Why is our universe fine-tuned for life? | Brian Greene

Translator: Jenny Zurawell

Prevodilac: Isidora Bacic Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

A few months ago

Pre nekoliko meseci

the Nobel Prize in physics

Nobelovu nagradu iz fizike dobila su

was awarded to two teams of astronomers

dva tima astronoma

for a discovery that has been hailed

za otkriće koje je proglašeno

as one of the most important

jednim od najvažnijih

astronomical observations ever.

astronomskih zapažanja ikada.

And today, after briefly describing what they found,

Danas, nakon što vam ukratko objasnim šta su našli,

I'm going to tell you about a highly controversial framework

pričaću vam o veoma kontraverznom okviru

for explaining their discovery,

za objašnjavanje njihovog otkrića,

namely the possibility

naime mogućnost

that way beyond the Earth,

da veoma daleko od Zemlje,

the Milky Way and other distant galaxies,

Mlečnog puta i ostalih udaljenih galaksija,

we may find that our universe

možemo utvrditi da naš univerzum

is not the only universe,

nije jedini univerzum,

but is instead

već je umesto toga

part of a vast complex of universes

deo ogromnog kompleksa univerzuma

that we call the multiverse.

koji nazivamo multiverzum.

Now the idea of a multiverse is a strange one.

Ideja multiverzuma je čudna.

I mean, most of us were raised to believe

Većina nas je odgajana da misli

that the word "universe" means everything.

da reč "univerzum" označava sve.

And I say most of us with forethought,

Namerno kažem većina nas,

as my four-year-old daughter has heard me speak of these ideas since she was born.

jer svojoj četvorogodišnjoj kćeri pričam o ovim idejama od kada se rodila.

And last year I was holding her

Prošle godine sam je nosio

and I said, "Sophia,

i rekao: "Sofija,

I love you more than anything in the universe."

volim te više od svega u univerzumu."

And she turned to me and said, "Daddy,

Ona me pogledala i rekla: "Tata,

universe or multiverse?"

u univerzumu ili multiverzumu?"

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But barring such an anomalous upbringing,

Ali ako izuzmemo takvo nestandardno odgajanje,

it is strange to imagine

teško je zamisliti

other realms separate from ours,

druge svetove odvojene od našeg,

most with fundamentally different features,

većinu sa bitno drugačijim karakteristikama,

that would rightly be called universes of their own.

koji bi sa pravom mogli da se nazovu posebni univerzumi.

And yet,

A ipak,

speculative though the idea surely is,

koliko god da je ova ideja spekulativna,

I aim to convince you

moj je cilj da vas ubedim

that there's reason for taking it seriously,

da postoji razlog zašto da je shvatite ozbiljno,

as it just might be right.

pošto možda bude tačna.

I'm going to tell the story of the multiverse in three parts.

Ispričaću priču o multiverzumu u tri dela.

In part one,

U prvom delu,

I'm going to describe those Nobel Prize-winning results

opisaću rezultate za koje je dobijena Nobelova nagrada

and to highlight a profound mystery

i naglasiću duboku misteriju

which those results revealed.

koju su ti rezultati otkrili.

In part two,

U drugom delu,

I'll offer a solution to that mystery.

dajem rešenje ove misterije.

It's based on an approach called string theory,

Ono se zasniva na pristupu nazvanom teorija struna

and that's where the idea of the multiverse

i tu se ideja o multiverzumu

will come into the story.

uključuje u ovu priču.

Finally, in part three,

Na kraju, u trećem delu,

I'm going to describe a cosmological theory

opisaću kosmološku teoriju

called inflation,

koja se zove inflacija,

which will pull all the pieces of the story together.

koja će spojiti sve delove priče.

Okay, part one starts back in 1929

Ok, prvi deo počinje 1929.

when the great astronomer Edwin Hubble

kada je veliki astronom Edvin Habl

realized that the distant galaxies

shvatio da se sve daleke galaksije

were all rushing away from us,

brzo udaljavaju od nas

establishing that space itself is stretching,

i time je utvrdio da se sam svemir širi,

it's expanding.

da se proširuje.

Now this was revolutionary.

To je bilo nešto revolucionarno.

The prevailing wisdom was that on the largest of scales

Tada je bilo uvreženo mišljenje da je u najvećoj meri

the universe was static.

svemir statičan.

But even so,

Ali ipak,

there was one thing that everyone was certain of:

u jedno su svi bili sigurni:

The expansion must be slowing down.

širenje mora da se usporava.

