Why is our universe fine-tuned for life? | Brian Greene

4,627,203 views ใƒป 2012-04-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Jenny Zurawell
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
A few months ago
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
00:17
the Nobel Prize in physics
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ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
00:19
was awarded to two teams of astronomers
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ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
00:21
for a discovery that has been hailed
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ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“
00:24
as one of the most important
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ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:26
astronomical observations ever.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืื™-ืคืขื.
00:28
And today, after briefly describing what they found,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืชืืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•,
00:30
I'm going to tell you about a highly controversial framework
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
00:33
for explaining their discovery,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:36
namely the possibility
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
00:38
that way beyond the Earth,
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:40
the Milky Way and other distant galaxies,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช,
00:43
we may find that our universe
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
00:45
is not the only universe,
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ืื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
00:47
but is instead
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช
00:49
part of a vast complex of universes
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื
00:51
that we call the multiverse.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื.
00:53
Now the idea of a multiverse is a strange one.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืจ.
00:56
I mean, most of us were raised to believe
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”
00:58
that the word "universe" means everything.
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื™ืงื•ื" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ.
01:01
And I say most of us with forethought,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
01:04
as my four-year-old daughter has heard me speak of these ideas since she was born.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืช ื”-4 ืฉืžืขื” ืื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
01:07
And last year I was holding her
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื™ ืื•ืชื”
01:09
and I said, "Sophia,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ "ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
01:11
I love you more than anything in the universe."
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื."
01:14
And she turned to me and said, "Daddy,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื”, "ืื‘ื,
01:16
universe or multiverse?"
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ื™ืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื?"
01:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:21
But barring such an anomalous upbringing,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืžืœื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”,
01:24
it is strange to imagine
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
01:26
other realms separate from ours,
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ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
01:28
most with fundamentally different features,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ืžืฉืœื ื•,
01:30
that would rightly be called universes of their own.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
01:33
And yet,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
01:35
speculative though the idea surely is,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืคืจืš,
01:37
I aim to convince you
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ืžื˜ืจืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
01:39
that there's reason for taking it seriously,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื—ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
01:41
as it just might be right.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:43
I'm going to tell the story of the multiverse in three parts.
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื.
01:46
In part one,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
01:48
I'm going to describe those Nobel Prize-winning results
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ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ
01:50
and to highlight a profound mystery
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ื•ืืื™ืจ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื ืกืชืจืช ื•ืขืžื•ืงื”
01:52
which those results revealed.
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ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื—ืฉืคื•.
01:54
In part two,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:56
I'll offer a solution to that mystery.
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ืืฆื™ืข ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
01:58
It's based on an approach called string theory,
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ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
02:00
and that's where the idea of the multiverse
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื
02:02
will come into the story.
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ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
02:04
Finally, in part three,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
02:06
I'm going to describe a cosmological theory
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ืืชืืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
02:08
called inflation,
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช,
02:10
which will pull all the pieces of the story together.
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ืืฉืจ ืชืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:13
Okay, part one starts back in 1929
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘-1929
02:17
when the great astronomer Edwin Hubble
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืœ
02:19
realized that the distant galaxies
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช
02:22
were all rushing away from us,
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ื‘ื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
02:24
establishing that space itself is stretching,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชืžืชื—,
02:26
it's expanding.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜.
02:28
Now this was revolutionary.
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.
02:31
The prevailing wisdom was that on the largest of scales
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ืื– ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
02:34
the universe was static.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
02:36
But even so,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ืš,
02:38
there was one thing that everyone was certain of:
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ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื•:
02:41
The expansion must be slowing down.
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืื˜.
02:44
That, much as the gravitational pull of the Earth
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
02:47
slows the ascent of an apple tossed upward,
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ืžืื˜ ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื•ื— ืฉื ื–ืจืง ืœืžืขืœื”,
02:50
the gravitational pull
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ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“
02:52
of each galaxy on every other
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:54
must be slowing
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืื˜
02:56
the expansion of space.
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ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ.
