Rebecca MacKinnon: Let's take back the Internet!

52,888 views ใƒป 2011-07-14

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JY Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young-ho Park
00:15
So I begin with an advertisement
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์กฐ์ง€์˜ค์›ฐ์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์–ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ
00:18
inspired by George Orwell
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๊ด‘๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ• ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
that Apple ran in 1984.
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1984๋…„ ์• ํ”Œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
(Video) Big Brother: We are one people
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(์˜์ƒ) ๋น…๋ธŒ๋ผ๋” : ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜์ง€,
00:34
with one will, one resolve,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ์˜, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
00:37
one cause.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋‹ค.
00:39
Our enemies shall talk themselves to death,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ์„๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง๋งŒ ํ• ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
00:42
and we will fight them with their own confusion.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
00:47
We shall prevail.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
00:52
Narrator: On January 24th,
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ํ•ด์„ค์ž: 1์›” 24์ผ.
00:54
Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh.
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์• ํ”Œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งฅํ‚จํ† ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
And you'll see why 1984
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์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ 1984๋…„์ด
01:00
won't be like "1984."
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์†Œ์„ค 1984์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Rebecca MacKinnon: So the underlying message of this video
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RM : ์ด ์˜์ƒ์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋Š”
01:05
remains very powerful even today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
Technology created by innovative companies
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
01:11
will set us all free.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:14
Fast-forward more than two decades:
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๊ทธ ํ›„, 20๋…„์ด ๋” ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด์ฃ .
01:17
Apple launches the iPhone in China
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์• ํ”Œ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์•„์ดํฐ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
01:20
and censors the Dalai Lama out
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๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด๋ผ๋งˆ ์•ฑ(App)์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€์‹œ์ผฐ์ฃ .
01:22
along with several other politically sensitive applications
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๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์„
01:25
at the request of the Chinese government
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์ค‘๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
01:27
for its Chinese app store.
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์ค‘๊ตญ ์•ฑ์Šคํ† ์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ญ์ œํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
01:29
The American political cartoonist
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ๋งŒํ™”๊ฐ€์ธ
01:31
Mark Fiore
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๋งˆํฌ ํ”ผ์˜ค๋ ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„,
01:33
also had his satire application
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ’์ž ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด
01:35
censored in the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:37
because some of Apple's staff
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๊ทธ ์•ฑ์ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
01:39
were concerned it would be offensive to some groups.
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๋ชจ์š•์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์• ํ”Œ์ด ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:42
His app wasn't reinstated
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๊ทธ ์•ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜ ์ƒ์„
01:44
until he won the Pulitzer Prize.
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๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„์—์•ผ ํŒ๋งค๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
The German magazine Stern, a news magazine,
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๋…์ผ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์ง€ ์Šˆํ…Œ๋ฅธ(Stern)๋„
01:50
had its app censored
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์•ฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์œ„์งˆ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:52
because the Apple nannies deemed it
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ˆญ์„ ๋– ๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
01:54
to be a little bit too racy for their users,
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๊ทธ ์•ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์™ธ์„ค์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:57
and despite the fact that this magazine
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๊ทธ ์žก์ง€๋Š” ๋…์ผ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ฐ€ํŒ๋Œ€์—์„œ
01:59
is perfectly legal for sale
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ 
02:01
on newsstands throughout Germany.
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์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:04
And more controversially, recently,
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๋”์šฑ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—
02:06
Apple censored a Palestinian protest app
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํŒ”๋ ˆ์Šคํƒ€์ธ 'ํ•ญ์˜ ์•ฑ'์ด
02:09
after the Israeli government voiced concerns
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๋ฌด๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ
02:12
that it might be used to organize violent attacks.
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ํ•ญ์˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ์• ํ”Œ์ด ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€์‹œ์ผฐ์ฃ .
