Fighting with non-violence | Scilla Elworthy

Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Matea Srčnik Recezent: SIBELA KESAC

In half a century of trying to help prevent wars,

Kroz pola stoljeća pokušaja da pomognem u sprječavanju ratova,

there's one question that never leaves me:

jedno me pitanje nikako ne napušta:

How do we deal with extreme violence

Kako se nositi s ekstremnim nasiljem

without using force in return?

bez uporabe sile?

When you're faced with brutality,

Kada ste suočeni s brutalnošću,

whether it's a child facing a bully on a playground

bio to sukob djeteta s nasilnikom na igralištu

or domestic violence --

ili nasilje u obitelji --

or, on the streets of Syria today,

ili, kao danas na ulicama Sirije,

facing tanks and shrapnel,

suočavanje s tenkovima i granatama,

what's the most effective thing to do?

što je najučinkovitija stvar koju možemo napraviti?

Fight back? Give in?

Uzvratiti? Predati se?

Use more force?

Koristiti još sile?

This question: "How do I deal with a bully

Ovo pitanje: "Kako da se nosim s nasilnikom

without becoming a thug in return?"

a da i ja zauzvrat ne postanem takva?"

has been with me ever since I was a child.

mučilo me otkako sam bila dijete.

I remember I was about 13,

Sjećam se da sam imala oko 13 godina

glued to a grainy black and white television in my parents' living room

i bila prikovana za crno-bijeli televizor u dnevnoj sobi mojih roditelja

as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest,

kada su sovjetski tenkovi nahrupili u Budimpeštu,

and kids not much older than me

a djeca, ne toliko starija od mene,

were throwing themselves at the tanks

bacala su se na tenkove

and getting mown down.

koji su ih pokosili.

And I rushed upstairs and started packing my suitcase.

Pojurila sam uz stepenice i počela se pakirati.

And my mother came up and said, "What on Earth are you doing?"

Moja je majka došla gore i rekla: "Što to, zaboga, radiš?"

And I said, "I'm going to Budapest."

Ja sam joj odgovorila: "Idem u Budimpeštu."

And she said, "What on Earth for?"

A ona je rekla: "Zašto, zaboga?"

And I said, "Kids are getting killed there.

Uzvratila sam: "Djeca tamo pogibaju.

There's something terrible happening."

Nešto se užasno događa"

And she said, "Don't be so silly."

Ona je rekla: "Ne budi smiješna."

And I started to cry.

A ja sam počela plakati.

And she got it, she said,

Shvatila je i rekla:

"Okay, I see it's serious.

"U redu, vidim da je ozbiljno.

You're much too young to help.

Premlada si da pomogneš.

You need training. I'll help you.

Treba ti obuka. Ja ću ti pomoći.

But just unpack your suitcase."

Samo raspremi taj kovčeg."

And so I got some training

Prošla sam nešto obuke

and went and worked in Africa during most of my 20s.

i otišla u Afriku gdje sam radila kroz većinu svojih 20ih godina.

But I realized that what I really needed to know

No shvatila sam da ono što zbilja trebam znati

I couldn't get from training courses.

ne mogu dobiti obukom.

I wanted to understand

Željela sam razumjeti

how violence, how oppression, works.

kako nasilje, kako ugnjetavanje funkcionira.

And what I've discovered since is this:

Ono što sam otkrila je sljedeće:

Bullies use violence in three ways.

Nasilnici koriste nasilje na tri načina.

They use political violence to intimidate,

Koriste političko nasilje kako bi zastrašili,

physical violence to terrorize

fizičko nasilje kako bi terorizirali

and mental or emotional violence to undermine.

i psihičko ili emocionalno nasilje kako bi nekoga oslabili.

And only very rarely in very few cases

Vrlo rijetko i u vrlo malo slučajeva

does it work to use more violence.

pomaže koristiti još sile.

