Rebecca MacKinnon: Let's take back the Internet!

Prevoditelj: Hrvoje Leventić Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

So I begin with an advertisement

I tako počinjem s promotivnim spotom

inspired by George Orwell

inspiriranim Georgeom Orwellom

that Apple ran in 1984.

koju je Apple pustio 1984.

(Video) Big Brother: We are one people

(Video) Big Brother: Mi smo jedan narod

with one will, one resolve,

s jednom voljom, jednom odlučnošću,

one cause.

jednim ciljem.

Our enemies shall talk themselves to death,

Naši neprijatelji će se zapričavati do smrti,

and we will fight them with their own confusion.

i borit ćemo se protiv njih njihovom vlastitom zbunjenošću.

We shall prevail.

Mi ćemo prevladati.

Narrator: On January 24th,

Pripovjedač: 24. siječnja,

Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh.

Apple Computer će predstaviti Macintosh.

And you'll see why 1984

I vidjet ćete zašto 1984.

won't be like "1984."

neće biti kao "1984".

Rebecca MacKinnon: So the underlying message of this video

Rebecca MacKinnon: Temeljna poruka ovog videa

remains very powerful even today.

još i danas ostaje vrlo snažna.

Technology created by innovative companies

Tehnologija koju kreiraju inovativne kompanije

will set us all free.

će nas osloboditi.

Fast-forward more than two decades:

Premotajmo više od dva desetljeća unaprijed:

Apple launches the iPhone in China

Apple predstavlja iPhone u Kini

and censors the Dalai Lama out

i cenzurira Dalai Lamu

along with several other politically sensitive applications

i još nekoliko politički osjetljivih aplikacija

at the request of the Chinese government

na zahtjev kineske vlade

for its Chinese app store.

za kineski app store.

The American political cartoonist

Američki politički karikaturist

Mark Fiore

Mark Fiore

also had his satire application

čija je satirična aplikacija

censored in the United States

cenzurirana u Sjedinjenim državama

because some of Apple's staff

jer su neki članovi Appleovog osoblja

were concerned it would be offensive to some groups.

bili zabrinuti kako bi aplikacija mogla biti uvredljiva nekim grupama.

His app wasn't reinstated

Njegova aplikacija nije vraćena

until he won the Pulitzer Prize.

dok nije osvojio nagradu Pulitzer.

The German magazine Stern, a news magazine,

Njemačkom časopisu Stern

had its app censored

cenzurirali su aplikaciju

because the Apple nannies deemed it

jer su dadilje iz Applea smatrale kako

to be a little bit too racy for their users,

je malo prerasistička za njihove korisnike,

and despite the fact that this magazine

unatoč činjenici da se ovaj časopis

is perfectly legal for sale

potpuno legalno prodaje

on newsstands throughout Germany.

na štandovima diljem Njemačke.

And more controversially, recently,

I što je još kontroverznije, nedavno,

Apple censored a Palestinian protest app

Apple je cenzurirao palestinsku aplikaciju za proteste

after the Israeli government voiced concerns

nakon što je izraelska vlada izjavila da je zabrinuta

that it might be used to organize violent attacks.

kako bi se mogla koristiti za organizaciju nasilnih napada.

So here's the thing.

Dakle stvar je ovakva.

We have a situation where private companies

Imamo situaciju gdje privatne kompanije

are applying censorship standards

primjenjuju cenzuru prema standardima

that are often quite arbitrary

koji su često poprilično proizvoljni

and generally more narrow

i općenito uži

than the free speech constitutional standards

od ustavnih standarda slobode govora

that we have in democracies.

koje imamo u demokracijama.

Or they're responding to censorship requests

Ili odgovaraju na zahtjeve za cenzurom

by authoritarian regimes

od strane autoritativnih režima

that do not reflect consent of the governed.

s kojima se ne slaže narod.

Or they're responding to requests and concerns

Ili odgovaraju na zahtjeve i brige

by governments that have no jurisdiction

vlada koje nemaju nadležnost

over many, or most, of the users and viewers

nad većinom korisnika i gledatelja

who are interacting with the content in question.

koji koriste predmetni sadržaj.