02:15
So here's the thing.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
02:17
We have a situation where private companies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
02:19
are applying censorship standards
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์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋…๋‹จ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
02:22
that are often quite arbitrary
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š”
02:25
and generally more narrow
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ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
02:27
than the free speech constitutional standards
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ
02:29
that we have in democracies.
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๊ฒ€์—ด์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
Or they're responding to censorship requests
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š”
02:34
by authoritarian regimes
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๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ฒ€์—ด์š”๊ตฌ์—
02:36
that do not reflect consent of the governed.
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ํ™”๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:38
Or they're responding to requests and concerns
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
02:41
by governments that have no jurisdiction
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ฝ˜ํ…ํŠธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
02:45
over many, or most, of the users and viewers
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์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
02:48
who are interacting with the content in question.
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์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์š”์ฒญ์— ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
02:51
So here's the situation.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
02:53
In a pre-Internet world,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š”
02:55
sovereignty over our physical freedoms,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ
02:58
or lack thereof,
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์ž์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ถŒ์€
03:00
was controlled almost entirely
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜
03:02
by nation-states.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:04
But now we have this new layer
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„
03:06
of private sovereignty
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€
03:08
in cyberspace.
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์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:10
And their decisions about software coding,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ฝ”๋”ฉ, ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง,
03:12
engineering, design, terms of service
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๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์•ฝ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€
03:15
all act as a kind of law
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
03:17
that shapes what we can and cannot do with our digital lives.
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:21
And their sovereignties,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ต์ฐจ๋˜๊ณ 
03:23
cross-cutting, globally interlinked,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”
03:25
can in some ways
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์ฃผ๊ถŒ์€ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ
03:27
challenge the sovereignties of nation-states
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž์ฃผ๊ถŒ์— ๋งค์šฐ
03:29
in very exciting ways,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:31
but sometimes also act
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ณด๋กœ
03:33
to project and extend it
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:35
at a time when control
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
03:37
over what people can and cannot do
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ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜
03:39
with information
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:41
has more effect than ever
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์ด์ „ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ 
03:43
on the exercise of power
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์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ž์ฃผ๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€
03:45
in our physical world.
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์ข…์ข… ๋” ํ™•์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:48
After all, even the leader of the free world
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ž์œ ์ง„์˜์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
03:50
needs a little help from the sultan of Facebookistan
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๋‹ค์Œ๋ฒˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด
03:53
if he wants to get reelected next year.
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์™•๊ตญ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:56
And these platforms
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€
03:58
were certainly very helpful
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ด„ ์ดํ›„ ํŠœ์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์™€
04:00
to activists in Tunisia and Egypt
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
04:03
this past spring and beyond.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
04:05
As Wael Ghonim,
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์™€์—˜ ๊ณ ๋‹˜(Wael Ghonim)์€
04:08
the Google-Egyptian-executive by day,
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๋‚ฎ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ์ง์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:11
secret-Facebook-activist by night,
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๋ฐค์—๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์šด๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:13
famously said to CNN
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฐ”๋ผํฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ํ›„
04:15
after Mubarak stepped down,
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CNN ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
"If you want to liberate a society,
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"์–ด๋Š ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ค๋ฉด
04:19
just give them the Internet."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
04:21
But overthrowing a government is one thing
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘๋Š”๊ฑด ์–ด์ฉ”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
04:23
and building a stable democracy
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์•ˆ์ •๋œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:25
is a bit more complicated.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
On the left there's a photo taken by an Egyptian activist
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 3์›”์— ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜
04:30
who was part of the storming
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๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๊ธ‰์Šตํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜
04:32
of the Egyptian state security offices in March.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋˜ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ •์น˜ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฐ์€๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:35
And many of the agents
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๊ทธ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์š”์›๋“ค์€
04:37
shredded as many of the documents as they could
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ํŒŒ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค์„
04:39
and left them behind in piles.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํŒŒ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
04:41
But some of the files were left behind intact,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ํŒŒ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์—์„œ
04:44
and activists, some of them,
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์ •์น˜์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์€
04:46
found their own surveillance dossiers
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ž๋ฃŒ,
04:49
full of transcripts of their email exchanges,
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์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ „์ฒด์™€
04:52
their cellphone text message exchanges,
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ 
04:54
even Skype conversations.
