Fighting with non-violence | Scilla Elworthy

Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast

譯者: Yilun Zhou 審譯者: Yuguo Zhang

In half a century of trying to help prevent wars,

在爲防止戰爭所做的半個世紀工作中，

there's one question that never leaves me:

我始終有一個問題：

How do we deal with extreme violence

我們在不使用暴力的情況下

without using force in return?

如何面對極端暴力？

When you're faced with brutality,

當你面對暴力，

whether it's a child facing a bully on a playground

不管是一個小孩面對欺負他的小混混，

or domestic violence --

還是家庭暴力

or, on the streets of Syria today,

或者是敘利亞今天的街道上

facing tanks and shrapnel,

面對坦克和彈藥，

what's the most effective thing to do?

最有效的方式是什麽？

Fight back? Give in?

反擊？屈服？

Use more force?

使用更多暴力？

This question: "How do I deal with a bully

“我在不變成暴徒的情況下

without becoming a thug in return?"

如何面對威脅？”這個問題

has been with me ever since I was a child.

自從我還是孩子時就伴隨著我。

I remember I was about 13,

我記得當我大約13歲時，

glued to a grainy black and white television in my parents' living room

被我父母房間裏的黑白電視所吸引

as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest,

電視上放著蘇聯坦克開過布達佩斯，

and kids not much older than me

和我差不多大的孩子

were throwing themselves at the tanks

在坦克前逃跑

and getting mown down.

並且被碾壓過去。

And I rushed upstairs and started packing my suitcase.

然後我就跑上了樓梯打包我的行李。

And my mother came up and said, "What on Earth are you doing?"

媽媽說：“你在幹什麽？”

And I said, "I'm going to Budapest."

我說：“我要去布達佩斯。”

And she said, "What on Earth for?"

她說“爲什麽”

And I said, "Kids are getting killed there.

我說“他們在殺害那些孩子。

There's something terrible happening."

有一些可怕的事正在發生。”

And she said, "Don't be so silly."

她說“別傻了。”

And I started to cry.

然後我就開始哭。

And she got it, she said,

她懂了，說，

"Okay, I see it's serious.

“我知道這很嚴重。

You're much too young to help.

但你太小了。

You need training. I'll help you.

你需要訓練。來我幫你。

But just unpack your suitcase."

但先把行李放下。”

And so I got some training

然後我得到了一些訓練

and went and worked in Africa during most of my 20s.

並且在20幾歲時到非洲工作。

But I realized that what I really needed to know

但我意識到我真正需要的

I couldn't get from training courses.

卻是我從那些訓練中得不到的。

I wanted to understand

我想知道

how violence, how oppression, works.

暴力，壓迫有什麽作用。

And what I've discovered since is this:

我發現：

Bullies use violence in three ways.

惡棍使用三種暴力。

They use political violence to intimidate,

政治暴力來威懾，

physical violence to terrorize

肉體暴力來恐嚇，

and mental or emotional violence to undermine.

以及精神暴力來摧毀。

And only very rarely in very few cases

並且用更多的暴力

does it work to use more violence.

幾乎不起作用。

Nelson Mandela went to jail believing in violence,

尼爾遜·曼德拉在相信暴力時被送進了監獄，

and 27 years later

27年後，

he and his colleagues

他和同事

had slowly and carefully

已經慢慢地，很仔細地

honed the skills, the incredible skills, that they needed

練成了把一個窮凶極惡的政府

to turn one of the most vicious governments the world has known

變成一個

into a democracy.

民主政府的技能。

And they did it in a total devotion to non-violence.

並且他們以一種完全非暴力的方式實現。

They realized that using force against force

他們發現以暴制暴

doesn't work.

不管用。

So what does work?

那什麽管用？

Over time I've collected about a half-dozen methods

在這些年裏我積累了一些管用的方法

that do work -- of course there are many more --

當然方法還有很多

that do work and that are effective.

這些方法的確管用。

And the first is

第一個是

that the change that has to take place

該發生的改變

has to take place here, inside me.

必須發生。

It's my response, my attitude, to oppression

我的對壓迫的反應，態度就是

that I've got control over,

我必須控制，

and that I can do something about.

