Rebecca MacKinnon: Let's take back the Internet!

翻译人员: Felix Chen 校对人员: Angelia King

So I begin with an advertisement

我以一段广告作为开始

inspired by George Orwell

其灵感来自乔治·奥威尔。

that Apple ran in 1984.

苹果公司于1984年推出的广告。

(Video) Big Brother: We are one people

（视频）老大哥：我们是一个人

with one will, one resolve,

有着同一个意识，同一个决心，

one cause.

同一个理想。

Our enemies shall talk themselves to death,

我们的敌人将自取灭亡，

and we will fight them with their own confusion.

我们将用他们的混乱把他们埋葬。

We shall prevail.

我们必胜。

Narrator: On January 24th,

旁白：在一月二十四日，

Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh.

苹果电脑将推出麦金塔电脑（Macintosh）。

And you'll see why 1984

你们将看到为什么1984

won't be like "1984."

不再是像乔治所描述的“1984”。

Rebecca MacKinnon: So the underlying message of this video

丽贝卡·麦金农：这一视频中的潜在讯息

remains very powerful even today.

在今天仍然非常有力。

Technology created by innovative companies

由创新的公司创造出的科技

will set us all free.

将解放我们所有人。

Fast-forward more than two decades:

时间快进到二十年多年之后。

Apple launches the iPhone in China

现苹果公司在中国推出了iPhone

and censors the Dalai Lama out

在中国政府的要求下

along with several other politically sensitive applications

在中国的应用程序商店中

at the request of the Chinese government

屏蔽了达赖喇嘛应用

for its Chinese app store.

以及一些其他政治敏感的应用。

The American political cartoonist

美国政治漫画家

Mark Fiore

马克·菲奥雷

also had his satire application

的讽刺应用程序

censored in the United States

也在美国受到审查，

because some of Apple's staff

因为苹果公司中有人

were concerned it would be offensive to some groups.

认为该程序可能会冒犯某些群体。

His app wasn't reinstated

他的应用直到他获得了

until he won the Pulitzer Prize.

普利策奖之后才得以恢复。

The German magazine Stern, a news magazine,

德国明星周刊，一个新闻杂志，

had its app censored

的应用也被屏蔽了

because the Apple nannies deemed it

因为苹果的审查员认为它

to be a little bit too racy for their users,

对于用户来说有点太不雅观了，

and despite the fact that this magazine

尽管事实上这一杂志

is perfectly legal for sale

可以在整个德国的报摊上

on newsstands throughout Germany.

完全合法地销售。

And more controversially, recently,

最近更具争议的是，

Apple censored a Palestinian protest app

苹果审查了巴基斯坦的抗议应用

after the Israeli government voiced concerns

因为以色列政府声称这一应用

that it might be used to organize violent attacks.

可能被用于组织暴力袭击。

So here's the thing.

事情是这样的，

We have a situation where private companies

情况是私营公司在应用审查标准

are applying censorship standards

这些标准

that are often quite arbitrary

通常是非常武断的

and generally more narrow

一般比应用于民主国家的

than the free speech constitutional standards

言论自由宪章标准

that we have in democracies.

要狭隘。

Or they're responding to censorship requests

或者他们响应

by authoritarian regimes

权威体制的审查要求

that do not reflect consent of the governed.

而没有考虑到其人民的意愿。

Or they're responding to requests and concerns

或他们响应来自没有司法权的

by governments that have no jurisdiction

政府的要求和关切

over many, or most, of the users and viewers

而忽略了许多，或多数，

who are interacting with the content in question.

在与我们所谈到的那些内容相关的使用者和浏览者。

So here's the situation.

情况就是这样。

In a pre-Internet world,

在前互联网世界，

sovereignty over our physical freedoms,

主权胜过我们物质自由，

or lack thereof,

或者说缺乏物质自由，

was controlled almost entirely

几乎完全

by nation-states.

由国家掌控。

But now we have this new layer

但现在在虚拟网络世界中

of private sovereignty

我们有了私人主权的

in cyberspace.