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์Šค์นด์ดํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋‚ด์šฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
And one activist actually found
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์น˜์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ช…์€
04:58
a contract from a Western company
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์„œ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ
05:01
for the sale of surveillance technology
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๊ฐ์‹œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜
05:03
to the Egyptian security forces.
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๊ณ„์•ฝ์„œ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
05:05
And Egyptian activists are assuming
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ •์น˜์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
05:07
that these technologies for surveillance
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๊ณผ๋„์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
05:09
are still being used
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์•„์ง๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ
05:11
by the transitional authorities running the networks there.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ง€์š”.
05:15
And in Tunisia, censorship actually began to return in May --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒค ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น
05:18
not nearly as extensively
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์‹œ์ ˆ ๋งŒํผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
05:20
as under President Ben Ali.
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5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ฒ€์—ด์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋์ง€์š”.
05:23
But you'll see here a blocked page
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ณผ๋„์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
05:25
of what happens when you try to reach
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ํญ๋ ฅ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
05:27
certain Facebook pages and some other websites
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—
05:29
that the transitional authorities
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์ด์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:31
have determined might incite violence.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์›น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€์š”.
05:34
In protest over this,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ,
05:36
blogger Slim Amamou,
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๋ฒค ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์‹œ์ ˆ์—
05:38
who had been jailed under Ben Ali
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์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋œ ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
05:40
and then became part of the transitional government
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์Šฌ๋ฆผ ์•„๋งˆ๋ชจ์šฐ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
05:42
after the revolution,
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๊ณผ๋„์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ
05:44
he resigned in protest from the cabinet.
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๊ณผ๋„์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํ‡ดํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:47
But there's been a lot of debate in Tunisia
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ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
05:49
about how to handle this kind of problem.
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๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์ฃ .
05:51
In fact, on Twitter,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋„
05:53
there were a number of people who were supportive of the revolution
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์‚ฌํšŒํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
05:55
who said, "Well actually,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€
05:57
we do want democracy and free expression,
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ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:59
but there is some kinds of speech that need to be off-bounds
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ•๊ดด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ
06:02
because it's too violent and it might be destabilizing for our democracy.
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๋ฐœ์–ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:05
But the problem is,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
06:07
how do you decide who is in power to make these decisions
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์™€
06:10
and how do you make sure
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์•…์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„
06:12
that they do not abuse their power?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:14
As Riadh Guerfali,
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๋ฆฌ์•„๋“œ ๊ตฌ์–ดํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š”
06:16
the veteran digital activist from Tunisia,
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ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ •์น˜์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋Š”
06:18
remarked over this incident,
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
"Before, things were simple:
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"์ „์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด์„œ
06:22
you had the good guys on one side and the bad guys on the other.
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์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์› ์ง€๋งŒ
06:25
Today, things are a lot more subtle."
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํž˜๋“ค์ฃ ".
06:28
Welcome to democracy, our Tunisian and Egyptian friends.
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ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€์™€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„
06:31
The reality is
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ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
06:33
that even in democratic societies today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚ ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ
06:36
we do not have good answers
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜
06:38
for how you balance the need
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์•ˆ๋ณด์™€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ
06:40
for security and law enforcement on one hand
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์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ์ž์œ ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ผ๋Š”
06:43
and protection of civil liberties
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ท ํ˜•์„
06:45
and free speech on the other
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์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„
06:47
in our digital networks.
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์•„์ง ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
In fact, in the United States,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ„ฐ์กŒ๋˜
06:51
whatever you may think of Julian Assange,
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์ค„๋ฆฌ์•™ ์–ด์ƒŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
06:54
even people who are not necessarily big fans of his
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ
06:57
are very concerned about the way
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด
06:59
in which the United States government and some companies have handled Wikileaks.