That, much as the gravitational pull of the Earth

Kao što sila teže Zemlje

slows the ascent of an apple tossed upward,

usporava uspon jabuke bačene uvis,

the gravitational pull

tako sila težnje

of each galaxy on every other

svake galaksije koja utiče na sve ostale

must be slowing

mora da usporava

the expansion of space.

širenje svemira.

Now let's fast-forward to the 1990s

Sada hajde da uzbrzamo do 1990-ih

when those two teams of astronomers

kada su ta dva tima astronoma

I mentioned at the outset

koje sam spomenuo na početku,

were inspired by this reasoning

inspirisana ovim razmišljanjem,

to measure the rate

izmerila stopu

at which the expansion has been slowing.

po kojoj se širenje usporava.

And they did this

To su učinili

by painstaking observations

mukotrpnim zapažanjima

of numerous distant galaxies,

brojnih udaljenih galaksija,

allowing them to chart

što im je omogućilo da prate

how the expansion rate has changed over time.

kako se stopa širenja promenila tokom vremena.

Here's the surprise:

I evo iznenađenja:

They found that the expansion is not slowing down.

utvrdili su da se širenje ne usporava.

Instead they found that it's speeding up,

Umesto toga utvrdili su da se ubrzava,

going faster and faster.

da je sve brže i brže.

That's like tossing an apple upward

To je kao da bacite jabuku na gore

and it goes up faster and faster.

i ona se sve više ubrzava.

Now if you saw an apple do that,

Kada biste videli jabuku da se tako kreće,

you'd want to know why.

hteli biste da znate zašto.

What's pushing on it?

Šta je gura na gore?

Similarly, the astronomers' results

Slično tome, rezultati astronoma

are surely well-deserving of the Nobel Prize,

su sigurno zaslužili Nobelovu nagradu,

but they raised an analogous question.

ali postavljaju analogno pitanje.

What force is driving all galaxies

Koja sila utiče na sve galaksije

to rush away from every other

da se međusobno udaljavaju

at an ever-quickening speed?

sve većom brzinom?

Well the most promising answer

Odgovor koji najviše obećava

comes from an old idea of Einstein's.

je stara Ajnštajnova ideja.

You see, we are all used to gravity

Vidite, svi smo navikli na gravitaciju

being a force that does one thing,

kao silu koja radi jednu stvar,

pulls objects together.

međusobno privlači stvari.

But in Einstein's theory of gravity,

Ali prema Ajnštajnovoj teoriji gravitacije,

his general theory of relativity,

njegovoj opštoj teoriji relativiteta,

gravity can also push things apart.

gravitacija može takođe da razdvaja stvari.

How? Well according to Einstein's math,

Kako? Prema Ajnštajnovoj matematici,

if space is uniformly filled

ako je svemir uniformno popunjen

with an invisible energy,

nevidljivom energijom,

sort of like a uniform, invisible mist,

nečemu nalik uniformnoj, nevidljivoj magli,

then the gravity generated by that mist

onda gravitacija koju ta magla generiše

would be repulsive,

mora da bude odbojna,

repulsive gravity,

odbojna gravitacija,

which is just what we need to explain the observations.

što je upravo to što nam treba da objasnimo ova zapažanja.

Because the repulsive gravity

Jer odbojna gravitacija

of an invisible energy in space --

nevidljive energije u svemiru --

we now call it dark energy,

koju sada zovemo tamnom energijom,

but I've made it smokey white here so you can see it --

ovde sam je prikazao dimno-belom tako da možete da je vidite -

its repulsive gravity

njena odbojna gravitacija

would cause each galaxy to push against every other,

bi uticala na to da se svaka galaksija odbija od svih ostalih

driving expansion to speed up,

i tako ubrzava širenje,

not slow down.

a ne usporava.

And this explanation

I ovo širenje

represents great progress.

predstavlja veliki napredak.

But I promised you a mystery

Ali obećao sam vam misteriju

here in part one.

u prvom delu.

Here it is.

Evo je.

When the astronomers worked out

Kada su astronomi izračunali

how much of this dark energy

koliko te tamne energije

must be infusing space

mora da prožima prostor

to account for the cosmic speed up,

da bi se kosmos ubrzao,

look at what they found.

otkrili su sledeće.

This number is small.

Ovo je mali broj.

Expressed in the relevant unit,

Izražen u relevantnoj jedinici,

it is spectacularly small.

on je spektakularno mali.

And the mystery is to explain this peculiar number.

Misterija je objasniti ovaj čudan broj.