新篇章。

And their decisions about software coding,

他们关于软件编码、

engineering, design, terms of service

工程、设计、服务条款的决定

all act as a kind of law

都成为某种法律

that shapes what we can and cannot do with our digital lives.

在我们的数字生活中约束我们哪些能做哪些不能做。

And their sovereignties,

他们交叉的

cross-cutting, globally interlinked,

全球化互联的主权

can in some ways

能以某些方式

challenge the sovereignties of nation-states

挑战国家主权，

in very exciting ways,

以非常令人激动的方式，

but sometimes also act

但有时也采取行动

to project and extend it

设计并扩展这种主权，

at a time when control

当每次控制人们

over what people can and cannot do

用这些信息能做什么

with information

不能做什么时，

has more effect than ever

比我们物质世界中

on the exercise of power

权力的执行

in our physical world.

有更多的影响。

After all, even the leader of the free world

毕竟，即使是自由世界的领导者

needs a little help from the sultan of Facebookistan

如果想要在下一年连任，

if he wants to get reelected next year.

也需要些来自Facebook王国强人的支持。

And these platforms

这些平台

were certainly very helpful

在今年春天和这之后的时间里

to activists in Tunisia and Egypt

对突尼斯和埃及的活动家们

this past spring and beyond.

当然非常有帮助。

As Wael Ghonim,

如瓦埃勒·古奈德，

the Google-Egyptian-executive by day,

白天是Google谷歌埃及行政主管，

secret-Facebook-activist by night,

晚上是秘密的Facebook脸谱政治活动家，

famously said to CNN

在穆巴拉克下台后

after Mubarak stepped down,

他对CNN说了句名言，

"If you want to liberate a society,

“如果想要解放一个社会，

just give them the Internet."

就给他们互联网。”

But overthrowing a government is one thing

但推翻一个政府是一回事

and building a stable democracy

建立一个稳定的民主国家

is a bit more complicated.

则要更加复杂。

On the left there's a photo taken by an Egyptian activist

左边的照片是一名埃及活动家拍摄的，

who was part of the storming

他参与了三月

of the Egyptian state security offices in March.

埃及国家安全局的暴动。

And many of the agents

许多探员

shredded as many of the documents as they could

尽可能多地用碎纸机切碎文档

and left them behind in piles.

然后把它们成堆地留在那里。

But some of the files were left behind intact,

但有些文件被原封不动的留下来了，

and activists, some of them,

一些活动家

found their own surveillance dossiers

找到了监控他们的记录

full of transcripts of their email exchanges,

他们邮件往来的副本，

their cellphone text message exchanges,

他们手机短信的内容，

even Skype conversations.

甚至是Skype通话。

And one activist actually found

一名活动家还发现了

a contract from a Western company

一份来自西方公司

for the sale of surveillance technology

销售监控技术

to the Egyptian security forces.

给埃及安全部队的合同。

And Egyptian activists are assuming

埃及活动家们认为

that these technologies for surveillance

这些用于监控的技术

are still being used

仍然在被

by the transitional authorities running the networks there.

过渡当局在网络上使用着。

And in Tunisia, censorship actually began to return in May --

在突尼斯，今年五月份审查制度又开始恢复 --

not nearly as extensively

不像本·阿里总统时期

as under President Ben Ali.

那么广泛。

But you'll see here a blocked page

但在你试图访问

of what happens when you try to reach

特定Facebook页面和

certain Facebook pages and some other websites

一些其它过渡当局认为

that the transitional authorities

煽动暴力的网站时，

have determined might incite violence.

它们都会被屏蔽。

In protest over this,

对此为了表示抗议，

blogger Slim Amamou,

博客作者Slim Amamou，

who had been jailed under Ben Ali

他曾在本·阿里时期被监禁

and then became part of the transitional government

而后成为了革命之后

after the revolution,

过渡政府的成员，

he resigned in protest from the cabinet.

为了表示抗议他从内阁辞职。

But there's been a lot of debate in Tunisia

但在突尼斯关于如何处理

about how to handle this kind of problem.