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Wikileaks ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜์ง€์š”.
07:02
Amazon webhosting dropped Wikileaks as a customer
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์•„๋งˆ์กด์€ ๋ฏธ ์ƒ์›์˜์› ์กฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋งŒ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ญ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„
07:05
after receiving a complaint from U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman,
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Wikileaks ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŒ… ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:09
despite the fact
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Wikileaks๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ๋„
07:11
that Wikileaks had not been charged,
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๊ธฐ์†Œ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:13
let alone convicted,
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์œ ์ฃ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ
07:15
of any crime.
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๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
So we assume
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด
07:20
that the Internet is a border-busting technology.
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๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
This is a map of social networks worldwide,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
and certainly Facebook has conquered much of the world --
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ •๋ณตํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:29
which is either a good or a bad thing,
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์ด ์ ์€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
07:31
depending on how you like
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๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:33
the way Facebook manages its service.
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์ข‹์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
But borders do persist
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
07:37
in some parts of cyberspace.
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ
07:39
In Brazil and Japan,
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์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
07:41
it's for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.
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์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋„ ์•„์ง ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:44
But if you look at China, Vietnam
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:46
and a number of the former Soviet states,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
07:49
what's happening there is more troubling.
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๋” ์—ผ๋ ค์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:51
You have a situation
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์ด๋“ค ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š”
07:53
where the relationship between government
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์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์†Œ์…œ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜
07:55
and local social networking companies
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์œ ์ฐฉ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€
07:58
is creating a situation
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ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:00
where, effectively,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ
08:02
the empowering potential of these platforms
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์œ ์ฐฉ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
08:05
is being constrained
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๋“ค์˜
08:07
because of these relationships
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด
08:09
between companies and government.
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:11
Now in China,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚  ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
08:13
you have the "great firewall," as it's well-known,
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์ด๋ฅธ ๋ฐ” "๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ™”๋ฒฝ" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
08:15
that blocks Facebook
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ 
08:17
and Twitter and now Google+
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ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€+ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
08:20
and many of the other overseas websites.
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๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด์™ธ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
And that's done in part with the help from Western technology.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒ€์—ด์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„œ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:26
But that's only half of the story.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
The other part of the story
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”
08:31
are requirements that the Chinese government places
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์ค‘๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
08:34
on all companies operating on the Chinese Internet,
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์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅธ ๋ฐ” "์ž๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
08:37
known as a system of self-discipline.
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์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
In plain English, that means censorship and surveillance
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„
08:42
of their users.
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๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
08:44
And this is a ceremony I actually attended in 2009
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 2009๋…„์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
where the Internet Society of China presented awards
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์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ทํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ œ์‹ฌ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•œ,
08:50
to the top 20 Chinese companies
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ฐ์ฐฐํ™œ๋™์„ ์ž˜ ํ•ด๋‚ธ
08:53
that are best at exercising self-discipline --
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20๊ฐœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:56
i.e. policing their content.
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์‹œ์ƒํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
And Robin Li, CEO of Baidu,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์—”์ง„์ธ
09:01
China's dominant search engine,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋‘(Baidu)์˜ ๋กœ๋นˆ ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋„
09:03
was one of the recipients.
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์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ์ค‘์˜ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:06
In Russia, they do not generally block the Internet
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:10
and directly censor websites.
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์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
09:12
But this is a website called Rospil
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋กœ์Šคํ•„(Rospil)์ด๋ผ๋Š”
09:14
that's an anti-corruption site.