並且我能做一些事。

And what I need to develop is self-knowledge to do that.

我需要的就是增長知識。

That means I need to know how I tick,

這意味著當我垮掉時

when I collapse,

我要知道如何保持平衡，

where my formidable points are,

我的優點在哪，

where my weaker points are.

我的弱點在哪。

When do I give in?

我什麽時候屈服？

What will I stand up for?

我爲了什麽堅持？

And meditation or self-inspection

冥想或自我反思

is one of the ways -- again it's not the only one --

是一種方式——當然也不是唯一的方式——

it's one of the ways

這是一種方式

of gaining this kind of inner power.

來獲得這種內在的力量。

And my heroine here -- like Satish's --

我戲中的英雄是

is Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma.

在緬甸的Aung San Suu Kyi

She was leading a group of students

她是一群在Rangoon的學生抗議團隊

on a protest in the streets of Rangoon.

的領導者。

They came around a corner faced with a row of machine guns.

他們面對一排機關槍，

And she realized straight away

她立刻意識到

that the soldiers with their fingers shaking on the triggers

在扳機上手抖動的士兵

were more scared than the student protesters behind her.

比學生抗議者更害怕。

But she told the students to sit down.

但她告訴學生坐下。

And she walked forward with such calm and such clarity

然後她以出奇的冷靜

and such total lack of fear

無畏

that she could walk right up to the first gun,

走向第一個槍，

put her hand on it and lower it.

把她的手放上去，把槍放下來，

And no one got killed.

所有人都安全了。

So that's what the mastery of fear can do --

這就是控制恐懼能做的——

not only faced with machine guns,

不僅當面對機關槍時，

but if you meet a knife fight in the street.

更是當你在路上遇到刀戰。

But we have to practice.

但我們必須練習。

So what about our fear?

那麽我們害怕什麽呢？

I have a little mantra.

我有一箴言。

My fear grows fat

我越害怕，

on the energy I feed it.

我的恐懼越大。

And if it grows very big

如果恐懼太大了，

it probably happens.

不好的事情就會發生了。

So we all know the three o'clock in the morning syndrome,

我們都知道淩晨三點綜合征，

when something you've been worrying about wakes you up --

當一些你擔心的事把你弄醒，

I see a lot of people --

我看到許多人

and for an hour you toss and turn,

你害怕一小時

it gets worse and worse,

然後他越來越厲害，

and by four o'clock you're pinned to the pillow

在四點你被一個這麽大的怪獸

by a monster this big.

釘在枕頭上

The only thing to do

唯一能做的

is to get up, make a cup of tea

就是起床，衝杯茶，

and sit down with the fear like a child beside you.

然後和恐懼一起坐下，

You're the adult.

你是一個成人，

The fear is the child.

恐懼像孩子，

And you talk to the fear

你和恐懼說話

and you ask it what it wants, what it needs.

你問他他要什麽

How can this be made better?

這怎樣變得更好

How can the child feel stronger?

這個孩子如何變得更強壯？

And you make a plan.

然後你有一個計劃。

And you say, "Okay, now we're going back to sleep.

你說“好吧，我們要睡覺了。

Half-past seven, we're getting up and that's what we're going to do."

七點半，我們再起床。”

I had one of these 3 a.m. episodes on Sunday --

在周日我就有過這種經曆

paralyzed with fear at coming to talk to you.

已經被恐懼所感到癱瘓

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So I did the thing.

所以我這麽做了。

I got up, made the cup of tea, sat down with it, did it all

我起床，衝杯茶，坐下，做了這一切

and I'm here -- still partly paralyzed, but I'm here.

所以我在這裏——仍然有些麻木，但我在這裏。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So that's fear. What about anger?

所以這就是恐懼。那憤怒呢？

Wherever there is injustice there's anger.

只要有不公正就有憤怒。

But anger is like gasoline,

但憤怒像汽油，

and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match,

如果你潑出汽油，然後有人點了一個火柴，

you've got an inferno.

那你就在地獄裏了。

But anger as an engine -- in an engine -- is powerful.

但作爲引擎，憤怒是很有力的。

If we can put our anger inside an engine,

如果我們能把憤怒放入引擎裏，

it can drive us forward,

他能帶我們向前，

it can get us through the dreadful moments

他能讓我們走過悲慘的時刻，

and it can give us real inner power.

