Rebecca MacKinnon: Let's take back the Internet!

52,872 views ใƒป 2011-07-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
So I begin with an advertisement
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ืืคืชื— ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžืช
00:18
inspired by George Orwell
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื” ืžื’'ื•ืจื’' ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ
00:20
that Apple ran in 1984.
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ื•ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช "ืืคืœ" ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘-1984.
00:32
(Video) Big Brother: We are one people
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ื”ืื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื ืื—ื“
00:34
with one will, one resolve,
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ื‘ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื—ืช,
00:37
one cause.
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ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช.
00:39
Our enemies shall talk themselves to death,
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ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ื™ืคื”,
00:42
and we will fight them with their own confusion.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ืฆืœ ืืช ืžื‘ื•ื›ืชื ื›ื ืฉืง ื ื’ื“ื.
00:47
We shall prevail.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ืฆื—.
00:52
Narrator: On January 24th,
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื‘-24 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ,
00:54
Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืืคืœ" ืชืฆื™ื’ ืืช "ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ".
00:57
And you'll see why 1984
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ื•ืื– ืชื™ื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืข 1984
01:00
won't be like "1984."
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ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” "1984".
01:02
Rebecca MacKinnon: So the underlying message of this video
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ืจื‘ืงื” ืžืง'ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
01:05
remains very powerful even today.
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ื ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:08
Technology created by innovative companies
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
01:11
will set us all free.
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ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
01:14
Fast-forward more than two decades:
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ื ื“ืœื’ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”:
01:17
Apple launches the iPhone in China
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"ืืคืœ" ืžืฉื™ืงื” ืืช ื”"ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ" ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
01:20
and censors the Dalai Lama out
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ื•ืžืฆื ื–ืจืช ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœืื™-ืœืžื”,
01:22
along with several other politically sensitive applications
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ื•ืขื™ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
01:25
at the request of the Chinese government
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ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™
01:27
for its Chinese app store.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
01:29
The American political cartoonist
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ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
01:31
Mark Fiore
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ืžืืจืง ืคื™ื•ืจื™
01:33
also had his satire application
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ื–ื›ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœื•
01:35
censored in the United States
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ื™ืฆื•ื ื–ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
01:37
because some of Apple's staff
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ "ืืคืœ"
01:39
were concerned it would be offensive to some groups.
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ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
01:42
His app wasn't reinstated
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ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ
01:44
until he won the Pulitzer Prize.
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ืืœื ื›ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก "ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ".
01:47
The German magazine Stern, a news magazine,
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ "ืฉื˜ืจืŸ",
01:50
had its app censored
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ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™, ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื• ื™ืฆื•ื ื–ืจ
01:52
because the Apple nannies deemed it
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืืคืœ" ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื
01:54
to be a little bit too racy for their users,
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ืงืฆืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื”ื,
01:57
and despite the fact that this magazine
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
01:59
is perfectly legal for sale
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ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™
02:01
on newsstands throughout Germany.
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ื‘ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
02:04
And more controversially, recently,
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:06
Apple censored a Palestinian protest app
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"ืืคืœ" ืฆื™ื ื–ืจื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื—ืื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื™
02:09
after the Israeli government voiced concerns
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื“ืื’ื”
02:12
that it might be used to organize violent attacks.
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ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื.
02:15
So here's the thing.
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ืื– ื›ื›ื”:
02:17
We have a situation where private companies
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:19
are applying censorship standards
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ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืชืงื ื™ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”
02:22
that are often quite arbitrary
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ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
02:25
and generally more narrow
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ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:27
than the free speech constitutional standards
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ืžืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื™ื
02:29
that we have in democracies.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:31
Or they're responding to censorship requests
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืขื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”
02:34
by authoritarian regimes
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื
02:36
that do not reflect consent of the governed.
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื.
02:38
Or they're responding to requests and concerns
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืขื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื•ืช
02:41
by governments that have no jurisdiction
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ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช
02:45
over many, or most, of the users and viewers
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ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืื• ืจื•ื‘ื,
02:48
who are interacting with the content in question.
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ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
02:51
So here's the situation.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘
02:53
In a pre-Internet world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™:
02:55
sovereignty over our physical freedoms,
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ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:58
or lack thereof,
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ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื”,
03:00
was controlled almost entirely
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ื•ืœื”
03:02
by nation-states.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
03:04
But now we have this new layer
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ืืš ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
03:06
of private sovereignty
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ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช
03:08
in cyberspace.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™.