这类问题还有众多争议。

In fact, on Twitter,

实际上，在Twitter推特上，

there were a number of people who were supportive of the revolution

有许多支持革命的人

who said, "Well actually,

说道，“嗯，实际上，

we do want democracy and free expression,

我们确实希望民主和言论自由，

but there is some kinds of speech that need to be off-bounds

但有些言论需要限制，

because it's too violent and it might be destabilizing for our democracy.

因为它太过暴力且可能动摇我们的民主。”

But the problem is,

但问题是，

how do you decide who is in power to make these decisions

如何决定谁有权力做出这些决定

and how do you make sure

如何确保他们不会

that they do not abuse their power?

滥用他们的权力？

As Riadh Guerfali,

Riadh Guerfali是名

the veteran digital activist from Tunisia,

突尼斯的经验丰富的数码活动家，

remarked over this incident,

对这一事件评论道，

"Before, things were simple:

“以前事情很简单：

you had the good guys on one side and the bad guys on the other.

好人在一边，坏人在另一边。

Today, things are a lot more subtle."

今天，事情则难以捉摸的多。”

Welcome to democracy, our Tunisian and Egyptian friends.

欢迎来到民主世界，突尼斯和埃及的朋友们。

The reality is

事实是，

that even in democratic societies today,

即使在今天的民主社会中，

we do not have good answers

对于在数字网络中

for how you balance the need

如何平衡一方面的

for security and law enforcement on one hand

安全和法律执行和

and protection of civil liberties

另一方面的保护

and free speech on the other

公民自由和言论自由，

in our digital networks.

我们仍然没有好的办法。

In fact, in the United States,

实际上，在美国，

whatever you may think of Julian Assange,

不论你怎么看待朱利安·阿桑奇Julian Assange（维基解密创办人），

even people who are not necessarily big fans of his

即使不是他的拥护者

are very concerned about the way

也十分关注

in which the United States government and some companies have handled Wikileaks.

美国政府和一些公司处理维基解密的方式。

Amazon webhosting dropped Wikileaks as a customer

在收到来自美国参议员乔·利伯曼的投诉后，

after receiving a complaint from U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman,

亚马逊网站托管停止为维基解密服务，

despite the fact

尽管事实上

that Wikileaks had not been charged,

维基解密没有被起诉，

let alone convicted,

甚至更没有被判

of any crime.

任何罪名。

So we assume

因此我们认为

that the Internet is a border-busting technology.

互联网是打破疆界的技术。

This is a map of social networks worldwide,

这是张世界社交网络的地图，

and certainly Facebook has conquered much of the world --

当然Facebook脸谱已经占领了世界版图中的多数 --

which is either a good or a bad thing,

这是好事也是坏事，

depending on how you like

取决于你觉得Facebook

the way Facebook manages its service.

管理它的服务的方式怎么样。

But borders do persist

但在虚拟网络世界的某些地方

in some parts of cyberspace.

仍存在着疆界。

In Brazil and Japan,

在巴西和日本，

it's for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.

是由于独特的文化和语言的原因。

But if you look at China, Vietnam

但如果看看中国、越南

and a number of the former Soviet states,

和一些前苏联国家，

what's happening there is more troubling.

那儿正在发生的事更让人不安。

You have a situation

有这样一种情况

where the relationship between government

政府和本地社交网络公司

and local social networking companies

之间的关系

is creating a situation

正在形成这样一种局面，

where, effectively,

由于公司和政府间的

the empowering potential of these platforms

这种关系，有效地使

is being constrained

这些平台的

because of these relationships

授权潜力

between companies and government.

受到限制.

Now in China,

现在在中国，

you have the "great firewall," as it's well-known,

有众所周知的“伟大的防火墙”，

that blocks Facebook

这墙屏蔽了Facebook

and Twitter and now Google+

Twitter和现在的Google+

and many of the other overseas websites.

还有许多其他的海外网站。

And that's done in part with the help from Western technology.

其中有些是依靠西方技术的帮助完成的。

But that's only half of the story.

但这只是故事的一部分。

The other part of the story

故事的另一半是

are requirements that the Chinese government places

中国政府强加于所有使用

on all companies operating on the Chinese Internet,

中国互联网的公司的要求，

known as a system of self-discipline.