We want this number

Želimo da ovaj broj

to emerge from the laws of physics,

nastane iz zakona fizike,

but so far no one has found a way to do that.

ali do sada to nikome nije uspelo.

Now you might wonder,

Možete se zapitati,

should you care?

zašto je to važno?

Maybe explaining this number

Možda je objašnjenje ovog broja

is just a technical issue,

samo tehničko pitanje,

a technical detail of interest to experts,

tehnički podatak zanimljiv stručnjacima,

but of no relevance to anybody else.

bez važnosti za nas ostale.

Well it surely is a technical detail,

To svakako jeste tehnički podatak,

but some details really matter.

ali neki podaci stvarno jesu važni.

Some details provide

Neki podaci daju

windows into uncharted realms of reality,

uvid u neistražene svetove realnosti

and this peculiar number may be doing just that,

i ovaj čudan broj možda upravo to čini,

as the only approach that's so far made headway to explain it

jer kao jedini način koji je do sada to uspešno objašnjavao,

invokes the possibility of other universes --

poziva se na mogućnost postojanja drugih univerzuma -

an idea that naturally emerges from string theory,

ideja koja prirodno proističe iz teorije struna,

which takes me to part two: string theory.

što me uvodi u drugi deo: teoriju struna.

So hold the mystery of the dark energy

Zato nemojte zaboraviti negde u pozadini

in the back of your mind

misteriju tamne materije,

as I now go on to tell you

dok vam budem pričao o

three key things about string theory.

tri ključne stvari teorije struna.

First off, what is it?

Kao prvo, šta je to?

Well it's an approach to realize Einstein's dream

To je pristup ka ostvarivanju Ajnštanovog sna

of a unified theory of physics,

o jedinstvenoj teoriji u fizici,

a single overarching framework

jednom sveobuhvatnom okviru

that would be able to describe

koji bi mogao da opiše

all the forces at work in the universe.

sve sile koje deluju u univerzumu.

And the central idea of string theory

Centralna ideja teorije struna

is quite straightforward.

je prilično jednostavna.

It says that if you examine

Ona kaže da ako ispitujete

any piece of matter ever more finely,

bilo koji delić materije sve detaljnije,

at first you'll find molecules

prvo ćete naći molekule,

and then you'll find atoms and subatomic particles.

a onda atome i subatomske čestice.

But the theory says that if you could probe smaller,

Prema ovoj teoriji, ako biste mogli da ispitujete još sitnije

much smaller than we can with existing technology,

nego što možemo postojećom tehnologijom,

you'd find something else inside these particles --

našli biste još nešto u ovim česticama -

a little tiny vibrating filament of energy,

sićušno, vibrirajuće vlakno energije,

a little tiny vibrating string.

sićušnu vibrirajuću strunu.

And just like the strings on a violin,

I baš kao strune na violini,

they can vibrate in different patterns

one mogu da vibriraju na različite načine

producing different musical notes.

proizvodeći različite muzičke note.

These little fundamental strings,

Ove male fundamentalne strune,

when they vibrate in different patterns,

kada vibriraju na različite načine,

they produce different kinds of particles --

proizvode različite vrste čestica --

so electrons, quarks, neutrinos, photons,

tako se elektroni, kvarkovi, neutrini, fotoni,

all other particles

sve ostale čestice

would be united into a single framework,

ujedinjuju u jedan okvir,

as they would all arise from vibrating strings.

pošto svi proističu iz vibrirajućih struna.

It's a compelling picture,

To je zanimljiva slika,

a kind of cosmic symphony,

neke vrste kosmičke simfonije,

where all the richness

gde svo bogatstvo

that we see in the world around us

koje vidimo u svetu oko nas

emerges from the music

nastaje iz muzike

that these little, tiny strings can play.

koje ove sićušne strune mogu da sviraju.

But there's a cost

Ali postoji cena

to this elegant unification,

ovog elegantnog ujedinjenja

because years of research

jer su godine istraživanja

have shown that the math of string theory doesn't quite work.

pokazale da matematika teorije struna ne funkcioniše baš sasvim.

It has internal inconsistencies,

Postoje interne nedoslednosti,

unless we allow

osim ako dopustimo

for something wholly unfamiliar --

nešto potpuno nepoznato --

extra dimensions of space.

dodatne dimenzije prostora.

That is, we all know about the usual three dimensions of space.

Svi znamo za tri standardne dimenzije prostora.

And you can think about those

Možete ih zamisliti

as height, width and depth.

kao visinu, širinu i dubinu.