So here's the situation.

Dakle, evo situacije.

In a pre-Internet world,

U svijetu prije Interneta,

sovereignty over our physical freedoms,

suverenost nad našim fizičkim slobodama,

or lack thereof,

ili nedostatak dotične,

was controlled almost entirely

gotovo u potpunosti kontrolirale su

by nation-states.

nacionalne države.

But now we have this new layer

Ali sada imamo ovaj novi sloj

of private sovereignty

privatne suverenosti

in cyberspace.

u cyberprostoru.

And their decisions about software coding,

I njihove odluke o kodiranju softvera,

engineering, design, terms of service

inženjeringu, dizajnu, uvjetima usluge

all act as a kind of law

se ponašaju kao zakon

that shapes what we can and cannot do with our digital lives.

koji određuje što možemo, a što ne možemo s našim digitalnim životima.

And their sovereignties,

I njihovi suvereniteti,

cross-cutting, globally interlinked,

unakrsno, globalno povezani,

can in some ways

na neke načine mogu

challenge the sovereignties of nation-states

osporiti suverenitete nacionalnih država

in very exciting ways,

na vrlo uzbudljive načine,

but sometimes also act

ali ih isto tako katkad

to project and extend it

proširuju

at a time when control

u vrijeme kada kontrola

over what people can and cannot do

nad onim što ljudi mogu ili ne mogu

with information

s informacijama

has more effect than ever

ima više utjecaja nego ikada

on the exercise of power

na ostvarivanje moći

in our physical world.

u našem fizičkom svijetu.

After all, even the leader of the free world

Na kraju, čak i vođa slobodnog svijeta

needs a little help from the sultan of Facebookistan

treba malo pomoći od sultana Facebookistana

if he wants to get reelected next year.

ako želi biti ponovno izabran slijedeće godine.

And these platforms

I ove platforme

were certainly very helpful

su svakako bile vrlo korisne

to activists in Tunisia and Egypt

aktivistima u Tunisu i Egiptu

this past spring and beyond.

ovog proljeća i kasnije.

As Wael Ghonim,

Kako je Wael Ghonim,

the Google-Egyptian-executive by day,

šef egipatskog Googlea po danu,

secret-Facebook-activist by night,

tajni Facebook aktivist po noći,

famously said to CNN

slavno rekao CNN-u

after Mubarak stepped down,

nakon što je Mumbarak odstupio,

"If you want to liberate a society,

"Ako želite osloboditi društvo,

just give them the Internet."

samo im dajte Internet."

But overthrowing a government is one thing

Ali rušenje vlade je jedna stvar

and building a stable democracy

dok je izgradnja stabilne demokracije

is a bit more complicated.

malo kompliciranija.

On the left there's a photo taken by an Egyptian activist

S lijeva je fotografija koju je uslikao egipatski aktivist

who was part of the storming

koji je bio dio napada na

of the Egyptian state security offices in March.

urede državne sigurnosti Egipta u ožujku.

And many of the agents

Puno je agenata

shredded as many of the documents as they could

uništavalo što su više dokumenata mogli

and left them behind in piles.

i ostavili ih iza sebe na hrpama.

But some of the files were left behind intact,

Ali neki dokumenti ostali su netaknuti,

and activists, some of them,

i aktivisti, neki od njih,

found their own surveillance dossiers

našli su svoje vlastite dosjee

full of transcripts of their email exchanges,

pune prijepisa razmjena svojih email poruka,

their cellphone text message exchanges,

svojih tekstualnih poruka mobitelima,

even Skype conversations.

čak i Skype razgovora.

And one activist actually found

Jedan je aktivist pronašao

a contract from a Western company

ugovor jedne zapadne kompanije

for the sale of surveillance technology

za prodaju tehnologije za nadgledanje

to the Egyptian security forces.

egipatskoj službi sigurnosti.