一个被称为自我审查的系统。

In plain English, that means censorship and surveillance

说白了，这意味着审查和监视

of their users.

他们的用户。

And this is a ceremony I actually attended in 2009

这是个我在2009年参加的典礼，

where the Internet Society of China presented awards

其中中国互联网协会因为

to the top 20 Chinese companies

自我审查上的良好表现

that are best at exercising self-discipline --

奖励了前20名中国公司 --

i.e. policing their content.

例如，举报他们网站用户的内容。

And Robin Li, CEO of Baidu,

李彦宏，百度的首席执行官--

China's dominant search engine,

中国占主导地位的搜索引擎，

was one of the recipients.

是领奖者之一。

In Russia, they do not generally block the Internet

在俄罗斯，一般不屏蔽互联网

and directly censor websites.

而是直接审查网站。

But this is a website called Rospil

这是个名为Rospil的网站

that's an anti-corruption site.

它是个反腐败的网站。

And earlier this year,

在今年早些时候，

there was a troubling incident

发生了件麻烦事

where people who had made donations to Rospil

那些通过一个名为Yandex Money的

through a payments processing system

支付处理软件系统为Rospil捐款的人们

called Yandex Money

突然收到了

suddenly received threatening phone calls

自称是民族主义党党员的人

from members of a nationalist party

的威胁电话，

who had obtained details

他们通过

about donors to Rospil

用某种方式获取了Yandex Money

through members of the security services

用户信息的安全服务成员

who had somehow obtained this information

掌握了Rospil捐助人的

from people at Yandex Money.

详细信息。

This has a chilling effect

这是寒蝉效应，

on people's ability to use the Internet

影响着人们用互联网

to hold government accountable.

监督政府的能力。

So we have a situation in the world today

因此今天世界上有这样一个情形，

where in more and more countries

越来越多的国家中

the relationship between citizens and governments

公民与政府的关系

is mediated through the Internet,

间接地通过互联网建立，

which is comprised primarily

这主要是由

of privately owned and operated services.

私人拥有和运营的服务。

So the important question, I think,

因此我认为重要的问题

is not this debate over whether the Internet

不是争论是否互联网

is going to help the good guys more than the bad guys.

应帮助好人而不是坏人。

Of course, it's going to empower

当然，这将使

whoever is most skilled at using the technology

那些最善用技术

and best understands the Internet

和对互联网理解最好的人

in comparison with whoever their adversary is.

胜过任何对手。

The most urgent question we need to be asking today

今天我们需要问的最迫切的问题是

is how do we make sure

我们如何确保

that the Internet evolves

互联网是按

in a citizen-centric manner.

以民为本的方式发展。

Because I think all of you will agree

因为我想各位都会同意

that the only legitimate purpose of government

政府唯一合法的目的

is to serve citizens,

就是服务于民众。

and I would argue

我要说

that the only legitimate purpose of technology

技术唯一合法的目的

is to improve our lives,

是改善我们的生活，

not to manipulate or enslave us.

而不是操纵或奴役我们。

So the question is,

因此问题是，

we know how to hold government accountable.

我们知道如何问责政府。

We don't necessarily always do it very well,

我们不一定总能做的很好，

but we have a sense of what the models are,

但我们对这模式是什么样有感觉，

politically and institutionally, to do that.

在政治上和制度上怎么做。

How do you hold the sovereigns of cyberspace

如何保障虚拟网络空间的主权

accountable to the public interest

对公共利益负责，

when most CEO's argue

当多数CEO认为

that their main obligation

他们的主要目标是

is to maximize shareholder profit?

股东利润最大化时？

And government regulation

通常政府监管

often isn't helping all that much.

并不能帮上太大忙。

You have situations, for instance, in France

有种情况，例如，在法国

where president Sarkozy

萨科齐总统

tells the CEO's of Internet companies,

对互联网公司的CEO们说，

"We're the only legitimate representatives

“我们是公共利益的

of the public interest."