But string theory says that, on fantastically small scales,

Ali teorija struna kaže da na fantastično maloj skali,

there are additional dimensions

postoje dodatne dimenzije

crumpled to a tiny size so small

zgužvane na tako malu veličinu

that we have not detected them.

da ih nismo detektovali.

But even though the dimensions are hidden,

Ali čak iako su dimenzije skrivene,

they would have an impact on things that we can observe

one bi uticale na stvari koje možemo primetiti

because the shape of the extra dimensions

jer oblik dodatnih dimenzija

constrains how the strings can vibrate.

ograničava kako strune vibriraju.

And in string theory,

A u teoriji struna,

vibration determines everything.

vibracije određuju sve.

So particle masses, the strengths of forces,

Tako bi masa čestica, jačina sila

and most importantly, the amount of dark energy

i najvažnije, količina tamne materije

would be determined

bila određena

by the shape of the extra dimensions.

oblikom dodatnih dimenzija.

So if we knew the shape of the extra dimensions,

Zato kada bismo znali oblik dodatnih dimenzija,

we should be able to calculate these features,

mogli bismo da izračunamo te karakteristike,

calculate the amount of dark energy.

da izračunamo količinu tamne energije.

The challenge

Izazov

is we don't know

je u tome što ne znamo

the shape of the extra dimensions.

oblik dodatnih dimenzija.

All we have

Sve što imamo

is a list of candidate shapes

je spisak kandidata oblika

allowed by the math.

koje dopušta matematika.

Now when these ideas were first developed,

Kada su ove ideje pri put razvijene,

there were only about five different candidate shapes,

bilo je samo oko pet različitih kandidata za oblike,

so you can imagine

pa možete zamisliti

analyzing them one-by-one

da ih analizirate jednog po jednog

to determine if any yield

kako biste utvrdili da li neki daje

the physical features we observe.

fizičke karakteristike koje smo zapazili.

But over time the list grew

Ali tokom vremena spisak se uvećao

as researchers found other candidate shapes.

jer su istraživači našli još kandidata za oblike.

From five, the number grew into the hundreds and then the thousands --

Sa pet, broj je porastao na stotine i onda hiljade -

A large, but still manageable, collection to analyze,

Što je veliki skup, ali koji se ipak može analizirati

since after all,

jer ipak

graduate students need something to do.

i postdiplomci moraju nešto da rade.

But then the list continued to grow

A onda je spisak nastavio da raste

into the millions and the billions, until today.

na milione i milijarde, do danas.

The list of candidate shapes

Spisak kandidata za oblike

has soared to about 10 to the 500.

je otišao za oko 10 na 500.

So, what to do?

I šta sada?

Well some researchers lost heart,

Neki istraživači su se obeshrabrili

concluding that was so many candidate shapes for the extra dimensions,

i zaključili da sa toliko kandidata za oblike dodatnih dimenzija,

each giving rise to different physical features,

gde svaki daje različite fizičke karakteristike,

string theory would never make

teorija struna nikada neće dati

definitive, testable predictions.

konačna predviđanja koja se mogu testirati.

But others turned this issue on its head,

Ali drugi su obrnuli ovaj problem naglavačke

taking us to the possibility of a multiverse.

i uveli mogućnost multiverzuma.

Here's the idea.

Evo ideje.

Maybe each of these shapes is on an equal footing with every other.

Možda je svaki od ovih oblika jednak svim ostalima.

Each is as real as every other,

Svaki je realan kao i svaki drugi,

in the sense

u smislu

that there are many universes,

da postoje mnogi univerzumi,

each with a different shape, for the extra dimensions.

svi različitog oblika, za dodatne dimenzije.

And this radical proposal

Ovaj radikalni predlog

has a profound impact on this mystery:

je imao dubok uticaj na ovu misteriju:

the amount of dark energy revealed by the Nobel Prize-winning results.

količinu tamne energije koju su otkrili rezultati za dobijenu Nobelovu nagradu.

Because you see,

Jer vidite,

if there are other universes,

ako postoje drugi univerzumi

and if those universes

i ako svaki taj univerzum

each have, say, a different shape for the extra dimensions,

ima različit oblik za dodatne dimenzije,

then the physical features of each universe will be different,

onda će fizičke karakteristike svakog univerzuma biti različite

and in particular,

i konkretno,

the amount of dark energy in each universe

količina tamne energije u svakom univerzumu

will be different.

će se razlikovati.