And Egyptian activists are assuming

I egipatski aktivisti pretpostavljaju

that these technologies for surveillance

da te nadzorne tehnologije

are still being used

još uvijek koristi

by the transitional authorities running the networks there.

prijelazna vlada koja tamo upravlja mrežama.

And in Tunisia, censorship actually began to return in May --

U Tunisu se cenzura počela vraćati u svibnju --

not nearly as extensively

ni približno opsežno

as under President Ben Ali.

kao pod predsjednikom Ben Alijem.

But you'll see here a blocked page

Ali ovdje vidite blokiranu stranicu

of what happens when you try to reach

koja se prikaže kada pokušate pristupiti

certain Facebook pages and some other websites

određenim Facebook i nekim drugim stranicama

that the transitional authorities

za koje su prijelazne vlasti

have determined might incite violence.

utvrdile da bi mogle potaknuti nasilje.

In protest over this,

Iz protesta prema ovome,

blogger Slim Amamou,

blogger Slim Amamou,

who had been jailed under Ben Ali

koji je uhićen za vrijeme Ben Alija

and then became part of the transitional government

i kasnije postao dio prijelazne vlade

after the revolution,

nakon revolucije,

he resigned in protest from the cabinet.

on je iz protesta dao ostavku.

But there's been a lot of debate in Tunisia

Ali u Tunisu postoji dosta rasprava

about how to handle this kind of problem.

o tome kako se uhvatiti u koštac s ovim problemom.

In fact, on Twitter,

U stvari, na Twitteru,

there were a number of people who were supportive of the revolution

bilo je dosta ljudi koji su podupirali revoluciju

who said, "Well actually,

koji su rekli, "Pa ustvari,

we do want democracy and free expression,

mi želimo demokraciju i slobodu govora,

but there is some kinds of speech that need to be off-bounds

ali postoje neke vrste govora koje treba ograničiti

because it's too violent and it might be destabilizing for our democracy.

jer su pre nasilne i mogle bi djelovati destabilizirajuće po našu demokraciju.

But the problem is,

Ali problem je,

how do you decide who is in power to make these decisions

kako odlučiti tko ima vlast donositi takve odluke

and how do you make sure

i kako se osigurati

that they do not abuse their power?

da ne zloupotrebljavaju svoju moć?

As Riadh Guerfali,

Kao što je Riadh Guerfali,

the veteran digital activist from Tunisia,

digitalni aktivist veteran iz Tunisa,

remarked over this incident,

primjetio u vezi ovog incidenta,

"Before, things were simple:

"Prije su stvari bile jednostavne:

you had the good guys on one side and the bad guys on the other.

imao si dobre momke na jednoj strani i loše na drugoj.

Today, things are a lot more subtle."

Danas, stvari su puno suptilnije."

Welcome to democracy, our Tunisian and Egyptian friends.

Dobrodošli u demokraciju, naši tuniški i egipatski prijatelji.

The reality is

Stvarnost je da

that even in democratic societies today,

čak i u demokratskim društvima danas,

we do not have good answers

nemamo dobre odgovore

for how you balance the need

na pitanje kako uskladiti potrebu

for security and law enforcement on one hand

za sigurnosti i provedbom zakona s jedne strane

and protection of civil liberties

i zaštitu građanskih sloboda

and free speech on the other

i slobode govora s druge

in our digital networks.

na našim digitalnim mrežama.

In fact, in the United States,

U stvari, u Sjedinjenim državama,

whatever you may think of Julian Assange,

što god mislili o Julianu Assangeu,

even people who are not necessarily big fans of his

čak i ljudi koji nisu njegovi veliki fanovi

are very concerned about the way

vrlo su zabrinuti zbog načina

in which the United States government and some companies have handled Wikileaks.

na koji su vlada SAD-a i neke kompanije postupile u vezi Wikileaksa.