03:10
And their decisions about software coding,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
03:12
engineering, design, terms of service
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ืœื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
03:15
all act as a kind of law
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ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง
03:17
that shapes what we can and cannot do with our digital lives.
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ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.
03:21
And their sovereignties,
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ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:23
cross-cutting, globally interlinked,
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ื”ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
03:25
can in some ways
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
03:27
challenge the sovereignties of nation-states
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
03:29
in very exciting ways,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ื•ืช ืžืื“,
03:31
but sometimes also act
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ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ
03:33
to project and extend it
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ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื•ื›ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืืช,
03:35
at a time when control
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
03:37
over what people can and cannot do
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
03:39
with information
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข
03:41
has more effect than ever
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื
03:43
on the exercise of power
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—
03:45
in our physical world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ืžืžืฉื™.
03:48
After all, even the leader of the free world
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
03:50
needs a little help from the sultan of Facebookistan
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืงืฆืช ืขื–ืจื” ืžื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ
03:53
if he wants to get reelected next year.
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:56
And these platforms
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ื•ื”ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:58
were certainly very helpful
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืœืขื–ืจ ืจื‘
04:00
to activists in Tunisia and Egypt
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ืœืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก ื•ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
04:03
this past spring and beyond.
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื•.
04:05
As Wael Ghonim,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ืื”ืœ ื’ื•ื ื™ื,
04:08
the Google-Egyptian-executive by day,
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ืžื ื”ืœ "ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ื,
04:11
secret-Facebook-activist by night,
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ื•ืคืขื™ืœ "ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
04:13
famously said to CNN
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ืืžืจ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืกื™-ืืŸ-ืืŸ
04:15
after Mubarak stepped down,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ืืจืง ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:17
"If you want to liberate a society,
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"ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
04:19
just give them the Internet."
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜."
04:21
But overthrowing a government is one thing
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“
04:23
and building a stable democracy
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”
04:25
is a bit more complicated.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
04:27
On the left there's a photo taken by an Egyptian activist
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืข"ื™ ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืฆืจื™
04:30
who was part of the storming
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ืฉืœืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช
04:32
of the Egyptian state security offices in March.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืžืจืฅ.
04:35
And many of the agents
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
04:37
shredded as many of the documents as they could
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื›ืœื•
04:39
and left them behind in piles.
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ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช.
04:41
But some of the files were left behind intact,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืฉืœืžื™ื,
04:44
and activists, some of them,
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ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื,
04:46
found their own surveillance dossiers
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ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืฉืœื”ื
04:49
full of transcripts of their email exchanges,
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
04:52
their cellphone text message exchanges,
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ื‘ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:54
even Skype conversations.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช "ืกืงื™ื™ืค".
04:56
And one activist actually found
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆื
04:58
a contract from a Western company
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ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
05:01
for the sale of surveillance technology
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ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืขืงื‘
05:03
to the Egyptian security forces.
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ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื.
05:05
And Egyptian activists are assuming
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื
05:07
that these technologies for surveillance
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ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืืœื”
05:09
are still being used
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
05:11
by the transitional authorities running the networks there.
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ืข"ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
05:15
And in Tunisia, censorship actually began to return in May --
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก, ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืื™--
05:18
not nearly as extensively
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ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ื ืจื—ื‘
05:20
as under President Ben Ali.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™,
05:23
But you'll see here a blocked page
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื—ืกื,
05:25
of what happens when you try to reach
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
05:27
certain Facebook pages and some other websites
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ื™ "ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ืื• ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
05:29
that the transitional authorities
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ืฉืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
05:31
have determined might incite violence.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
05:34
In protest over this,
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ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื›ืš,
05:36
blogger Slim Amamou,
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ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ืกืœื™ื ืืžืืžื•,
05:38
who had been jailed under Ben Ali
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ืฉื ื›ืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™,
05:40
and then became part of the transitional government
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ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
05:42
after the revolution,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”,
05:44
he resigned in protest from the cabinet.
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ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืžื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜.
05:47
But there's been a lot of debate in Tunisia
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก
05:49
about how to handle this kind of problem.