Which means that the mystery

Što znači da bi misterija

of explaining the amount of dark energy we've now measured

objašnjenja količine tamne energije koju smo sada izmerili

would take on a wholly different character.

imala potpuno drugačiji karakter.

In this context,

U ovom kontekstu,

the laws of physics can't explain one number for the dark energy

zakoni fizike ne mogu da objasne jedan broj za tamnu materiju

because there isn't just one number,

jer ne postoji samo jedan broj,

there are many numbers.

ima mnogo brojeva.

Which means

To znači

we have been asking the wrong question.

da smo postavljali pogrešno pitanje.

It's that the right question to ask is,

Pravo pitanje koje treba postaviti jeste,

why do we humans find ourselves in a universe

zašto se mi ljudi nalazimo u univerzumu

with a particular amount of dark energy we've measured

sa određenom količinom tamne materije koju smo izmerili

instead of any of the other possibilities

umesto bilo koje druge mogućnosti

that are out there?

koja postoji?

And that's a question on which we can make headway.

To je pitanje sa kojim možemo da napredujemo.

Because those universes

Jer u tim univerzumima

that have much more dark energy than ours,

koji imaju mnogo više tamne energije od naše,

whenever matter tries to clump into galaxies,

kad god materija proba da se grupiše u galaksije,

the repulsive push of the dark energy is so strong

snaga odbijanja tamne energije je toliko jaka

that it blows the clump apart

da razbija tu gomilu

and galaxies don't form.

i galaksije se ne formiraju.

And in those universes that have much less dark energy,

U tim univerzumima koji imaju mnogo manje tamne energije,

well they collapse back on themselves so quickly

dolazi do unutrašnjeg kolapsa tako brzo

that, again, galaxies don't form.

da se galaksije opet ne formiraju.

And without galaxies, there are no stars, no planets

Bez galaksija, nema zvezda, nema planeta

and no chance

i nema šanse da

for our form of life

naš oblik života

to exist in those other universes.

postoji u tim drugim univerzumima.

So we find ourselves in a universe

Zato se nalazimo u univerzumu

with the particular amount of dark energy we've measured

sa određenom količinom tamne energije koju smo izmerili

simply because our universe has conditions

prosto zato što naš univerzum ima uslove

hospitable to our form of life.

koji su pogodni za naš oblik života.

And that would be that.

To bi bilo to.

Mystery solved,

Misterija rešena,

multiverse found.

multiverzum nađen.

Now some find this explanation unsatisfying.

Neki nisu zadovoljni ovim objašnjenjem.

We're used to physics

Navikli smo da nam fizika

giving us definitive explanations for the features we observe.

daje konačna objašnjenja odlika koje opažamo.

But the point is,

Ali poenta je u tome,

if the feature you're observing

da ako odlika koju zapažate

can and does take on

može da ima i ima

a wide variety of different values

niz različitih vrednosti

across the wider landscape of reality,

u širokom predelu realnosti,

then thinking one explanation

onda razmišljanje o jednom objašnjenju

for a particular value

za određnu vrednost

is simply misguided.

je jednostavno neispravno.

An early example

Rani primer

comes from the great astronomer Johannes Kepler

dolazi od velikog astronoma Johana Keplera

who was obsessed with understanding

koji je bio opsednut razumevanjem

a different number --

jednog drugog broja -

why the Sun is 93 million miles away from the Earth.

zašto je Sunce udaljeno 150 miliona km od Zemlje.

And he worked for decades trying to explain this number,

Decenijama je pokušavao da objasni ovaj broj,

but he never succeeded, and we know why.

ali nikada nije uspeo i znamo zašto.

Kepler was asking

Kepler je postavljao

the wrong question.

pogrešno pitanje.

We now know that there are many planets

Sada znamo da postoje mnoge planete

at a wide variety of different distances from their host stars.

koje su na različitim rastojanjima od svojih matičnih zvezda.

So hoping that the laws of physics

Zato je nadanje da će zakoni fizike

will explain one particular number, 93 million miles,

objasniti jedan određeni broj, 150 miliona km,

well that is simply wrongheaded.

jednostavno pogrešno.

Instead the right question to ask is,

Umesto toga pravo pitanje jeste,

why do we humans find ourselves on a planet

zašto se ljudi nalaze na planeti,

at this particular distance,

na određenoj udaljenosti,

instead of any of the other possibilities?

umesto svih ostalih mogućnosti?

And again, that's a question we can answer.

I opet, to je pitanje na koje možemo da odgovorimo.