Amazon webhosting dropped Wikileaks as a customer

Amazon webhosting je ukinio uslugu Wikileaksu

after receiving a complaint from U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman,

nakon što su primili pritužbu od senatora Joea Liebermana,

despite the fact

unatoč činjenici

that Wikileaks had not been charged,

da Wikileaks nije bio optužen,

let alone convicted,

a kamoli osuđen

of any crime.

za bilo kakav zločin.

So we assume

Pa zaključujemo

that the Internet is a border-busting technology.

da je Internet tehnologija koja ruši granice.

This is a map of social networks worldwide,

Ovo je karta društvenih mreža diljem svijeta,

and certainly Facebook has conquered much of the world --

i Facebook je pokorio većinu svijeta --

which is either a good or a bad thing,

što je ili dobra ili loša stvar,

depending on how you like

ovisno o tome koliko vam se sviđa

the way Facebook manages its service.

način na koji Facebook upravlja svojom uslugom.

But borders do persist

Ali granice opstaju

in some parts of cyberspace.

u nekim djelovima cyberprostora.

In Brazil and Japan,

U Brazilu i Japanu,

it's for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.

razlog za to su jedinstven jezik i kultura.

But if you look at China, Vietnam

Ali pogledate li Kinu, Vjetnam

and a number of the former Soviet states,

i neke od bivših sovjetskih država,

what's happening there is more troubling.

ono što se događa tamo je uznemiravajuće.

You have a situation

Imate situaciju

where the relationship between government

gdje odnosi između vlade

and local social networking companies

i lokalnih kompanija za društveno umrežavanje

is creating a situation

stvaraju situaciju

where, effectively,

gdje se, efektivno,

the empowering potential of these platforms

osnažujući potencijal tih platformi

is being constrained

ograničava

because of these relationships

zbog tih odnosa

between companies and government.

između vlade i kompanija.

Now in China,

Sada u Kini

you have the "great firewall," as it's well-known,

postoji "veliki vatrozid", kao što je poznat,

that blocks Facebook

koji blokira Facebook

and Twitter and now Google+

i Twitter i sada Google+

and many of the other overseas websites.

i mnoge od prekooceanskih web stranica.

And that's done in part with the help from Western technology.

I to je izvedeno dijelom uz pomoć zapadne tehnologije.

But that's only half of the story.

Ali to je samo polovica priče.

The other part of the story

Drugi dio priče

are requirements that the Chinese government places

su zahtjevi koje kineska vlada postavlja

on all companies operating on the Chinese Internet,

svim kompanijama koje djeluju na kineskom Internetu,

known as a system of self-discipline.

koji su poznati kao sustav samodiscipline.

In plain English, that means censorship and surveillance

Laički rečeno, to znači cenzuru i nadzor

of their users.

svojih korisnika

And this is a ceremony I actually attended in 2009

A ovo je ceremonija kojoj sam stvarno prisustvovala 2009.

where the Internet Society of China presented awards

kada je Internetsko društvo Kine dodijelilo nagrade

to the top 20 Chinese companies

dvadeset najvećih kineskih kompanija

that are best at exercising self-discipline --

koje su najbolje pri provođenju samodiscipline --

i.e. policing their content.

to jest, nadzora sadržaja.

And Robin Li, CEO of Baidu,

I Robin Li, direktor Baidua,

China's dominant search engine,

najpoznatije kineske tražilice,

was one of the recipients.

bio je jedan od dobitnika.

In Russia, they do not generally block the Internet

U Rusiji većinom ne blokiraju Internet

and directly censor websites.

i direktno cenzuriraju stranice.

But this is a website called Rospil

Ali ovo je stranica zvana Rospil

that's an anti-corruption site.

to je anti-korupcijska stranica.

And earlier this year,

I ranije ove godine,

there was a troubling incident

dogodio se uznemirujući incident

where people who had made donations to Rospil

gdje su ljudi koji su donirali Rospilu

through a payments processing system

kroz sustav za naplatu

called Yandex Money

zvan Yandex Money

suddenly received threatening phone calls

iznenada primali prijeteće pozive

from members of a nationalist party

od članova nacionalističke stranke

who had obtained details

koji su pribavili detalje

about donors to Rospil

o donatorima Rospilu

through members of the security services

preko članova služba sigurnosti

who had somehow obtained this information

koji su nekako pribavili ove informacije

from people at Yandex Money.

od ljudi iz Yandex Moneya.