能給我們真正的內部力量。

And I learned this in my work

我在和核武器政策制定者的

with nuclear weapon policy-makers.

工作中知道了這個

Because at the beginning I was so outraged

因爲一開始我對于

at the dangers they were exposing us to

他們給我們帶來的危險感到很憤怒

that I just wanted to argue and blame and make them wrong.

以至于我想辯論，責備，並且讓他們感到錯誤。

Totally ineffective.

根本不管用。

In order to develop a dialogue for change

爲了開始一個帶來改變的對話，

we have to deal with our anger.

我們需要應付我們的憤怒。

It's okay to be angry with the thing --

對此感到憤怒很正常

the nuclear weapons in this case --

也就是核武器

but it is hopeless to be angry with the people.

但對人憤怒是沒有用的。

They are human beings just like us.

他們和我們一樣是人。

And they're doing what they think is best.

他們在做他們認爲對的。

And that's the basis on which we have to talk with them.

而這就是我們和他們交流的基礎。

So that's the third one, anger.

所以這就是第三個，憤怒。

And it brings me to the crux

現在我們來到了這次演講的核心，

of what's going on, or what I perceive as going on,

也就是現在在這個世界

in the world today,

正在發生什麽，

which is that last century was top-down power.

在上個世紀是由上而下的權利。

It was still governments telling people what to do.

過去政府仍然告訴人們該做什麽。

This century there's a shift.

這個世紀有了變化。

It's bottom-up or grassroots power.

現在是由下而上或者說草根權利。

It's like mushrooms coming through concrete.

想從混凝土中長出的蘑菇。

It's people joining up with people, as Bundy just said, miles away

像Bundy所說，是人和人連結在一起，

to bring about change.

來帶來改變。

And Peace Direct spotted quite early on

和平指導這個項目很快就發現了

that local people in areas of very hot conflict

在衝突發生的地區的當地人

know what to do.

知道該做什麽。

They know best what to do.

他們知道最好做什麽。

So Peace Direct gets behind them to do that.

所以和平指導爲他們提供支持。

And the kind of thing they're doing

他們做的是

is demobilizing militias,

解散軍隊，

rebuilding economies,

重建經濟，

resettling refugees,

安置難民，

even liberating child soldiers.

甚至解放兒童軍人。

And they have to risk their lives almost every day

他們爲這些事必須要

to do this.

冒生命風險。

And what they've realized

他們已經意識到了

is that using violence in the situations they operate in

在這些情況下使用武力

is not only less humane,

不僅更不人道，

but it's less effective

而且更沒有效果，

than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild.

和連接每個人這種方式比起來。

And I think that the U.S. military

我認爲美國部隊

is finally beginning to get this.

終于開始懂得這些了。

Up to now their counter-terrorism policy

直到現在爲止他們的反恐政策

has been to kill insurgents at almost any cost,

一直是不惜代價殺死暴亂的人，

and if civilians get in the way,

並且如果平民在其中得到了傷害，

that's written as "collateral damage."

這會被記錄爲“附屬傷害”。

And this is so infuriating and humiliating

這激怒並羞辱了

for the population of Afghanistan,

阿富汗人，

that it makes the recruitment for al-Qaeda very easy,

所以，比如，當人們被焚燒可蘭經激怒時，

when people are so disgusted by, for example,

基地組織的擴充

the burning of the Koran.

就很容易了。

So the training of the troops has to change.

所以部隊的訓練必須改變。

And I think there are signs that it is beginning to change.

我認爲現在已經有改變的迹象了。

The British military have always been much better at this.

英國部隊已經做得很好了。

But there is one magnificent example for them to take their cue from,

現在他們能得到一個很好的暗示，

and that's a brilliant U.S. lieutenant colonel

這就是一個美國陸軍上尉，

called Chris Hughes.

克裏斯·休。

And he was leading his men down the streets of Najaf --

他正在帶領他的人在

in Iraq actually --

伊拉克——

and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on either side of the road,

一瞬間人們就從街道兩旁的房屋中衝出來，

screaming, yelling, furiously angry,

尖叫，呐喊，極爲憤怒，

and surrounded these very young troops who were completely terrified,

並包圍了這些已經被驚嚇到的士兵，

didn't know what was going on, couldn't speak Arabic.

