Fighting with non-violence | Scilla Elworthy

Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Milica Petrovic Lektor: Stefan Lucic

In half a century of trying to help prevent wars,

U pola veka pokušavanja da se spreče ratovi,

there's one question that never leaves me:

jedno je pitanje koje mi ne da mira:

How do we deal with extreme violence

kako da se nosimo sa ekstremnim nasiljem,

without using force in return?

a da ne odgovorimo silom?

When you're faced with brutality,

Kada ste suočeni sa brutalnošću,

whether it's a child facing a bully on a playground

bilo da je to dete koje se suočava sa nasilnikom na igralištu

or domestic violence --

ili nasilje u porodici -

or, on the streets of Syria today,

ili na ulicama Sirije danas,

facing tanks and shrapnel,

sa tenkovima i šrapnelima,

what's the most effective thing to do?

šta je najbolja stvar koju možete uraditi?

Fight back? Give in?

Uzvratiti? Predati se?

Use more force?

Upotrebiti više sile?

This question: "How do I deal with a bully

Ovo pitanje: "Kako da se izborim sa siledžijom,

without becoming a thug in return?"

a da ne postanem nasilnik?"

has been with me ever since I was a child.

je bilo uz mene otkako sam bila dete.

I remember I was about 13,

Sećam se imala sam oko 13 godina,

glued to a grainy black and white television in my parents' living room

zalepljena za crno-beli televizor u dnevnoj sobi mojih roditelja

as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest,

kada su sovjetski tenkovi ušli u Budimpeštu.

and kids not much older than me

I deca ne mnogo starija od mene

were throwing themselves at the tanks

su se bacala na tenkove

and getting mown down.

i bivala pokošena.

And I rushed upstairs and started packing my suitcase.

Otrčala sam na sprat i počela da pakujem svoj kofer.

And my mother came up and said, "What on Earth are you doing?"

Moja majka je došla gore i rekla: "Šta to radiš, pobogu?"

And I said, "I'm going to Budapest."

Ja sam rekla: "Idem u Budimpeštu."

And she said, "What on Earth for?"

A ona je pitala: "Pobogu, zašto?"

And I said, "Kids are getting killed there.

Odgovorila sam: "Tamo ubijaju decu.

There's something terrible happening."

Tamo se nešto užasno dešava."

And she said, "Don't be so silly."

Rekla mi je: "Ne budi smešna."

And I started to cry.

Tada sam počela da plačem.

And she got it, she said,

Shvatila je i rekla:

"Okay, I see it's serious.

"U redu, vidim da je ozbiljno.

You're much too young to help.

Previše si mlada da bi mogla da pomogneš.

You need training. I'll help you.

Treba ti priprema. Pomoći ću ti.

But just unpack your suitcase."

Ali samo raspakuj svoj kofer."

And so I got some training

Tako sam dobila neku obuku

and went and worked in Africa during most of my 20s.

i otišla i radila u Africi veći deo svojih 20-ih godina.

But I realized that what I really needed to know

Ali sam shvatila da ono što stvarno treba da znam

I couldn't get from training courses.

nisam mogla dobiti na kursevima i obukama.

I wanted to understand

Želela sam da razumem

how violence, how oppression, works.

kako nasilje, kako ugnjetavanje funkcioniše.

And what I've discovered since is this:

Ono što sam otkrila od tada je sledeće:

Bullies use violence in three ways.

nasilnici koriste nasilje na tri načina.

They use political violence to intimidate,

Koriste političko nasilje da zastraše,

physical violence to terrorize

fizičko nasilje da terorišu

and mental or emotional violence to undermine.

i psihičko ili emocionalno nasilje da potkopaju.

And only very rarely in very few cases

I samo u veoma malom broju slučajeva

does it work to use more violence.

funkcioniše korišćenje više nasilja.