This has a chilling effect

Ovo ima loš utjecaj

on people's ability to use the Internet

na sposobnost ljudi da koriste Internet

to hold government accountable.

kako bi vladu držali odgovornom.

So we have a situation in the world today

Tako da danas u svijetu imamo situaciju

where in more and more countries

da se u sve više i više zemalja

the relationship between citizens and governments

odnosu između građana i vlada

is mediated through the Internet,

posreduje preko Interneta,

which is comprised primarily

koji je sastavljen primarno

of privately owned and operated services.

od usluga koje su u privatnom vlasništvu.

So the important question, I think,

Pa ja mislim da važno pitanje,

is not this debate over whether the Internet

nije ova rasprava oko toga hoće li Internet

is going to help the good guys more than the bad guys.

više pomoći dobrim momcima nego lošim.

Of course, it's going to empower

Naravno da će dati moć

whoever is most skilled at using the technology

onome tko zna najbolje koristiti tehnologiju

and best understands the Internet

i bolje razumije Internet

in comparison with whoever their adversary is.

u odnosu na svoje protivnike, tko god oni bili.

The most urgent question we need to be asking today

Najhitnije pitanje koje trebamo pitati danas

is how do we make sure

je kako osigurati

that the Internet evolves

da Internet evoluira

in a citizen-centric manner.

na način koji je usredotočen na građane.

Because I think all of you will agree

Jer mislim da ćete se svi složiti

that the only legitimate purpose of government

kako je jedina legitimna svrha vlade

is to serve citizens,

da služi svojim građanima,

and I would argue

i smatram

that the only legitimate purpose of technology

kako je jedina legitimna svrha tehnologije

is to improve our lives,

da unaprijedi naše živote,

not to manipulate or enslave us.

a ne da nama manipulira ili nas porobi.

So the question is,

Dakle, pitanje je,

we know how to hold government accountable.

kako držati vladu odgovornom.

We don't necessarily always do it very well,

Ne radimo to uvijek jako dobro,

but we have a sense of what the models are,

ali imamo osjećaj koji su modeli

politically and institutionally, to do that.

za to, politički i institucijski.

How do you hold the sovereigns of cyberspace

Kako da sloboda cyberprostora

accountable to the public interest

bude odgovorna javnim interesima

when most CEO's argue

kada većina izvršnih menadžera tvrdi

that their main obligation

kako je njihova jedina obveza

is to maximize shareholder profit?

maksimizirati profit dioničara?

And government regulation

I vladina regulacija

often isn't helping all that much.

često baš i ne pomaže.

You have situations, for instance, in France

Imamo situacije, na primjer, u Francuskoj

where president Sarkozy

gdje predsjednik Sarkozy

tells the CEO's of Internet companies,

govori direktorima internetskih kompanija,

"We're the only legitimate representatives

"Mi smo jedini legitimni predstavnici

of the public interest."

javnog interesa."

But then he goes and champions laws

A onda podupire zakone

like the infamous "three-strikes" law

poput zloglasnog "tri prijestupa" zakona

that would disconnect citizens from the Internet

koji građane odspaja sa Interneta

for file sharing,

za dijeljenje datoteka,

which has been condemned by the U.N. Special Rapporteur

kojeg je osudio UN-ov specijalni izvjestitelj

on Freedom of Expression

o slobodi govora

as being a disproportionate violation

kao neproporcionalno kršenje

of citizens' right to communications,

prava na komunikaciju građana,

and has raised questions amongst civil society groups

i pokrenuo pitanja među građanskim grupama

about whether

o tome zanima li

some political representatives

neke političke predstavnike

are more interested in preserving

više očuvanje

the interests of the entertainment industry

interesa industrije zabave

than they are in defending the rights of their citizens.

nego obrana prava svojih građana.