這些士兵不知道發生了什麽，也不會說阿拉伯語。

And Chris Hughes strode into the middle of the throng

克裏斯·休走到人群中間

with his weapon above his head, pointing at the ground,

把武器舉在頭上，指著地面，

and he said, "Kneel."

說“跪下”。

And these huge soldiers

然後休的士兵

with their backpacks and their body armor,

帶著他們的背包和武裝

wobbled to the ground.

搖晃的趴在地上。

And complete silence fell.

然後沒有一點聲音。

And after about two minutes,

兩分鍾過後，

everybody moved aside and went home.

人群散開並回家。

Now that to me is wisdom in action.

這在我認爲就是智慧。

In the moment, that's what he did.

在那一刻，那就是他做的。

And it's happening everywhere now.

現在在每個地方都會發生。

You don't believe me?

你不相信我？

Have you asked yourselves

你有沒有問過自己

why and how so many dictatorships have collapsed

爲什麽以及有多少獨裁政府

over the last 30 years?

在過去30年內倒塌了？

Dictatorships in Czechoslovakia, East Germany,

在捷克斯洛伐克，東德

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,

愛沙尼亞，拉脫維亞，立陶宛，

Mali, Madagascar,

馬裏，馬達加斯加，

Poland, the Philippines,

波蘭，菲律賓，

Serbia, Slovenia, I could go on,

塞爾維亞，斯洛維尼亞的獨裁政府，我可以繼續，

and now Tunisia and Egypt.

還有現在的突尼斯和埃及。

And this hasn't just happened.

這還沒有發生。

A lot of it is due to a book

很多這些都是因爲

written by an 80-year-old man in Boston, Gene Sharp.

一本在波士頓的80歲老人Gene Sharp寫的書而發生的。

He wrote a book called "From Dictatorship to Democracy"

書名是“從獨裁到民主”

with 81 methodologies for non-violent resistance.

寫了非暴力抗爭的81種方法。

And it's been translated into 26 languages.

這本書被翻譯成了26種語言。

It's flown around the world.

現在在全世界流行。

And it's being used by young people and older people everywhere,

這本書被世界各地的人使用，

because it works and it's effective.

因爲它很有效。

So this is what gives me hope --

這本書給了我希望——

not just hope, this is what makes me feel very positive right now.

不只是希望，這本書讓我感覺到我是對的，

Because finally human beings are getting it.

因爲人們最後正在達到它。

We're getting practical, doable methodologies

我們在使用實用的，可行的方法

to answer my question:

來回答我的問題：

How do we deal with a bully without becoming a thug?

我們在面對威脅時如何不使用暴力？

We're using the kind of skills that I've outlined:

我們正在用我說過的方法：

inner power -- the development of inner power -- through self-knowledge,

內在的力量，自我了解

recognizing and working with our fear,

認識並且利用我們的恐懼，

using anger as a fuel,

把憤怒化作燃料，

cooperating with others,

與他人合作，

banding together with others,

和他人結合在一起，

courage,

勇氣，

and most importantly, commitment to active non-violence.

以及最重要的，積極的非暴力抗爭。

Now I don't just believe in non-violence.

現在我不僅僅相信非暴力。

I don't have to believe in it.

我不用相信它。

I see evidence everywhere of how it works.

我已經在所有地方看到了它如何工作。

And I see that we, ordinary people,

現在我看到，我們，普通人，

can do what Aung San Suu Kyi and Ghandi and Mandela did.

能做Aung San Suu Kyi，甘地，和曼德拉所做的。

We can bring to an end

我們能終結

the bloodiest century that humanity has ever known.

人類曆史上見過的最血腥的時代。

And we can organize to overcome oppression

我們可以通過打開我們的心

by opening our hearts

來組織克服鎮壓，

as well as strengthening this incredible resolve.

同時堅定決心。

And this open-heartedness is exactly what I've experienced

這種開放的胸懷正是

in the entire organization of this gathering since I got here yesterday.

我從昨天在這裏在整個集會組織中所感受到的。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）