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
05:51
In fact, on Twitter,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ",
05:53
there were a number of people who were supportive of the revolution
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”
05:55
who said, "Well actually,
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ืฉืืžืจื•, "ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื,
05:57
we do want democracy and free expression,
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ-ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™,
05:59
but there is some kinds of speech that need to be off-bounds
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื
06:02
because it's too violent and it might be destabilizing for our democracy.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:05
But the problem is,
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ืืš ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื,
06:07
how do you decide who is in power to make these decisions
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ืื™ืš ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
06:10
and how do you make sure
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ื•ืื™ืš ืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ื
06:12
that they do not abuse their power?
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื ื•ืฆืœ ืœืจืขื”.
06:14
As Riadh Guerfali,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื™ืื“ ื’ืจืคืืœื™,
06:16
the veteran digital activist from Tunisia,
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ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกืื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
06:18
remarked over this incident,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืงืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
06:20
"Before, things were simple:
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"ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜:
06:22
you had the good guys on one side and the bad guys on the other.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื.
06:25
Today, things are a lot more subtle."
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช."
06:28
Welcome to democracy, our Tunisian and Egyptian friends.
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ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื.
06:31
The reality is
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื
06:33
that even in democratic societies today,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:36
we do not have good answers
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช
06:38
for how you balance the need
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ืœืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ืžืื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš
06:40
for security and law enforcement on one hand
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ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื“,
06:43
and protection of civil liberties
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—
06:45
and free speech on the other
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ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื™ื“ืš
06:47
in our digital networks.
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ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:49
In fact, in the United States,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
06:51
whatever you may think of Julian Assange,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืืกืื ื’':
06:54
even people who are not necessarily big fans of his
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืื•ื”ื“ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
06:57
are very concerned about the way
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ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื”ืื•ืคืŸ
06:59
in which the United States government and some companies have handled Wikileaks.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืžืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœ"ื•ื™ืงื™ืœื™ืงืก".
07:02
Amazon webhosting dropped Wikileaks as a customer
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื— ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ "ืืžื–ื•ืŸ" ืžื—ืง ืืช "ื•ื™ืงื™ืœื™ืงืก"
07:05
after receiving a complaint from U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ื’'ื• ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ,
07:09
despite the fact
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ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
07:11
that Wikileaks had not been charged,
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ืฉ"ื•ื™ืงื™ืœื™ืงืก" ืœื ื”ื•ืืฉื,
07:13
let alone convicted,
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ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข,
07:15
of any crime.
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ื‘ืคืฉืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
07:18
So we assume
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื
07:20
that the Internet is a border-busting technology.
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช-ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
07:23
This is a map of social networks worldwide,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช,
07:26
and certainly Facebook has conquered much of the world --
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ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉ"ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ืชื•ืคืกืช ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”--
07:29
which is either a good or a bad thing,
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ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข,
07:31
depending on how you like
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ืœืคื™ ืื™ืš ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื
07:33
the way Facebook manages its service.
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” "ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”.
07:35
But borders do persist
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
07:37
in some parts of cyberspace.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™.
07:39
In Brazil and Japan,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸ,
07:41
it's for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.
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ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
07:44
But if you look at China, Vietnam
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื
07:46
and a number of the former Soviet states,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
07:49
what's happening there is more troubling.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:51
You have a situation
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ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘
07:53
where the relationship between government
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
07:55
and local social networking companies
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
07:58
is creating a situation
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘
08:00
where, effectively,
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ืฉื‘ื•, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ,
08:02
the empowering potential of these platforms
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ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
08:05
is being constrained
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ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ืฅ
08:07
because of these relationships
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
08:09
between companies and government.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœ.
08:11
Now in China,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
08:13
you have the "great firewall," as it's well-known,
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ื™ืฉื ื” "ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื,
08:15
that blocks Facebook
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ืฉื—ื•ืกืžืช ืืช "ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง"
08:17
and Twitter and now Google+
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ื•ืืช "ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ", ื•ื›ืขืช ื’ื ืืช "ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืคืœื•ืก"
08:20
and many of the other overseas websites.
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.
08:23
And that's done in part with the help from Western technology.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
08:26
But that's only half of the story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:29
The other part of the story
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ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
08:31
are requirements that the Chinese government places
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช
08:34
on all companies operating on the Chinese Internet,
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืกื™ื ื™,
08:37
known as a system of self-discipline.