02:58
Now let's fast-forward to the 1990s
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ื›ืขืช ื ืขืฉื” ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
03:01
when those two teams of astronomers
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
03:03
I mentioned at the outset
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ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
03:05
were inspired by this reasoning
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:07
to measure the rate
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ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืงืฆื‘
03:09
at which the expansion has been slowing.
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ื”ื”ืื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
03:11
And they did this
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช
03:13
by painstaking observations
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ืงื“ืงื ื™ื•ืช
03:15
of numerous distant galaxies,
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ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช,
03:17
allowing them to chart
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืชืืจ ื’ืจืคื™ืช
03:19
how the expansion rate has changed over time.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
03:22
Here's the surprise:
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื” ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”:
03:25
They found that the expansion is not slowing down.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืื™ื˜ื”.
03:28
Instead they found that it's speeding up,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื™ืฆื”,
03:30
going faster and faster.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช.
03:32
That's like tossing an apple upward
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืชืคื•ื— ืœืžืขืœื”
03:34
and it goes up faster and faster.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืฅ.
03:36
Now if you saw an apple do that,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืคื•ื— ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
03:38
you'd want to know why.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืข.
03:40
What's pushing on it?
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ืžื” ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื•?
03:42
Similarly, the astronomers' results
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื,
03:44
are surely well-deserving of the Nobel Prize,
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ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ,
03:47
but they raised an analogous question.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืขืœื• ืฉืืœื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
03:51
What force is driving all galaxies
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
03:53
to rush away from every other
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ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:56
at an ever-quickening speed?
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช?
03:59
Well the most promising answer
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:01
comes from an old idea of Einstein's.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:04
You see, we are all used to gravity
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ืชืจืื•, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
04:06
being a force that does one thing,
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“,
04:09
pulls objects together.
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ืžื•ืฉืš ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื.
04:11
But in Einstein's theory of gravity,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:13
his general theory of relativity,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
04:15
gravity can also push things apart.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืขืฆืžื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
04:18
How? Well according to Einstein's math,
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ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“? ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:21
if space is uniformly filled
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ืื ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ื™ื“ื”
04:23
with an invisible energy,
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ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช,
04:25
sort of like a uniform, invisible mist,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืขืจืคืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”,
04:28
then the gravity generated by that mist
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ืื– ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขืจืคืœ
04:31
would be repulsive,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ื”,
04:33
repulsive gravity,
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ื›ื•ื—-ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ื—ื”,
04:35
which is just what we need to explain the observations.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
04:38
Because the repulsive gravity
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ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื”
04:40
of an invisible energy in space --
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ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ --
04:42
we now call it dark energy,
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”,
04:44
but I've made it smokey white here so you can see it --
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืฆื‘ืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืชื” --
04:47
its repulsive gravity
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ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื”
04:49
would cause each galaxy to push against every other,
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ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
04:51
driving expansion to speed up,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืืฆืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
04:53
not slow down.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ืื˜ืชื”.
04:55
And this explanation
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ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื”
04:57
represents great progress.
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ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
04:59
But I promised you a mystery
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
05:02
here in part one.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
05:04
Here it is.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื:
05:06
When the astronomers worked out
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื•
05:08
how much of this dark energy
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”
05:11
must be infusing space
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ
05:13
to account for the cosmic speed up,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช,
05:15
look at what they found.
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ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื”ื ืžืฆืื•.
05:24
This number is small.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ.
05:26
Expressed in the relevant unit,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช,
05:28
it is spectacularly small.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
05:30
And the mystery is to explain this peculiar number.
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ื•ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
05:33
We want this number
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”
05:35
to emerge from the laws of physics,
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ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
05:37
but so far no one has found a way to do that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
05:40
Now you might wonder,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
05:43
should you care?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื ื•?