Those planets which are much closer to a star like the Sun

Sve one planete koje su mnogo bliže zvezdi poput Sunca

would be so hot

bile bi toliko tople

that our form of life wouldn't exist.

da naš oblik života ne bi postojao.

And those planets that are much farther away from the star,

A one planete koje su mnogo dalje od zvezde,

well they're so cold

one su toliko hladne

that, again, our form of life would not take hold.

da naš oblik života ne bi mogao da opstane.

So we find ourselves

Tako da se nalazimo

on a planet at this particular distance

na planeti pri ovoj određenoj udaljenosti

simply because it yields conditions

prosto jer nam daje uslove

vital to our form of life.

ključne za naš oblik života.

And when it comes to planets and their distances,

A kada su u pitanju planete i njihova udaljenost,

this clearly is the right kind of reasoning.

ovo je očigledno ispravan način razmišljanja.

The point is,

Poenta je,

when it comes to universes and the dark energy that they contain,

da kada su u pitanju univerzumi i tamna energija koju sadrže,

it may also be the right kind of reasoning.

to takođe može biti ispravan način razmišljanja.

One key difference, of course,

Jedna ključna razlika, naravno,

is we know that there are other planets out there,

jeste da znamo da postoji još planeta,

but so far I've only speculated on the possibility

ali do sada smo samo spekulisali o mogućnosti

that there might be other universes.

da postoje drugi univerzumi.

So to pull it all together,

Znači da bismo sve spojili,

we need a mechanism

potreban nam je mehanizam

that can actually generate other universes.

koji stvarno generiše druge univerzume.

And that takes me to my final part, part three.

To me dovodi do mog konačnog dela, trećeg dela.

Because such a mechanism has been found

Jer su takav mehanizam pronašli

by cosmologists trying to understand the Big Bang.

kosmolozi koji pokušavaju da razumeju Veliki prasak.

You see, when we speak of the Big Bang,

Vidite, kada govorimo o Velikom prasku,

we often have an image

često imamo sliku

of a kind of cosmic explosion

neke kosmičke eksplozije

that created our universe

koja je stvorila univerzum

and set space rushing outward.

i izbacila svemir napolje.

But there's a little secret.

Ali postoji mala tajna.

The Big Bang leaves out something pretty important,

Veliki prasak izostavlja nešto veoma važno,

the Bang.

prasak.

It tells us how the universe evolved after the Bang,

On nam govori o tome kako se univerzum razvio nakon praska,

but gives us no insight

ali nam ne daje uvid

into what would have powered the Bang itself.

u to šta je dalo energiju samom prasku.

And this gap was finally filled

A ova rupa je konačno popunjena

by an enhanced version of the Big Bang theory.

boljom verzijom teorije Velikog praska.

It's called inflationary cosmology,

Zove se inflatorna kosmologija,

which identified a particular kind of fuel

koja je identifikovala određenu vrstu goriva

that would naturally generate

koje bi prirodno generisalo

an outward rush of space.

izbijanje prostora ka spolja.

The fuel is based on something called a quantum field,

Gorivo se zasniva na nečemu nazvanom kvantno polje,

but the only detail that matters for us

ali jedini podatak koji nam je važan

is that this fuel proves to be so efficient

jeste da je ovo gorivo toliko efikasno

that it's virtually impossible

da je praktično nemoguće

to use it all up,

da se sve potroši,

which means in the inflationary theory,

što znači da prema inflatornoj teoriji,

the Big Bang giving rise to our universe

Veliki prasak koji je stvorio naš univerzum

is likely not a one-time event.

verovatno nije jedinstveni događaj.

Instead the fuel not only generated our Big Bang,

Umesto toga gorivo je generisalo ne samo naš Veliki prasak,

but it would also generate countless other Big Bangs,

već i bezbroj drugih Velikih praskova,

each giving rise to its own separate universe

svaki bi stvorio svoj posebni univerzum,

with our universe becoming but one bubble

a naš univerzum bi bio samo jedan mehur

in a grand cosmic bubble bath of universes.

u velikoj kosmičkoj peni za kupanje univerzuma.

And now, when we meld this with string theory,

Sada, kada spojimo ovo sa teorijom struna,

here's the picture we're led to.

evo slike do koje dolazimo.

Each of these universes has extra dimensions.

Svaki od ovih univerzuma ima dodatne dimenizije.

The extra dimensions take on a wide variety of different shapes.

Ekstra dimenzije imaju niz različitih oblika.

The different shapes yield different physical features.

Različiti oblici daju različite fizičke odlike.