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š”
09:16
And earlier this year,
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์˜ฌํ•ด ์ดˆ์—, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ
09:18
there was a troubling incident
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๋…ผ๋ž€์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฐ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:20
where people who had made donations to Rospil
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์–€๋ฑ์Šค ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ถˆ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
09:23
through a payments processing system
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์ด ๋กœ์Šคํ•„ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—
09:25
called Yandex Money
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๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:27
suddenly received threatening phone calls
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‹น์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
09:29
from members of a nationalist party
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ํ˜‘๋ฐ•์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:32
who had obtained details
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‹น์›๋“ค์€ ๋กœ์Šคํ•„ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ
09:34
about donors to Rospil
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๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
09:37
through members of the security services
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์ •๋ณด๋ถ€ ์š”์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:39
who had somehow obtained this information
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๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ถ€ ์š”์›์€ ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ค
09:42
from people at Yandex Money.
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์•ผ๋ฑ์Šค ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€์š”.
09:45
This has a chilling effect
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์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:47
on people's ability to use the Internet
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„
09:49
to hold government accountable.
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์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์ง€์š”.
09:52
So we have a situation in the world today
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์š”์ฆˆ์Œ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
09:54
where in more and more countries
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์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š”
09:56
the relationship between citizens and governments
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณผ
09:59
is mediated through the Internet,
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”
10:02
which is comprised primarily
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜
10:04
of privately owned and operated services.
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์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
10:08
So the important question, I think,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์ข‹์€ ํŽธ์„
10:10
is not this debate over whether the Internet
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๋„์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋‚˜์œ ํŽธ์„ ๋„์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ
10:12
is going to help the good guys more than the bad guys.
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์˜๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
10:15
Of course, it's going to empower
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:17
whoever is most skilled at using the technology
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
10:20
and best understands the Internet
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
10:22
in comparison with whoever their adversary is.
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์ชฝ์ด ๋” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:25
The most urgent question we need to be asking today
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„
10:28
is how do we make sure
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š”
10:30
that the Internet evolves
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„
10:32
in a citizen-centric manner.
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๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
Because I think all of you will agree
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
10:37
that the only legitimate purpose of government
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์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„
10:40
is to serve citizens,
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์„ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:42
and I would argue
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
10:44
that the only legitimate purpose of technology
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์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
10:46
is to improve our lives,
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์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
10:48
not to manipulate or enslave us.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ง€์š”.
10:53
So the question is,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:55
we know how to hold government accountable.
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์ฃ .
10:57
We don't necessarily always do it very well,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”๊ถํ•˜์ง€
10:59
but we have a sense of what the models are,
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๋ชปํ• ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:02
politically and institutionally, to do that.
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์ •์น˜์ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ œ๋„์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ์ฃ .
11:04
How do you hold the sovereigns of cyberspace
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๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋Š”
11:06
accountable to the public interest
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์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉํ•˜์—์„œ
11:08
when most CEO's argue
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜
11:10
that their main obligation
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๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
11:12
is to maximize shareholder profit?
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:14
And government regulation
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€
11:16
often isn't helping all that much.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์ฃ .
11:18
You have situations, for instance, in France
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:20
where president Sarkozy
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์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด
11:22
tells the CEO's of Internet companies,
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์ธํ…Œ๋„ท ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:24
"We're the only legitimate representatives
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"์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋งŒ์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์ด์ต์„
11:26
of the public interest."
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ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"
11:28
But then he goes and champions laws
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š”
11:30
like the infamous "three-strikes" law
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ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„
11:32
that would disconnect citizens from the Internet
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์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์•…๋ช…๋†’์€ ์‚ผ์ง„์•„์›ƒ๋ฒ•
11:34
for file sharing,
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:36
which has been condemned by the U.N. Special Rapporteur
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UN ์˜์‚ฌํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  ํŠน๋ณ„๋ณด๊ณ ๊ด€์€
11:39
on Freedom of Expression
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ
11:41
as being a disproportionate violation
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์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜
11:44
of citizens' right to communications,
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์นจํ•ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:46
and has raised questions amongst civil society groups
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๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—
11:49
about whether
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์ •์น˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜
11:51
some political representatives
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๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค
11:53
are more interested in preserving
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์˜ค๋ฝ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์—
11:55
the interests of the entertainment industry
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๋” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š”
11:58
than they are in defending the rights of their citizens.