Nelson Mandela went to jail believing in violence,

Nelson Mandela završio je u zatvoru vjerujući u nasilje

and 27 years later

i, 27 godina kasnije,

he and his colleagues

on i njegove kolege

had slowly and carefully

polako su i pažljivo

honed the skills, the incredible skills, that they needed

brusili vještine, nevjerojatne vještine koje su trebali

to turn one of the most vicious governments the world has known

kako bi jednu od najpokvarenijih vlada svijeta

into a democracy.

pretvorili u demokraciju.

And they did it in a total devotion to non-violence.

Učinili su to u potpunoj predanosti nenasilju.

They realized that using force against force

Shvatili su da ne vrijedi koristiti silu

doesn't work.

protiv sile.

So what does work?

Što onda funkcionira?

Over time I've collected about a half-dozen methods

Tijekom vremena, skupila sam pola tuceta metoda

that do work -- of course there are many more --

koje rade -- naravno, postoji ih puno više --

that do work and that are effective.

koje rade i koje su učinkovite.

And the first is

Prva je ta

that the change that has to take place

da se promjena koja se mora dogoditi,

has to take place here, inside me.

mora se dogoditi ovdje, u meni.

It's my response, my attitude, to oppression

Upravo je moj odgovor, moj stav prema ugnjetavanju

that I've got control over,

ono nad čime imam kontrolu

and that I can do something about.

i u vezi čega nešto mogu učiniti.

And what I need to develop is self-knowledge to do that.

A ono što trebam razviti jest samospoznaja kako bih to učinila.

That means I need to know how I tick,

To znači da moram znati što me pokreće,

when I collapse,

kada gubim snagu,

where my formidable points are,

koje su moje loše strane,

where my weaker points are.

gdje su mi slabe točke.

When do I give in?

Kada se predajem?

What will I stand up for?

Za što ću se zauzeti?

And meditation or self-inspection

A meditacija ili samospoznaja

is one of the ways -- again it's not the only one --

je jedan od načina -- opet, ne i jedini --

it's one of the ways

jedan je od načina

of gaining this kind of inner power.

da skupimo ovu vrstu unutarnje snage.

And my heroine here -- like Satish's --

Moja junakinja u ovom slučaju -- poput Satisheve --

is Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma.

je Aung San Suu Kyi iz Burme.

She was leading a group of students

Vodila je grupu studenata na

on a protest in the streets of Rangoon.

protestu na ulicama Rangoona.

They came around a corner faced with a row of machine guns.

Zašli su za jedan ugao i suočili se s redom strojnica.

And she realized straight away

Ona je odmah shvatila

that the soldiers with their fingers shaking on the triggers

da su vojnici, kojima su se prsti tresli na okidaču,

were more scared than the student protesters behind her.

bili uplašeni više od pobunjenih studenata iza nje.

But she told the students to sit down.

No rekla je studentima da sjednu.

And she walked forward with such calm and such clarity

Istupila je s takvom smirenošću i jasnoćom,

and such total lack of fear

s takvim nedostatkom straha,

that she could walk right up to the first gun,

da je mogla prići prvoj strojnici,

put her hand on it and lower it.

staviti dlan na nju i spustiti ju.

And no one got killed.

I nitko nije ubijen.

So that's what the mastery of fear can do --

To je ono što kontrola straha može učiniti --

not only faced with machine guns,

ne samo pred strojnicama,

but if you meet a knife fight in the street.

već i ako svjedočite obračunu noževima na ulici.

But we have to practice.

No moramo vježbati.

So what about our fear?

Što s našim strahom?

I have a little mantra.

Ja imam jednu mantru.

My fear grows fat

Moj se strah deblja

on the energy I feed it.

od energije kojom ga hranim.

And if it grows very big

Ako se jako udeblja,

it probably happens.

vjerojatno će se i ostvariti.

So we all know the three o'clock in the morning syndrome,

Svi znamo za taj sindrom u tri ujutro

when something you've been worrying about wakes you up --

kada vas nešto oko čega ste se brinuli probudi --

I see a lot of people --

vidim da vas puno --

and for an hour you toss and turn,

i sat se vremena prevrćete,

it gets worse and worse,

sve vam je gore,

and by four o'clock you're pinned to the pillow

i do 4 vas je sata za jastuk prikovalo

by a monster this big.

ovoliko čudovište.