And we find ourselves in one universe instead of another

I mi smo u jednom univerzumu umesto u drugom,

simply because it's only in our universe

jednostavno jer su samo u našem univerzumu

that the physical features, like the amount of dark energy,

fizičke odlike, kao što je količina tamne energije,

are right for our form of life to take hold.

pogodne za razvoj našeg oblika života.

And this is the compelling but highly controversial picture

Ovo je zanimljiva, ali veoma kontroverzna slika

of the wider cosmos

šireg kosmosa

that cutting-edge observation and theory

koju su nas najnovija zapažanja i teorija

have now led us to seriously consider.

naterali da ozbiljno razmotrimo.

One big remaining question, of course, is,

Ostaje jedno veliko pitanje, a to je,

could we ever confirm

da li bismo ikada mogli da potvrdimo

the existence of other universes?

postojanje drugih univerzuma?

Well let me describe

Objasniću vam

one way that might one day happen.

jedan način na koji bi to moglo da se dogodi.

The inflationary theory

Inflaciona teorija

already has strong observational support.

već ima jaku podršku iz zapažanja.

Because the theory predicts

Jer teorija predviđa

that the Big Bang would have been so intense

da bi Veliki prasak bio toliko intenzivan

that as space rapidly expanded,

da bi se dok se svemir brzo širio,

tiny quantum jitters from the micro world

sićušni kvantni titraji mikro sveta

would have been stretched out to the macro world,

proširli u makro svet,

yielding a distinctive fingerprint,

dajući upadljiv otisak,

a pattern of slightly hotter spots and slightly colder spots,

raspored blago toplijih tačaka i blago hladnijih tačaka,

across space,

širom svemira,

which powerful telescopes have now observed.

koji su sada zapazili jaki teleskopi.

Going further, if there are other universes,

Ako idemo dalje, ako postoji još univerzuma,

the theory predicts that every so often

teorija predviđa da se svako malo

those universes can collide.

ti univerzumi mogu sudariti.

And if our universe got hit by another,

I ako bi naš univerzum udario drugi,

that collision

taj sudar

would generate an additional subtle pattern

bi stvorio dodatan suptilan raspored

of temperature variations across space

temperaturnih varijacija širom svemira

that we might one day

koje bismo mogli jednog dana

be able to detect.

da detektujemo.

And so exotic as this picture is,

I ma koliko ova slika bila egzotična,

it may one day be grounded

jednog dana bi mogla biti zasnovana

in observations,

na opservacijama,

establishing the existence of other universes.

utvrđujući postojanje drugih univerzuma.

I'll conclude

Završiću sa

with a striking implication

bitnim implikacijama

of all these ideas

svih ovih ideja

for the very far future.

za veoma daleku budućnost.

You see, we learned

Vidite, naučili smo

that our universe is not static,

da naš univerzum nije statičan,

that space is expanding,

da se svemir širi,

that that expansion is speeding up

da se to širenje ubrzava

and that there might be other universes

i da možda postoji još univerzuma

all by carefully examining

samo pažljivim pregledanjem

faint pinpoints of starlight

slabašnih tačaka zvezdanog svetla

coming to us from distant galaxies.

koje dolazi do nas iz udaljenih galaksija.

But because the expansion is speeding up,

Pošto se širenje ubrzava,

in the very far future,

u veoma dalekoj budućnosti

those galaxies will rush away so far and so fast

te galaksije će se udaljiti toliko daleko i toliko brzo

that we won't be able to see them --

da nećemo moći da ih vidimo -

not because of technological limitations,

ne zbog tehnoloških ograničenja,

but because of the laws of physics.

već zbog zakona fizike.

The light those galaxies emit,

Svetlost koju te galaksije emituju,

even traveling at the fastest speed, the speed of light,

čak i kada putuju pri najbržoj brzini, brzini svetlosti,

will not be able to overcome

neće moći da premosti

the ever-widening gulf between us.

sve veći jaz između nas.

So astronomers in the far future

Zato astronomi u dalekoj budućnosti

looking out into deep space

koji gledaju u dalek svemir

will see nothing but an endless stretch

neće videti ništa osim beskonačnog prostranstva

of static, inky, black stillness.

statične, mastiljave, crne tišine.

And they will conclude

Oni će zaključiti

that the universe is static and unchanging

da je univerzum statičan i nepromenljiv

and populated by a single central oasis of matter

i nastanjen jednom centralnom oazom materije

that they inhabit --

koju oni nastanjuju -

a picture of the cosmos

slika kosmosa

that we definitively know to be wrong.

za koju definitivno znamo da je pogrešna.