Nelson Mandela went to jail believing in violence,

Nelson Mendela je otišao u zatvor verujući u nasilje,

and 27 years later

a 27 godina kasnije

he and his colleagues

on i njegove kolege

had slowly and carefully

su polako i pažljivo

honed the skills, the incredible skills, that they needed

stekli veštine, neverovatne veštine koje su im bile potrebne

to turn one of the most vicious governments the world has known

da preokrenu jednu od najsurovijih vlada koje je svet poznavao

into a democracy.

u demokratiju.

And they did it in a total devotion to non-violence.

To su učinili potpuno se posvećujući nenasilju.

They realized that using force against force

Uočili su da upotreba sile protiv druge sile

doesn't work.

ne funkcioniše.

So what does work?

Pa šta funkcioniše?

Over time I've collected about a half-dozen methods

Vremenom sam sakupila oko pola tuceta metoda

that do work -- of course there are many more --

koje funkcionišu - naravno postoje još mnoge druge -

that do work and that are effective.

koje stvarno funkcionišu i koje su uspešne.

And the first is

Prva je

that the change that has to take place

da promena koja mora da se desi

has to take place here, inside me.

mora da se desi ovde, u meni.

It's my response, my attitude, to oppression

To je moj odgovor, moj stav, protiv ugnjetavanja

that I've got control over,

koji imam pod kontrolom

and that I can do something about.

i protiv kog mogu da učinim nešto.

And what I need to develop is self-knowledge to do that.

Ono što treba da razvijem je samospoznaja da bih mogla to da učinim.

That means I need to know how I tick,

To znači da moram da znam kako funkcionišem,

when I collapse,

kada se slamam,

where my formidable points are,

gde su moje značajne tačke,

where my weaker points are.

gde su moje slabe tačke.

When do I give in?

Kada se predajem?

What will I stand up for?

Za šta se zalažem?

And meditation or self-inspection

I meditacija i introspekcija

is one of the ways -- again it's not the only one --

su načini - ponavljam nisu jedini -

it's one of the ways

su jedni od načina

of gaining this kind of inner power.

sticanja ove unutrašnje snage.

And my heroine here -- like Satish's --

I moja heroina ovde - kao i Satišova -

is Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma.

je Ang San Su Ći u Burmi.

She was leading a group of students

Ona je predvodila grupu studenata

on a protest in the streets of Rangoon.

u protestu na ulicama Ranguna.

They came around a corner faced with a row of machine guns.

Izašli su iza ćoška suočavajući se sa redom mitraljeza.

And she realized straight away

Ona je odmah shvatila

that the soldiers with their fingers shaking on the triggers

da su vojnici sa prstima koji su se tresli na okidačima

were more scared than the student protesters behind her.

bili više uplašeni od studenata protestanata iza nje.

But she told the students to sit down.

Ali je rekla studentima da sednu.

And she walked forward with such calm and such clarity

I hodala je napred sa takvom smirenošću i takvom jasnoćom

and such total lack of fear

i takvim potpunim nedostatkom straha

that she could walk right up to the first gun,

da je otišla pravo do prvog mitraljeza,

put her hand on it and lower it.

stavila ruku na njega i spustila ga.

And no one got killed.

Niko nije bio ubijen.

So that's what the mastery of fear can do --

Eto to ovladavanje strahom može da uradi -

not only faced with machine guns,

ne samo suočeno sa mitraljezima,

but if you meet a knife fight in the street.

već i ako se suočite sa uličnom tučom noževima.

But we have to practice.

Ali moramo da vežbamo.

So what about our fear?

A šta je sa našim strahom?

I have a little mantra.

Imam malu mantru.

My fear grows fat

Moj strah raste

on the energy I feed it.

od energije kojom ga hranim.

And if it grows very big

I ako poraste veoma velik

it probably happens.

verovatno se desi.

So we all know the three o'clock in the morning syndrome,

Svi znamo za sindrom tri sata izjutra,

when something you've been worrying about wakes you up --

kada vas nešto oko čega brinete probudi -

I see a lot of people --

vidim mnogo ljudi -

and for an hour you toss and turn,

i čitav sat se prevrćete,

it gets worse and worse,

bude sve gore i gore,

and by four o'clock you're pinned to the pillow

dok vas oko četiri sata ne prikuje za jastuk

by a monster this big.

ovoliko čudoviste.