05:45
Maybe explaining this number
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืชืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”
05:47
is just a technical issue,
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ื–ื• ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช,
05:49
a technical detail of interest to experts,
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ืคืจื˜ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื,
05:52
but of no relevance to anybody else.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:54
Well it surely is a technical detail,
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ืื– ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืคืจื˜ ื˜ื›ื ื™,
05:57
but some details really matter.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
05:59
Some details provide
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื
06:01
windows into uncharted realms of reality,
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ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
06:03
and this peculiar number may be doing just that,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ืืช,
06:06
as the only approach that's so far made headway to explain it
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื
06:09
invokes the possibility of other universes --
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ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
06:12
an idea that naturally emerges from string theory,
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
06:15
which takes me to part two: string theory.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™: ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
06:18
So hold the mystery of the dark energy
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ืชืฉืžืจื• ืืช ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื”
06:22
in the back of your mind
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื
06:24
as I now go on to tell you
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืขืช ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
06:26
three key things about string theory.
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ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
06:29
First off, what is it?
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืžื” ื”ื™ื?
06:31
Well it's an approach to realize Einstein's dream
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
06:34
of a unified theory of physics,
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
06:37
a single overarching framework
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ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืงืช ื”ื›ืœ
06:39
that would be able to describe
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ื•ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืชืืจ
06:41
all the forces at work in the universe.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
06:43
And the central idea of string theory
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื
06:45
is quite straightforward.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
06:47
It says that if you examine
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื
06:49
any piece of matter ever more finely,
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ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง,
06:51
at first you'll find molecules
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
06:53
and then you'll find atoms and subatomic particles.
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
06:56
But the theory says that if you could probe smaller,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืื ื ื—ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง,
06:58
much smaller than we can with existing technology,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช,
07:01
you'd find something else inside these particles --
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ื ืžืฆื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• --
07:04
a little tiny vibrating filament of energy,
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ืกื™ื‘ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ื˜ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
07:07
a little tiny vibrating string.
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ืžื™ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ื˜.
07:10
And just like the strings on a violin,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ,
07:12
they can vibrate in different patterns
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ื”ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
07:14
producing different musical notes.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:16
These little fundamental strings,
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ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื”,
07:18
when they vibrate in different patterns,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
07:20
they produce different kinds of particles --
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
07:22
so electrons, quarks, neutrinos, photons,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื, ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•, ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื,
07:24
all other particles
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:26
would be united into a single framework,
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ื™ืื•ื—ื“ื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื—ืช,
07:28
as they would all arise from vibrating strings.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.
07:31
It's a compelling picture,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื‘ืช-ืจื•ืฉื,
07:34
a kind of cosmic symphony,
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ืžื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช,
07:36
where all the richness
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ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ
07:38
that we see in the world around us
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
07:40
emerges from the music
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื•ืชื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
07:42
that these little, tiny strings can play.
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื ื’ื ื™ื.
07:45
But there's a cost
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืจ
07:47
to this elegant unification,
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ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžืงืกื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
07:49
because years of research
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ
07:51
have shown that the math of string theory doesn't quite work.
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ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
07:54
It has internal inconsistencies,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื™ืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™,
07:56
unless we allow
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ืืœื ืื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื
07:58
for something wholly unfamiliar --
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ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ --
08:01
extra dimensions of space.
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ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ.
08:04
That is, we all know about the usual three dimensions of space.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
08:07
And you can think about those
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื
08:09
as height, width and depth.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื•ืขื•ืžืง.
08:12
But string theory says that, on fantastically small scales,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
08:15
there are additional dimensions
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
08:17
crumpled to a tiny size so small
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื” ื–ืขื™ืจ
08:19
that we have not detected them.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืชื.
08:21
But even though the dimensions are hidden,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื,
08:23
they would have an impact on things that we can observe
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
08:26
because the shape of the extra dimensions
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
08:29
constrains how the strings can vibrate.
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ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜.
08:32
And in string theory,
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
08:34
vibration determines everything.
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ื”ืจื˜ื˜ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืœ.
08:37
So particle masses, the strengths of forces,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืกืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง, ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช,
08:39
and most importantly, the amount of dark energy
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื”,
08:42
would be determined
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ื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™
08:44
by the shape of the extra dimensions.
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
08:46
So if we knew the shape of the extra dimensions,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
08:49
we should be able to calculate these features,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ,
08:52
calculate the amount of dark energy.
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ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
08:55
The challenge
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื
08:57
is we don't know
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ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:59
the shape of the extra dimensions.