And here in the United Kingdom

I ovdje u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu

there's also concern over

također postoji zabrinutnost zbog

a law called the Digital Economy Act

zakona zvanog "Digital Economy Act"

that's placing more onus

koji stavlja teret

on private intermediaries

na privatne posrednike

to police citizen behavior.

da nadgledaju ponašanje građana.

So what we need to recognize

Ono što mi moramo shvatiti

is that if we want to have

jest da ako želimo u budućnosti imati

a citizen-centric Internet in the future,

Intenet usredotočen na građane,

we need a broader and more sustained

Trebamo širok i kontinuiran

Internet freedom movement.

pokret za slobodu Interneta.

After all, companies didn't stop polluting groundwater

Na kraju, kompanije nisu prestale zagađivati vode

as a matter of course,

samo zato,

or employing 10-year-olds as a matter of course,

ili zapošljavati desetogodišnjake samo zato

just because executives woke up one day

što su se vlasnici jednog dana probudili

and decided it was the right thing to do.

i odlučili da je to ispravno.

It was the result of decades of sustained activism,

To je bio rezultat nekoliko desetljeća kontinuiranog aktivizma,

shareholder advocacy

zagovaranja dioničara

and consumer advocacy.

i zagovaranja potrošača.

Similarly, governments don't enact

Slično tome, vlade ne donose

intelligent environmental and labor laws

inteligentne zakone o radu ili zaštiti okoliša

just because politicians wake up one day.

samo zato što je to političarima odjednom sinulo.

It's the result of very sustained and prolonged

Oni su rezultat vrlo dugog i kontinuiranog

political activism

političkog aktivizma

that you get the right regulations,

kako bi se postigle ispravne regulacije,

and that you get the right corporate behavior.

i ispravno ponašanje korporacija.

We need to make the same approach

Trebamo isti takav pristup

with the Internet.

i za Internet.

We also are going to need

Isto tako trebat ćemo i

political innovation.

političku inovativnost.

Eight hundred years ago, approximately,

Prije otprilike 800 godina,

the barons of England decided

engleski baruni su odlučili

that the Divine Right of Kings

da božanska prava kraljeva

was no longer working for them so well,

njima više ne odgovaraju,

and they forced King John

i natjerali su kralja Johna

to sign the Magna Carta,

na potpisivanje Magna Carte,

which recognized

koja kaže

that even the king

da se čak i kralj,

who claimed to have divine rule

koji je tvrdio da ima božansku vlast

still had to abide by a basic set of rules.

mora držati nekog osnovnog seta pravila.

This set off a cycle

Ovo je pokrenulo ciklus

of what we can call political innovation,

koji možemo nazvati politička inovativnost,

which led eventually to the idea of consent of the governed --

koja je konačno dovela do ideje o suglasnosti vladanih --

which was implemented for the first time

koju je prvi puta implementirala

by that radical revolutionary government

radikalna revolucionarna vlada

in America across the pond.

u Americi preko bare.

So now we need to figure out

Sada trebamo shvatiti

how to build consent of the networked.

kako izgraditi suglasnost umreženih.

And what does that look like?

I kako to uopće izgleda?

At the moment, we still don't know.

Trenutno još uvijek ne znamo.

But it's going to require innovation

Ali zahtijevati će inovaciju

that's not only going to need

koja će se morati

to focus on politics,

fokusirati ne samo na politiku,

on geopolitics,

na geopolitiku,

but it's also going to need

već će isto tako morati

to deal with questions

odgovoriti na pitanja

of business management, investor behavior,

poslovnog menadžmenta, ponašanja investitora,

consumer choice

izbora potrošača,

and even software design and engineering.

i čak i dizajna softvera i inženjeringa.

Each and every one of us has a vital part to play

Svatko od nas će igrati bitnu ulogu

in building the kind of world

u izgradnji svijeta

in which government and technology

u kojem vlada i tehnologija

serve the world's people and not the other way around.

služe ljudima svijeta, a ne obrnuto.

Thank you very much.

Puno hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)