The only thing to do

Jedina stvar koju možete da uradite

is to get up, make a cup of tea

je da ustanete, napravite šolju čaja

and sit down with the fear like a child beside you.

i sednete sa strahom kao detetom pored vas.

You're the adult.

Vi ste odrasli.

The fear is the child.

Strah je dete.

And you talk to the fear

I vi govorite strahu

and you ask it what it wants, what it needs.

i pitate ga šta želi, šta mu treba.

How can this be made better?

Kako ovo može biti bolje?

How can the child feel stronger?

Kako se dete može osećati jačim?

And you make a plan.

I napravite plan.

And you say, "Okay, now we're going back to sleep.

I kažete: "U redu, sada se vraćamo na spavanje.

Half-past seven, we're getting up and that's what we're going to do."

U pola 8 ustajemo i to je ono što ćemo da uradimo."

I had one of these 3 a.m. episodes on Sunday --

Imala sam jednu od ovih epizoda u 3 sata izjutra u nedelju -

paralyzed with fear at coming to talk to you.

paralisana strahom od govora ovde pred vama.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So I did the thing.

Tako da sam ispoštovala plan.

I got up, made the cup of tea, sat down with it, did it all

Ustala sam, napravila šolju čaja, sela sa njim, uradila sve

and I'm here -- still partly paralyzed, but I'm here.

i evo me ovde - i dalje delimično paralizovana, ali sam ovde.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So that's fear. What about anger?

Znači to je strah. Šta je sa besom?

Wherever there is injustice there's anger.

Gde god ima nepravde ima i besa.

But anger is like gasoline,

A bes je kao benzin,

and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match,

ako ga poprskate svuda okolo, a neko zapali šibicu,

you've got an inferno.

imate pakao.

But anger as an engine -- in an engine -- is powerful.

Ali bes kao motor - u motoru - je moćan.

If we can put our anger inside an engine,

Ako možemo da stavimo naš bes unutar motora,

it can drive us forward,

može nas odvesti napred,

it can get us through the dreadful moments

može da nas provede kroz strašne trenutke

and it can give us real inner power.

i može nam dati stvarnu unutrašnju snagu.

And I learned this in my work

Ovo sam naučila na poslu

with nuclear weapon policy-makers.

sa tvorcima politike nuklearnog oružja.

Because at the beginning I was so outraged

Jer sam na početku bila toliko besna

at the dangers they were exposing us to

zbog opasnosti kojima nas izlažu

that I just wanted to argue and blame and make them wrong.

da sam samo htela da se raspravljam i okrivljujem i pokažem da nisu u pravu.

Totally ineffective.

Potpuno neefikasno.

In order to develop a dialogue for change

U cilju razvijanja dijaloga zarad promene

we have to deal with our anger.

moramo da se izborimo sa našim besom.

It's okay to be angry with the thing --

U redu je biti besan na tako nešto -

the nuclear weapons in this case --

u ovom slučaju na nuklearno oružje -

but it is hopeless to be angry with the people.

ali je potpuno beznadežno biti ljut na ljude.

They are human beings just like us.

Oni su ljudska bića kao i mi.

And they're doing what they think is best.

I oni rade ono što misle da je najbolje.

And that's the basis on which we have to talk with them.

I to je osnova na kojoj moramo da stvaramo dijalog sa njima.

So that's the third one, anger.

Tako da je to treće, bes.

And it brings me to the crux

To me dovodi do srži

of what's going on, or what I perceive as going on,

onoga što se dešava ili šta ja mislim da se dešava

in the world today,

u svetu danas,

which is that last century was top-down power.

a to je da je poslednji vek moć od vrha do dna.

It was still governments telling people what to do.

I dalje su vlade govorile ljudima šta da rade.

This century there's a shift.

U ovom veku dolazi do promene.

It's bottom-up or grassroots power.

To je od dna do vrha ili korenita snaga.

It's like mushrooms coming through concrete.