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ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
09:02
All we have
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
09:04
is a list of candidate shapes
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ื–ื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
09:06
allowed by the math.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืชื™ืจื”.
09:09
Now when these ideas were first developed,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื,
09:11
there were only about five different candidate shapes,
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืจืง ืขืœ 5 ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช,
09:13
so you can imagine
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ
09:15
analyzing them one-by-one
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“-ืื—ื“
09:17
to determine if any yield
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื ืžื ื™ื‘
09:19
the physical features we observe.
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ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
09:21
But over time the list grew
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืชืืจื›ื”
09:23
as researchers found other candidate shapes.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
09:25
From five, the number grew into the hundreds and then the thousands --
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ืžื—ืžืฉ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœื” ืœืžืื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืœืืœืคื™ื --
09:28
A large, but still manageable, collection to analyze,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืื™ืชื•, ืœื ืชื—ื•,
09:31
since after all,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
09:33
graduate students need something to do.
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ืกื˜ื•ื ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:36
But then the list continued to grow
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
09:38
into the millions and the billions, until today.
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื.
09:41
The list of candidate shapes
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ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
09:43
has soared to about 10 to the 500.
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ื ืกืงื” ืœ-10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 500.
09:48
So, what to do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
09:51
Well some researchers lost heart,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉื•,
09:54
concluding that was so many candidate shapes for the extra dimensions,
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ื‘ื”ืกื™ืงื ืฉืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
09:57
each giving rise to different physical features,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:00
string theory would never make
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืื™-ืคืขื
10:02
definitive, testable predictions.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
10:04
But others turned this issue on its head,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•,
10:08
taking us to the possibility of a multiverse.
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ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื.
10:10
Here's the idea.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ:
10:12
Maybe each of these shapes is on an equal footing with every other.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
10:15
Each is as real as every other,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
10:17
in the sense
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
10:19
that there are many universes,
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
10:21
each with a different shape, for the extra dimensions.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
10:24
And this radical proposal
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ืœื”ืฆืขื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ื–ื•
10:26
has a profound impact on this mystery:
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขืœ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื–ื•:
10:29
the amount of dark energy revealed by the Nobel Prize-winning results.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื” ืฉื ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ.
10:32
Because you see,
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ื›ื™ ืชืจืื•,
10:34
if there are other universes,
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ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:37
and if those universes
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ื•ืื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
10:39
each have, say, a different shape for the extra dimensions,
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ื™ืฉ, ื ืืžืจ, ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
10:43
then the physical features of each universe will be different,
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ืื– ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืงื•ื ,
10:45
and in particular,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
10:47
the amount of dark energy in each universe
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืงื•ื
10:49
will be different.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:51
Which means that the mystery
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
10:53
of explaining the amount of dark energy we've now measured
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื“ื ื•
10:55
would take on a wholly different character.
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ืชืœื‘ืฉ ืื•ืคื™ ืื—ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:58
In this context,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”,
11:00
the laws of physics can't explain one number for the dark energy
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืง ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”
11:03
because there isn't just one number,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืง ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
11:06
there are many numbers.
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ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
11:08
Which means
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
11:10
we have been asking the wrong question.
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ืฉืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
11:13
It's that the right question to ask is,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”,
11:15
why do we humans find ourselves in a universe
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
11:18
with a particular amount of dark energy we've measured
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืžื“ื“ื ื•
11:21
instead of any of the other possibilities
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
11:24
that are out there?
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ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื”?
11:26
And that's a question on which we can make headway.
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ื•ืขื ืฉืืœื” ื›ื–ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
11:29
Because those universes
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื
11:31
that have much more dark energy than ours,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:33
whenever matter tries to clump into galaxies,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
11:36
the repulsive push of the dark energy is so strong
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ื–ืง
11:39
that it blows the clump apart
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคื•ืฆืฆืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช
11:41
and galaxies don't form.
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ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช.
11:43
And in those universes that have much less dark energy,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”,
11:46
well they collapse back on themselves so quickly
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ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”
11:48
that, again, galaxies don't form.
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช.
11:51
And without galaxies, there are no stars, no planets
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ืœืœื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
11:54
and no chance
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
11:56
for our form of life
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ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•
11:58
to exist in those other universes.