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์˜๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์ง€์š”.
12:00
And here in the United Kingdom
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
12:02
there's also concern over
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š”
12:04
a law called the Digital Economy Act
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๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:06
that's placing more onus
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๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ปจํ…์ธ  ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:08
on private intermediaries
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”
12:10
to police citizen behavior.
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋” ๋งก๊ธฐ์ง€์š”.
12:14
So what we need to recognize
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
12:16
is that if we want to have
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜
12:18
a citizen-centric Internet in the future,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ž์œ ํ™” ์šด๋™์„
12:21
we need a broader and more sustained
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๋” ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์šด๋™์„
12:23
Internet freedom movement.
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๋” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
After all, companies didn't stop polluting groundwater
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด
12:28
as a matter of course,
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์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ , 10์‚ด๋‚œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:31
or employing 10-year-olds as a matter of course,
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์ผ์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฒƒ๋„
12:33
just because executives woke up one day
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๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
12:35
and decided it was the right thing to do.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
12:38
It was the result of decades of sustained activism,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋œ ์ •์น˜์  ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜,
12:40
shareholder advocacy
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์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์˜นํ˜ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์˜นํ˜ธ์˜
12:42
and consumer advocacy.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
Similarly, governments don't enact
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์ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
12:48
intelligent environmental and labor laws
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๋…ธ๋™๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
12:51
just because politicians wake up one day.
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ•œ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
12:54
It's the result of very sustained and prolonged
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค๋žœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
12:56
political activism
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๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์™€
12:58
that you get the right regulations,
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์—… ํ™œ๋™์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”
13:00
and that you get the right corporate behavior.
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์ •์น˜ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ๋ ค ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ง€์š”.
13:02
We need to make the same approach
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ
13:04
with the Internet.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
We also are going to need
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์ •์น˜์  ํ˜์‹  ๋˜ํ•œ
13:08
political innovation.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:10
Eight hundred years ago, approximately,
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์•ฝ 800๋…„ ์ „,
13:13
the barons of England decided
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์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค์€
13:15
that the Divine Right of Kings
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์™•์˜ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€
13:17
was no longer working for them so well,
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๋”์ด์ƒ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋จนํ˜€๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€์ง€
13:20
and they forced King John
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์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์กด ์™•์ด
13:22
to sign the Magna Carta,
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๋งˆ๊ทธ๋‚˜์นด๋ฅดํƒ€ ๋Œ€ํ—Œ์žฅ์—
13:25
which recognized
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๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:27
that even the king
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์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ 
13:29
who claimed to have divine rule
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์ž์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์™• ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์˜
13:32
still had to abide by a basic set of rules.
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ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:35
This set off a cycle
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ”
13:38
of what we can call political innovation,
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์ •์น˜์  ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
13:40
which led eventually to the idea of consent of the governed --
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ 'ํ”ผํ†ต์น˜์ธ์˜ ๋™์˜'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:43
which was implemented for the first time
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜
13:46
by that radical revolutionary government
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๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด
13:49
in America across the pond.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹คํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
13:52
So now we need to figure out
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ
13:55
how to build consent of the networked.
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์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
And what does that look like?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
13:59
At the moment, we still don't know.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
14:02
But it's going to require innovation
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๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
14:06
that's not only going to need
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ ์ด๋‚˜
14:09
to focus on politics,
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์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์—๋งŒ
14:11
on geopolitics,
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์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:13
but it's also going to need
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ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ํ–‰๋™,
14:15
to deal with questions
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์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์„ ํƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:18
of business management, investor behavior,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ
14:21
consumer choice
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์—
14:23
and even software design and engineering.
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์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
Each and every one of us has a vital part to play
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
14:30
in building the kind of world
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์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
14:33
in which government and technology
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
14:36
serve the world's people and not the other way around.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
Thank you very much.
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๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•ด ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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