To je kao pečurke koje rastu kroz beton.

It's people joining up with people, as Bundy just said, miles away

To je kada se ljudi pridružuju drugim ljudima,

kao što je Bandi upravo rekao, kilometrima daleko

to bring about change.

da dovedu do promene.

And Peace Direct spotted quite early on

I organizacija Peace Direct je vrlo brzo uočila

that local people in areas of very hot conflict

da lokalni ljudi u uslovima veoma izraženih konflikata

know what to do.

znaju šta da rade.

They know best what to do.

Oni najbolje znaju šta da rade.

So Peace Direct gets behind them to do that.

Tako da ih je Peace Direct podržao u tome.

And the kind of thing they're doing

A neke od stvari koje oni rade

is demobilizing militias,

su demobilizacija milicije,

rebuilding economies,

ponovna izgradnja ekonomije,

resettling refugees,

naseljavanje izbeglica,

even liberating child soldiers.

pa čak i oslobađanje dece vojnika.

And they have to risk their lives almost every day

I oni moraju da rizikuju svoje živote skoro svakodnevno

to do this.

da bi to učinili.

And what they've realized

Ono što su shvatili

is that using violence in the situations they operate in

je da korišćenje nasilja u ovim situacijama u kojim oni rade

is not only less humane,

ne samo da je manje humano,

but it's less effective

već je i manje delotvorno

than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild.

od korišćenja metoda koje povezuju ljude, koje ponovo grade.

And I think that the U.S. military

Mislim da je vojska Sjedinjenih Država

is finally beginning to get this.

konačno počela ovo da shvata.

Up to now their counter-terrorism policy

Do sada je njihova protivteroristička politika

has been to kill insurgents at almost any cost,

bila da ubiju pobunjenike po svaku cenu,

and if civilians get in the way,

a ako se civili nađu na putu,

that's written as "collateral damage."

to se označava kao "kolateralna šteta".

And this is so infuriating and humiliating

Ovo je toliko užasavajuće i ponižavajuće

for the population of Afghanistan,

za narod Avganistana,

that it makes the recruitment for al-Qaeda very easy,

da čini regrutaciju za Al Kaidu veoma jednostavnom,

when people are so disgusted by, for example,

kada su ljudi toliko zgroženi, na primer,

the burning of the Koran.

paljenjem Kurana.

So the training of the troops has to change.

Zato se mora promeniti način obuke trupa.

And I think there are signs that it is beginning to change.

I mislim da postoje naznake da je to počelo da se menja.

The British military have always been much better at this.

Britanska vojska je oduvek bila bolja u ovome.

But there is one magnificent example for them to take their cue from,

Ali postoji jedan odličan primer na koji mogu da se ugledaju,

and that's a brilliant U.S. lieutenant colonel

a to je fantastični potpukovnik Sjedinjenih Država

called Chris Hughes.

po imenu Kris Hjuz.

And he was leading his men down the streets of Najaf --

Dok je vodio svoje ljude niz ulice Nadžafa -

in Iraq actually --

zapravo u Iraku -

and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on either side of the road,

iznenada su ljudi počeli da izlaze iz kuća sa obe strane puta

screaming, yelling, furiously angry,

vrišteći, vičući, izuzetno besni

and surrounded these very young troops who were completely terrified,

opkoljavajući ove mlade trupe koje su bile potpuno prestravljene,

didn't know what was going on, couldn't speak Arabic.

nisu znale šta se dešava, nisu govorile arapski.

And Chris Hughes strode into the middle of the throng

Kris Hjuz je stao u sred gomile

with his weapon above his head, pointing at the ground,

sa oružjem iznad glave, pokazujući na zemlju

and he said, "Kneel."

i rekao: "Kleknite".

And these huge soldiers

I ovi krupni vojnici

with their backpacks and their body armor,

sa svojim rančevima i oklopom,

wobbled to the ground.

kleknuli su na zemlju.

And complete silence fell.

Nastala je potpuna tišina.

And after about two minutes,

Nakon dva minuta otprilike,

everybody moved aside and went home.

svi su se sklonili i otišli kući.