The only thing to do

Jedino što možete napraviti

is to get up, make a cup of tea

je ustati se, napraviti šalicu čaja

and sit down with the fear like a child beside you.

i posjesti strah pored sebe poput djeteta.

You're the adult.

Vi ste odrasla osoba.

The fear is the child.

Strah je dijete.

And you talk to the fear

Razgovarajte sa strahom

and you ask it what it wants, what it needs.

i pitajte ga što želi, što treba.

How can this be made better?

Kako se ovo može popraviti?

How can the child feel stronger?

Kako se dijete može osjećati snažnijim?

And you make a plan.

I tako napravite plan.

And you say, "Okay, now we're going back to sleep.

Kažete: "U redu, sada se vraćamo na spavanje.

Half-past seven, we're getting up and that's what we're going to do."

U pola osam se ustajemo i to je ono što ćemo napraviti."

I had one of these 3 a.m. episodes on Sunday --

Imala sam jednu od ovih situacija u nedjelju --

paralyzed with fear at coming to talk to you.

paralizirana strahom od nastupa pred vama.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So I did the thing.

Stoga sam to učinila.

I got up, made the cup of tea, sat down with it, did it all

Ustala sam se, napravila čaj, razgovarala sa strahom, sve to,

and I'm here -- still partly paralyzed, but I'm here.

i ovdje sam -- još uvijek paralizirana, ali ovdje sam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

So that's fear. What about anger?

To je, dakle, strah. Što s bijesom?

Wherever there is injustice there's anger.

Gdje god ima nepravde, ima i bijesa.

But anger is like gasoline,

No bijes je poput benzina,

and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match,

ako ga raspršite i netko zapali šibicu,

you've got an inferno.

dobit ćete pakao.

But anger as an engine -- in an engine -- is powerful.

No bijes kao pokretač -- unutar motora -- je moćan.

If we can put our anger inside an engine,

Ako svoj bijes smjestimo unutar motora,

it can drive us forward,

on nas može tjerati naprijed,

it can get us through the dreadful moments

može nam pomoći u teškim trenucima

and it can give us real inner power.

i dati nam pravu unutarnju snagu.

And I learned this in my work

To sam naučila radeći s ljudima

with nuclear weapon policy-makers.

koji rade na politici nuklearnog oružja.

Because at the beginning I was so outraged

Jer na početku sam bila toliko uvrijeđena

at the dangers they were exposing us to

opasnostima kojima su nas izlagali

that I just wanted to argue and blame and make them wrong.

da sam se samo htjela svađati, optuživati i okriviti ih.

Totally ineffective.

Potpuno bezuspješno.

In order to develop a dialogue for change

Kako bismo razvili dijalog za promjenu,

we have to deal with our anger.

moramo se nositi s našim bijesom.

It's okay to be angry with the thing --

U redu je da se ljutite na stvar --

the nuclear weapons in this case --

u ovom slučaju nuklearno oružje --

but it is hopeless to be angry with the people.

no beznadno je ljutiti se na čovjeka.

They are human beings just like us.

Oni su ljudska bića baš poput nas.

And they're doing what they think is best.

I rade ono što misle da je najbolje.

And that's the basis on which we have to talk with them.

Upravo je to osnova na kojoj trebamo temeljiti razgovor s njima.

So that's the third one, anger.

To je, dakle, treće - bijes.

And it brings me to the crux

I dovodi me do ozbiljnosti

of what's going on, or what I perceive as going on,

onoga što se zbiva, ili onoga što se meni čini da se zbiva

in the world today,

danas u svijetu,

which is that last century was top-down power.

a to je da je posljednjim stoljećem vladala analitička moć.

It was still governments telling people what to do.

Još uvijek su vlade govorile ljudima što da rade.

This century there's a shift.

U ovom se stoljeću dogodila promjena.

It's bottom-up or grassroots power.

Moć postaje sintetička.

It's like mushrooms coming through concrete.

Nešto poput gljiva koje probijaju beton.