唯一合法代表。”

But then he goes and champions laws

但接着他又去拥护那些

like the infamous "three-strikes" law

声名狼藉的三振出局法，

that would disconnect citizens from the Internet

该法案会阻止文件分享

for file sharing,

从而断开公民的网络连接，

which has been condemned by the U.N. Special Rapporteur

这一法律已经在言论自由方面

on Freedom of Expression

被联合国特别调查员所责难，

as being a disproportionate violation

它不合理地妨碍了

of citizens' right to communications,

公民交流的权利

and has raised questions amongst civil society groups

并且民间社会团体也提出质询，

about whether

是否

some political representatives

一些政治代表

are more interested in preserving

对保护娱乐行业

the interests of the entertainment industry

利益的兴趣比

than they are in defending the rights of their citizens.

保护公民的权利的兴趣更高。

And here in the United Kingdom

在英国，

there's also concern over

也在关注

a law called the Digital Economy Act

一个名为数字经济法案的法律

that's placing more onus

其中给予私营中介机构

on private intermediaries

以更多的责任

to police citizen behavior.

去监视公民行为。

So what we need to recognize

因此我们需要认识到的是

is that if we want to have

如果我们想要在未来拥有

a citizen-centric Internet in the future,

一个以民为本的互联网，

we need a broader and more sustained

我们需要一个更广泛更持续的

Internet freedom movement.

互联网自由运动。

After all, companies didn't stop polluting groundwater

毕竟，公司不会理所当然地

as a matter of course,

停止污染地下水，

or employing 10-year-olds as a matter of course,

或是雇佣10岁的孩童，

just because executives woke up one day

仅仅因为行政主管们某天睡醒了

and decided it was the right thing to do.

决定这是应做之事。

It was the result of decades of sustained activism,

这是数十年来持续运动的结果，

shareholder advocacy

维护股东利益

and consumer advocacy.

和消费者权益。

Similarly, governments don't enact

同样地，政府不会仅仅

intelligent environmental and labor laws

因为政治家某天醒来就去颁布

just because politicians wake up one day.

颇具智慧的环境和劳动法。

It's the result of very sustained and prolonged

这是持续的长期的

political activism

寻求合理法规和

that you get the right regulations,

适当的企业行为的

and that you get the right corporate behavior.

政治运动的结果。

We need to make the same approach

我们需要在互联网领域

with the Internet.

采用同样的方法。

We also are going to need

我们也需要

political innovation.

政治创新。

Eight hundred years ago, approximately,

大约800年前，

the barons of England decided

英国贵族们决定

that the Divine Right of Kings

君权神授

was no longer working for them so well,

不再适合他们，

and they forced King John

他们强迫约翰王

to sign the Magna Carta,

签署了大宪章，

which recognized

其中承认

that even the king

即使是

who claimed to have divine rule

宣称拥有神权的国王

still had to abide by a basic set of rules.

也要遵守一些基本的守则。

This set off a cycle

这掀起了一个

of what we can call political innovation,

我们称之为政治创新的循环，

which led eventually to the idea of consent of the governed --

这最终导致“人民之意愿”的概念 --

which was implemented for the first time

这是由一洋之隔的

by that radical revolutionary government

美国的激进革命政府

in America across the pond.

首次实现。

So now we need to figure out

因此现在我们需要解决的是，

how to build consent of the networked.

如何构建“网络互联者的意愿”的创新。

And what does that look like?

这应该是什么样的？

At the moment, we still don't know.

目前我们还不知道。

But it's going to require innovation

但这将需要创新

that's not only going to need

不仅需要

to focus on politics,

关注政治，

on geopolitics,

地缘政治，

but it's also going to need

还需要

to deal with questions

处理

of business management, investor behavior,

商业管理、投资者行为、

consumer choice

消费者选择

and even software design and engineering.

甚至是软件设计和软件工程的问题。

Each and every one of us has a vital part to play

我们中的每个人都至关重要

in building the kind of world

参与构建这样的世界

in which government and technology

其中政府和技术

serve the world's people and not the other way around.

是为世界人民服务而非相反。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）