Now maybe those future astronomers will have records

Možda će ti budući astronomi imati dokaze

handed down from an earlier era,

prenete iz ranijeg doba,

like ours,

poput našeg,

attesting to an expanding cosmos

koji potvrđuju da se kosmos širi

teeming with galaxies.

prepun galaksija.

But would those future astronomers

Ali da li će ti budući astronomi

believe such ancient knowledge?

verovati u to drevno znanje?

Or would they believe

Ili će verovati

in the black, static empty universe

u crni, statični prazni univerzum

that their own state-of-the-art observations reveal?

koji pokazuju njihova najnovija zapažanja?

I suspect the latter.

Nagađam da će biti ovo drugo.

Which means that we are living

Što znači da živimo

through a remarkably privileged era

u izuzetno privilegovanom dobu,

when certain deep truths about the cosmos

u kome su neke suštinske istine o kosmosu

are still within reach

i dalje na dohvat

of the human spirit of exploration.

ljudskog istraživačkog duha.

It appears that it may not always be that way.

Izgleda da možda neće uvek biti tako.

Because today's astronomers,

Jer današnji astronomi su,

by turning powerful telescopes to the sky,

usmeravajući jake teleskope ka nebu,

have captured a handful of starkly informative photons --

uhvatili nekolicinu veoma informativnih fotona -

a kind of cosmic telegram

vrstu kosmičkog telegrama

billions of years in transit.

milijardi godina u tranzitu.

and the message echoing across the ages is clear.

Poruka koja odzvanja kroz vekove je jasna.

Sometimes nature guards her secrets

Nekada priroda štiti svoje tajne

with the unbreakable grip

čvrstom rukom

of physical law.

fizičkog zakona.

Sometimes the true nature of reality beckons

Nekada nas prava priroda realnosti doziva

from just beyond the horizon.

negde preko horizonta.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam puno.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Chris Anderson: Brian, thank you.

Kris Anderson: Brajane, hvala ti.

The range of ideas you've just spoken about

Raspon ideja o kojima si nam pričao

are dizzying, exhilarating, incredible.

je vrtoglav, uzbudljiv, neverovatan.

How do you think

Gde misliš

of where cosmology is now,

da je kosmologija sada,

in a sort of historical side?

sa istorijskog aspekta?

Are we in the middle of something unusual historically in your opinion?

Da li smo usred nečega istorijski neobičnog, prema tebi?

BG: Well it's hard to say.

BG: Teško je reći.

When we learn that astronomers of the far future

Kada saznamo da astronomi u dalekoj budućnosti

may not have enough information to figure things out,

možda neće imati dovoljno informacija da saznaju stvari,

the natural question is, maybe we're already in that position

postavlja se pitanje, možda smo već u toj poziciji

and certain deep, critical features of the universe

i neke duboke, ključne odlike univerzuma

already have escaped our ability to understand

su već utekle našoj sposobnosti da ih razumemo

because of how cosmology evolves.

zbog načina na koji se kosmologija razvija.

So from that perspective,

Iz te perspektive,

maybe we will always be asking questions

možda ćemo uvek postavljati pitanja

and never be able to fully answer them.

i nikada nećemo moći u potpunosti da ih razumemo.

On the other hand, we now can understand

Sa druge strane, sada možemo da razumemo

how old the universe is.

koliko je star univerzum.

We can understand

Možemo razumeti

how to understand the data from the microwave background radiation

kako da razumemo podatke mikrotalasnog pozadinskog zračenja

that was set down 13.72 billion years ago --

koje je poslato pre 13,72 milijardi godina -

and yet, we can do calculations today to predict how it will look

danas možemo da izračunamo kako da predvidimo kako će izgledati

and it matches.

i poklapa se.

Holy cow! That's just amazing.

Tako mi svega! To je neverovatno.

So on the one hand, it's just incredible where we've gotten,

Sa jedne strane, potpuno je neverovatno dokle smo stigli,

but who knows what sort of blocks we may find in the future.

ali ko zna na kakve prepreke možemo naići u budućnosti.

CA: You're going to be around for the next few days.

KA: Ti ćeš biti tu narednih par dana.

Maybe some of these conversations can continue.

Možda se neki od ovih razgovora mogu nastaviti.

Thank you. Thank you, Brian. (BG: My pleasure.)

Hvala ti. Hvala ti, Brajane. (BG: Bilo mi je zadovoljstvo.)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)