It's people joining up with people, as Bundy just said, miles away

Ljudi se združuju s ljudima, kako je Bundy upravo rekao, kilometrima daleko

to bring about change.

kako bi potaknuli promjenu.

And Peace Direct spotted quite early on

U Peace Directu su vrlo rano uočili

that local people in areas of very hot conflict

da lokalni ljudi u područjima velikog konflikta

know what to do.

znaju što učiniti.

They know best what to do.

Najbolje znaju što učiniti.

So Peace Direct gets behind them to do that.

Tako ih Peace Direct u tome podržava.

And the kind of thing they're doing

A ono što rade jest

is demobilizing militias,

demobiliziranje milicija,

rebuilding economies,

ponovna izgradnja ekonomija,

resettling refugees,

ponovno naseljavanje izbjeglica,

even liberating child soldiers.

pa čak i oslobađanje dječjih vojnika.

And they have to risk their lives almost every day

Moraju riskirati svoje živote gotovo svaki dan

to do this.

kako bi to činili.

And what they've realized

Ono što su shvatili jest

is that using violence in the situations they operate in

da uporaba nasilja u situacijama u kojima djeluju

is not only less humane,

je ne samo manje humana,

but it's less effective

već i manje učinkovita

than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild.

od korištenja metoda koje ljude spajaju s ljudima, koje izgrađuju.

And I think that the U.S. military

Mislim da vojska SAD-a

is finally beginning to get this.

napokon počinje to shvaćati.

Up to now their counter-terrorism policy

Sve do sada, njihova je protuteroristička politika

has been to kill insurgents at almost any cost,

bila da gotovo pod bilo koju cijenu ubiju pobunjenike,

and if civilians get in the way,

a ako se civili nađu na putu,

that's written as "collateral damage."

to se vodi kao "kolateralna šteta".

And this is so infuriating and humiliating

To je tako grozno i ponižavajuće

for the population of Afghanistan,

za populaciju Afganistana

that it makes the recruitment for al-Qaeda very easy,

da čini regrutaciju za al-Qaidu vrlo lakom,

when people are so disgusted by, for example,

budući da su ljudi toliko zgroženi, na primjer,

the burning of the Koran.

paljenjem Kurana.

So the training of the troops has to change.

Dakle, obuka trupa mora se promijeniti.

And I think there are signs that it is beginning to change.

I mislim da postoje naznake da se počinje mijenjati.

The British military have always been much better at this.

Britanska vojska uvijek je u ovome bila puno bolja.

But there is one magnificent example for them to take their cue from,

No postoji jedan divan primjer koji bi mogli slijediti,

and that's a brilliant U.S. lieutenant colonel

a to je briljantni američki potpukovnik

called Chris Hughes.

imena Chris Hughes.

And he was leading his men down the streets of Najaf --

Vodio je svoje vojnike niz ulice Najafa --

in Iraq actually --

u Iraku --

and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on either side of the road,

i odjednom su se ljudi počeli slijevati iz kuća s obje strane ulice,

screaming, yelling, furiously angry,

urlajući, vičući, nevjerojatno bijesni,

and surrounded these very young troops who were completely terrified,

i opkolili su te vrlo mlade vojnike koji su bili potpuno prestravljeni,

didn't know what was going on, couldn't speak Arabic.

nisu znali što se događa, nisu razumjeli arapski.

And Chris Hughes strode into the middle of the throng

Chris Hughes ušetao je usred gomile sa svojim

with his weapon above his head, pointing at the ground,

oružjem iznad glave, držeći ga uperenim prema tlu

and he said, "Kneel."

i rekao: "Kleknite".

And these huge soldiers

I ti ogromni vojnici,

with their backpacks and their body armor,

sa svojim ruksacima i u zaštitnoj opremi,

wobbled to the ground.

spustili su se na zemlju.

And complete silence fell.

Nastupila je potpuna tišina.

And after about two minutes,

Nakon otprilike dvije minute,

everybody moved aside and went home.

svi su se razmaknuli i otišli kućama.

Now that to me is wisdom in action.