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ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช "ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช",
08:39
In plain English, that means censorship and surveillance
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ื•ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืงื‘
08:42
of their users.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
08:44
And this is a ceremony I actually attended in 2009
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืงืก ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื—ืชื™ ื‘ื• ื‘-2009
08:47
where the Internet Society of China presented awards
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืคืจืกื™ื
08:50
to the top 20 Chinese companies
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ืœ-20 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
08:53
that are best at exercising self-discipline --
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช--
08:56
i.e. policing their content.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
08:58
And Robin Li, CEO of Baidu,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™, ืžื ื›"ืœ "ื‘ืื™ื“ื•",
09:01
China's dominant search engine,
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ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ,
09:03
was one of the recipients.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื.
09:06
In Russia, they do not generally block the Internet
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ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
09:10
and directly censor websites.
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ื•ืžืฆื ื–ืจื™ื ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
09:12
But this is a website called Rospil
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืืชืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืจื•ืกืคื™ืœ"
09:14
that's an anti-corruption site.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
09:16
And earlier this year,
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ื•ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”,
09:18
there was a troubling incident
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงืจื™ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”
09:20
where people who had made donations to Rospil
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชืจืžื• ืœ"ืจื•ืกืคื™ืœ"
09:23
through a payments processing system
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช
09:25
called Yandex Money
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ื‘ืฉื "ื™ืื ื“ืงืก ืžืื ื™"
09:27
suddenly received threatening phone calls
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœืคืชืข ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื™ื
09:29
from members of a nationalist party
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืช,
09:32
who had obtained details
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื
09:34
about donors to Rospil
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœ"ืจื•ืกืคื™ืœ"
09:37
through members of the security services
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
09:39
who had somehow obtained this information
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
09:42
from people at Yandex Money.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘"ื™ืื ื“ืงืก ืžืื ื™".
09:45
This has a chilling effect
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฆืžืจืจืช
09:47
on people's ability to use the Internet
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ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
09:49
to hold government accountable.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
09:52
So we have a situation in the world today
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ืื– ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื‘,
09:54
where in more and more countries
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ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช
09:56
the relationship between citizens and governments
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื— ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
09:59
is mediated through the Internet,
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:02
which is comprised primarily
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ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
10:04
of privately owned and operated services.
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ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
10:08
So the important question, I think,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
10:10
is not this debate over whether the Internet
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
10:12
is going to help the good guys more than the bad guys.
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ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืจืขื™ื.
10:15
Of course, it's going to empower
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฆื™ื
10:17
whoever is most skilled at using the technology
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ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
10:20
and best understands the Internet
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
10:22
in comparison with whoever their adversary is.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื”.
10:25
The most urgent question we need to be asking today
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื“ื—ื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื
10:28
is how do we make sure
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
10:30
that the Internet evolves
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ืชืคืชื—
10:32
in a citizen-centric manner.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•.
10:35
Because I think all of you will agree
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ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืกื›ื™ืžื•
10:37
that the only legitimate purpose of government
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ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
10:40
is to serve citizens,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
10:42
and I would argue
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช
10:44
that the only legitimate purpose of technology
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ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
10:46
is to improve our lives,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
10:48
not to manipulate or enslave us.
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ื•ืœื ืœืชื—ืžืŸ ื•ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
10:53
So the question is,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
10:55
we know how to hold government accountable.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ.
10:57
We don't necessarily always do it very well,
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ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘,
10:59
but we have a sense of what the models are,
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื,
11:02
politically and institutionally, to do that.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื™ื, ืœืคื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:04
How do you hold the sovereigns of cyberspace
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ืื™ืš ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™
11:06
accountable to the public interest
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
11:08
when most CEO's argue
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ื›ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
11:10
that their main obligation
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ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ
11:12
is to maximize shareholder profit?
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ืœืžืจื‘ ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช?
11:14
And government regulation
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
11:16
often isn't helping all that much.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
11:18
You have situations, for instance, in France
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
11:20
where president Sarkozy
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืกืจืงื•ื–ื™
11:22
tells the CEO's of Internet companies,
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื ื›"ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
11:24
"We're the only legitimate representatives
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"ืื ื• ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
11:26
of the public interest."