Now that to me is wisdom in action.

To je za mene mudrost na delu.

In the moment, that's what he did.

U trenutku, eto šta je on uradio.

And it's happening everywhere now.

I to se dešava svuda sada.

You don't believe me?

Ne verujete mi?

Have you asked yourselves

Da li ste se zapitali

why and how so many dictatorships have collapsed

kako i zašto su se tolike diktature srušile

over the last 30 years?

u poslednjih 30 godina?

Dictatorships in Czechoslovakia, East Germany,

Diktature u Čehoslovačkoj, Istočnoj Nemačkoj,

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,

Estoniji, Letoniji, Litvaniji,

Mali, Madagascar,

Maliju, Madagaskaru,

Poland, the Philippines,

Poljskoj, Filipinima,

Serbia, Slovenia, I could go on,

Srbiji, Sloveniji, mogla bih još da nabrajam,

and now Tunisia and Egypt.

a poslednje u Tunisu i Egiptu.

And this hasn't just happened.

A to se nije desilo tek tako.

A lot of it is due to a book

Većina je zbog knjige

written by an 80-year-old man in Boston, Gene Sharp.

koju je napisao 80-godišnjak iz Bostona, Džin Šarp.

He wrote a book called "From Dictatorship to Democracy"

Napisao je knjigu "Od tiranije do demokratije"

with 81 methodologies for non-violent resistance.

sa 81. metodologijom za nenasilni otpor.

And it's been translated into 26 languages.

Prevedena je na 26 jezika.

It's flown around the world.

Knjiga je raširena svuda po svetu.

And it's being used by young people and older people everywhere,

Koristili su je mladi ljudi i stariji ljudi svuda,

because it works and it's effective.

zato što funkcioniše i ima efekta.

So this is what gives me hope --

To je ono što mi daje nadu -

not just hope, this is what makes me feel very positive right now.

ne samo nadu, već me čini veoma optimističnom sada.

Because finally human beings are getting it.

Zato što konačno ljudska bića shvataju.

We're getting practical, doable methodologies

Nalazimo praktične, izvodljive metodologije

to answer my question:

da odgovorimo na moje pitanje:

How do we deal with a bully without becoming a thug?

kako da se izborimo sa siledžijom, a da ne postanemo nasilnici?

We're using the kind of skills that I've outlined:

Koristimo one veštine koje sam podvukla:

inner power -- the development of inner power -- through self-knowledge,

unutrašnju snagu - razvoj unutrašnje snage - kroz samospoznaju,

recognizing and working with our fear,

prepoznavanje i rad sa našim strahovima,

using anger as a fuel,

korišćenje besa kao goriva,

cooperating with others,

saradnju sa drugima,

banding together with others,

povezivanje sa drugima,

courage,

hrabrost

and most importantly, commitment to active non-violence.

i najvažnije posvećenost aktivnom nenasilju.

Now I don't just believe in non-violence.

Ja ne samo da verujem u nenasilje.

I don't have to believe in it.

Ja ne moram da verujem u njega.

I see evidence everywhere of how it works.

Vidim dokaze svuda kako funkcioniše.

And I see that we, ordinary people,

I vidim da mi, obični ljudi,

can do what Aung San Suu Kyi and Ghandi and Mandela did.

možemo da radimo što su i Ang San Su Ći, Gandi i Mendela radili.

We can bring to an end

Možemo da privedemo kraju

the bloodiest century that humanity has ever known.

najkrvaviji vek koji je čovečanstvo ikada videlo.

And we can organize to overcome oppression

I možemo da se organizujemo da prevaziđemo ugnjetavanje

by opening our hearts

otvaranjem naših srca

as well as strengthening this incredible resolve.

kao i jačanjem ove neverovatne odlučnosti.

And this open-heartedness is exactly what I've experienced

Ova otvorenost srca je upravo ono što sam doživela

in the entire organization of this gathering since I got here yesterday.

u celoj organizaciji ovog skupa otkako sam stigla ovde juče.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)