Za mene je to mudrost na djelu.

In the moment, that's what he did.

U tom trenutku, to je ono što je učinio.

And it's happening everywhere now.

I to se sada svugdje događa.

You don't believe me?

Ne vjerujete mi?

Have you asked yourselves

Jeste li se zapitali

why and how so many dictatorships have collapsed

kako i zašto su se tolike diktature raspale

over the last 30 years?

u zadnjih 30 godina?

Dictatorships in Czechoslovakia, East Germany,

Diktature u Čehoslovačkoj, Istočnoj Njemačkoj,

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,

Estoniji, Latviji, Litvi,

Mali, Madagascar,

Maliju, Madagaskaru,

Poland, the Philippines,

Poljskoj, Filipinima,

Serbia, Slovenia, I could go on,

Srbiji, Sloveniji, mogla bih nastaviti,

and now Tunisia and Egypt.

i sada Tunisu i Egiptu.

And this hasn't just happened.

I to se nije dogodilo samo od sebe.

A lot of it is due to a book

Puno je toga zahvaljujući knjizi

written by an 80-year-old man in Boston, Gene Sharp.

koju je napisao osamdesetogodišnjak iz Bostona, Gene Sharp.

He wrote a book called "From Dictatorship to Democracy"

On je napisao knjigu naziva "Od diktature do demokracije"

with 81 methodologies for non-violent resistance.

u kojoj predstavlja 81 metodologiju za nenasilan otpor.

And it's been translated into 26 languages.

Prevedena je na 26 jezika.

It's flown around the world.

Proširila se svijetom.

And it's being used by young people and older people everywhere,

Koriste ju mladi i stariji ljudi posvuda,

because it works and it's effective.

jer funkcionira i učinkovita je.

So this is what gives me hope --

To je ono što mi daje nadu --

not just hope, this is what makes me feel very positive right now.

ne samo nadu, to je ono zbog čega se trenutno osjećam vrlo optimistično.

Because finally human beings are getting it.

Jer ljudska bića napokon počinju shvaćati.

We're getting practical, doable methodologies

Dobivamo praktične, izvedive metodologije kao

to answer my question:

odgovor na moje pitanje:

How do we deal with a bully without becoming a thug?

Kako da se nosimo s nasilnikom bez da i mi postanemo takvi?

We're using the kind of skills that I've outlined:

Koristimo onakve vještine kakve sam skicirala:

inner power -- the development of inner power -- through self-knowledge,

unutarnju snagu -- razvoj unutarnje snage -- kroz samospoznaju,

recognizing and working with our fear,

prepoznavanje i suradnju s našim strahom,

using anger as a fuel,

korištenje bijesa kao goriva,

cooperating with others,

suradnju s drugima,

banding together with others,

povezivanje s drugima,

courage,

hrabrost,

and most importantly, commitment to active non-violence.

i najvažnije, predanost aktivnome nenasilju.

Now I don't just believe in non-violence.

Nije da samo vjerujem u nenasilje.

I don't have to believe in it.

Ne moram vjerovati u njega.

I see evidence everywhere of how it works.

Posvuda vidim dokaze njegove učinkovitosti.

And I see that we, ordinary people,

I vidim da mi, obični ljudi,

can do what Aung San Suu Kyi and Ghandi and Mandela did.

možemo raditi ono što su Aung San Suu Kyi, Gandhi i Mandela napravili.

We can bring to an end

Možemo stati na kraj

the bloodiest century that humanity has ever known.

najkrvavijem stoljeću kojemu je čovječanstvo ikada svjedočilo.

And we can organize to overcome oppression

Možemo se organizirati da prevladamo ugnjetavanje

by opening our hearts

otvarajući svoja srca,

as well as strengthening this incredible resolve.

kao i ojačavajući ovu nevjerojatnu odlučnost.

And this open-heartedness is exactly what I've experienced

Ta otvorenost srca upravo je ono što sam iskusila

in the entire organization of this gathering since I got here yesterday.

u cijeloj organizaciji ovog skupa otkako sam jučer došla ovdje.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)