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™."
11:28
But then he goes and champions laws
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืงื“ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื
11:30
like the infamous "three-strikes" law
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ื›ืžื• "ื—ื•ืง 3 ื”ืžื›ืฉืœื•ืช" ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉื™ืžืฆื”
11:32
that would disconnect citizens from the Internet
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ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื ืชืง ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
11:34
for file sharing,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื,
11:36
which has been condemned by the U.N. Special Rapporteur
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
11:39
on Freedom of Expression
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™,
11:41
as being a disproportionate violation
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ื›ื”ืคืจื” ื—ืกืจืช-ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช
11:44
of citizens' right to communications,
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ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
11:46
and has raised questions amongst civil society groups
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ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช
11:49
about whether
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ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื
11:51
some political representatives
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ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
11:53
are more interested in preserving
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ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ
11:55
the interests of the entertainment industry
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ
11:58
than they are in defending the rights of their citizens.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ื.
12:00
And here in the United Kingdom
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
12:02
there's also concern over
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืื’ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘
12:04
a law called the Digital Economy Act
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ื—ื•ืง ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช"
12:06
that's placing more onus
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ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
12:08
on private intermediaries
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ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
12:10
to police citizen behavior.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—.
12:14
So what we need to recognize
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
12:16
is that if we want to have
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ืฉืื ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
12:18
a citizen-centric Internet in the future,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•,
12:21
we need a broader and more sustained
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ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:23
Internet freedom movement.
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ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
12:25
After all, companies didn't stop polluting groundwater
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื—ื“ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื
12:28
as a matter of course,
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
12:31
or employing 10-year-olds as a matter of course,
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ืื• ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 10 ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
12:33
just because executives woke up one day
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
12:35
and decided it was the right thing to do.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
12:38
It was the result of decades of sustained activism,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช,
12:40
shareholder advocacy
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ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช
12:42
and consumer advocacy.
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื.
12:44
Similarly, governments don't enact
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื
12:48
intelligent environmental and labor laws
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื
12:51
just because politicians wake up one day.
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ืจืง ื›ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
12:54
It's the result of very sustained and prolonged
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ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฉืงืขื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช
12:56
political activism
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ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
12:58
that you get the right regulations,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื
13:00
and that you get the right corporate behavior.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
13:02
We need to make the same approach
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”
13:04
with the Internet.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
13:06
We also are going to need
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ื ื–ื“ืงืง ื’ื
13:08
political innovation.
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ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
13:10
Eight hundred years ago, approximately,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-800 ืฉื ื”,
13:13
the barons of England decided
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ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•
13:15
that the Divine Right of Kings
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ืฉื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ื—ืกื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
13:17
was no longer working for them so well,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื,
13:20
and they forced King John
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ื•ื”ื ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื’'ื•ืŸ
13:22
to sign the Magna Carta,
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ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”"ืžื’ื ื” ื›ืจื˜ื”",
13:25
which recognized
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš
13:27
that even the king
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืœืš,
13:29
who claimed to have divine rule
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ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืœ,
13:32
still had to abide by a basic set of rules.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“.
13:35
This set off a cycle
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ืœืœ ืชืงื•ืคื”
13:38
of what we can call political innovation,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
13:40
which led eventually to the idea of consent of the governed --
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ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื--
13:43
which was implemented for the first time
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
13:46
by that radical revolutionary government
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™
13:49
in America across the pond.
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื.
13:52
So now we need to figure out
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื
13:55
how to build consent of the networked.
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ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจื™ื
13:57
And what does that look like?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื”?
13:59
At the moment, we still don't know.
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ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
14:02
But it's going to require innovation
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
14:06
that's not only going to need
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ื•ื–ื• ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื ืจืง
14:09
to focus on politics,
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ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
14:11
on geopolitics,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
14:13
but it's also going to need
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ืืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื
14:15
to deal with questions
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
14:18
of business management, investor behavior,
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขื™ืกืงื™, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื,
14:21
consumer choice
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
14:23
and even software design and engineering.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
14:27
Each and every one of us has a vital part to play
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
14:30
in building the kind of world
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื
14:33
in which government and technology
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
14:36
serve the world's people and not the other way around.
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ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
14:39
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:41
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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