni predstavnici

of the public interest."

interesa javnosti."

But then he goes and champions laws

A onda nastavi da veliča zakone

like the infamous "three-strikes" law

kao što je zloglasni zakon tri upozorenja

that would disconnect citizens from the Internet

koji bi iskučio građane sa Interneta

for file sharing,

zbog razmene fajlova,

which has been condemned by the U.N. Special Rapporteur

što je osudio specijalni komesar U.N.-a

on Freedom of Expression

za slobodu izražavanja

as being a disproportionate violation

kao neproporcionalno kršenje

of citizens' right to communications,

građanskih prava na komunikaciju

and has raised questions amongst civil society groups

i postavilo mnoga pitanja među grupama građana

about whether

o tome da li su

some political representatives

neki politički predstavnici

are more interested in preserving

više zainteresovani za očuvanje

the interests of the entertainment industry

interesa industrije zabave

than they are in defending the rights of their citizens.

nego za odbranu prava svojih građana.

And here in the United Kingdom

A ovde u Velikoj Britaniji

there's also concern over

takođe postoji zabrinutost oko

a law called the Digital Economy Act

zakona koji se naziva Zakon o digitalnoj ekonomiji

that's placing more onus

koji daje više odgovornosti

on private intermediaries

privatnim posrednicima

to police citizen behavior.

da uređuju ponašanje građana.

So what we need to recognize

Ono što moramo da prepoznamo

is that if we want to have

je da, ako želimo da imamo

a citizen-centric Internet in the future,

građanski orijentisan Internet u budućnosti,

we need a broader and more sustained

potreban nam je širi i održiviji

Internet freedom movement.

pokret za slobodu Interneta.

After all, companies didn't stop polluting groundwater

Naposletku, kompanije nisu prestale da zagađuju vode

as a matter of course,

tek onako,

or employing 10-year-olds as a matter of course,

ili da zapošljavaju 10-godišnjake tek onako,

just because executives woke up one day

samo zato što su se direktori jednog dana probudili

and decided it was the right thing to do.

i rešili da urade pravu stvar.

It was the result of decades of sustained activism,

To je bio rezultat decenija upornog aktivizma,

shareholder advocacy

zalaganja akcionara,

and consumer advocacy.

i zalaganja korisnika.

Similarly, governments don't enact

Slično, vlade ne donose inteligentne zakone

intelligent environmental and labor laws

o zaštiti životne sredine i o radu

just because politicians wake up one day.

samo zato što su se političari jednog dana probudili.

It's the result of very sustained and prolonged

To je rezultat upornog i dugotrajnog

political activism

političkog aktivizma

that you get the right regulations,

da se dobiju prave regulative,

and that you get the right corporate behavior.

i da se dobije ispravno korporativno ponašanje.

We need to make the same approach

Moramo da primenimo isti princip

with the Internet.

i na Internet.

We also are going to need

Takođe će nam biti neophodne

political innovation.

i političke inovacije.

Eight hundred years ago, approximately,

Otprilike pre 800 godina,

the barons of England decided

engleski baroni su odlučili

that the Divine Right of Kings

da nebesko pravo kraljeva

was no longer working for them so well,

njima više baš i ne odgovara,

and they forced King John

pa su primorali kralja Džona

to sign the Magna Carta,

da potpiše Magna Kartu,

which recognized

koja je priznala

that even the king

da čak i kralj

who claimed to have divine rule

koji je tvrdio da ima božansku vlast

still had to abide by a basic set of rules.

ipak mora da se povinuje osnovnom skupu pravila.

This set off a cycle

To je pokrenulo ciklus

of what we can call political innovation,

onoga što nazivamo političkim inovacijama,

which led eventually to the idea of consent of the governed --

koje su na kraju dovele do ideje pristanka upravljanih --

which was implemented for the first time

koji je primenjen prvi put

by that radical revolutionary government

od strane te radikalne revolucionarne vlade

in America across the pond.

u Americi sa one strane okeana.

So now we need to figure out

Tako da je sada potrebno da smislimo

how to build consent of the networked.

kako da izgradimo pristanak umreženih.

And what does that look like?

I kako to izgleda?

At the moment, we still don't know.

U ovom trenutku, još uvek ne znamo.

But it's going to require innovation

Ali će to zahtevati uvođenje novina

that's not only going to need

koje neće samo morati da se

to focus on politics,

usredsrede na politiku,

on geopolitics,

na geopolitiku,

but it's also going to need

već će takođe morati

to deal with questions

da se pozabave i pitanjima

of business management, investor behavior,

upravljanja poslovanjem, ponašanjem investitora,

consumer choice

izborima potrošača

and even software design and engineering.

pa čak i projektovanjem i dizajnom softvera.

Each and every one of us has a vital part to play

Svako od nas će morati da odigra značajnu ulogu

in building the kind of world

u izgradnji takvog sveta

in which government and technology

u kome vlada i tehnologija

serve the world's people and not the other way around.

služe ljudima, a ne obrnuto.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam najlepše.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)