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ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื.
12:00
So we find ourselves in a universe
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ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
12:02
with the particular amount of dark energy we've measured
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ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื“ื“ื ื•
12:05
simply because our universe has conditions
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ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื ืื™ื
12:08
hospitable to our form of life.
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ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:12
And that would be that.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื›ืœ.
12:14
Mystery solved,
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ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื ืคืชืจื”,
12:16
multiverse found.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:18
Now some find this explanation unsatisfying.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง.
12:23
We're used to physics
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ืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
12:25
giving us definitive explanations for the features we observe.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
12:28
But the point is,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
12:30
if the feature you're observing
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ืฉืื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”
12:33
can and does take on
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื ื ื•ื˜ืœืช
12:35
a wide variety of different values
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
12:37
across the wider landscape of reality,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
12:40
then thinking one explanation
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ืื– ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ื“
12:42
for a particular value
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
12:44
is simply misguided.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ.
12:47
An early example
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ
12:49
comes from the great astronomer Johannes Kepler
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืงืคืœืจ
12:52
who was obsessed with understanding
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
12:54
a different number --
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ืขืจืš ืื—ืจ --
12:56
why the Sun is 93 million miles away from the Earth.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืž ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
13:00
And he worked for decades trying to explain this number,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืจืš ื–ื”,
13:03
but he never succeeded, and we know why.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข.
13:06
Kepler was asking
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ืงืคืœืจ ืฉืืœ
13:08
the wrong question.
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ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
13:10
We now know that there are many planets
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
13:13
at a wide variety of different distances from their host stars.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
13:16
So hoping that the laws of physics
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ื” ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
13:19
will explain one particular number, 93 million miles,
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ื™ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืจืง ืขืจืš ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, 150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืž,
13:22
well that is simply wrongheaded.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:25
Instead the right question to ask is,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื,
13:27
why do we humans find ourselves on a planet
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช
13:30
at this particular distance,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื”,
13:32
instead of any of the other possibilities?
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื?
13:35
And again, that's a question we can answer.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
13:38
Those planets which are much closer to a star like the Sun
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ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ
13:41
would be so hot
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™
13:43
that our form of life wouldn't exist.
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื• ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื.
13:45
And those planets that are much farther away from the star,
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ื•ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
13:48
well they're so cold
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืจื™ื
13:50
that, again, our form of life would not take hold.
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘, ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืชืชืคืชื— ืฉื.
13:52
So we find ourselves
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
13:54
on a planet at this particular distance
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ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื”
13:56
simply because it yields conditions
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื
13:58
vital to our form of life.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:01
And when it comes to planets and their distances,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืจื—ืงื™ื”ื,
14:04
this clearly is the right kind of reasoning.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:08
The point is,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
14:10
when it comes to universes and the dark energy that they contain,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื,
14:13
it may also be the right kind of reasoning.
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ื’ื ืื– ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:17
One key difference, of course,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
14:20
is we know that there are other planets out there,
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
14:22
but so far I've only speculated on the possibility
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
14:25
that there might be other universes.
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ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:27
So to pull it all together,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
14:29
we need a mechanism
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื ื™ื–ื
14:31
that can actually generate other universes.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:34
And that takes me to my final part, part three.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืžืก' 3.
14:37
Because such a mechanism has been found
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ื›ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื ื›ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื
14:40
by cosmologists trying to understand the Big Bang.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
14:43
You see, when we speak of the Big Bang,
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ืชืจืื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
14:45
we often have an image
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ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืืฆืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื”
14:47
of a kind of cosmic explosion
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืงื•ืกืžื™
14:49
that created our universe
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ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื™ืงื•ืžื ื•
14:51
and set space rushing outward.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ.
14:54
But there's a little secret.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ืกื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
14:56
The Big Bang leaves out something pretty important,
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ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื™,
14:59
the Bang.
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ืืช ื”ืžืคืฅ.
15:01
It tells us how the universe evolved after the Bang,
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ,
15:04
but gives us no insight
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช
15:06
into what would have powered the Bang itself.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขืฆืžื•.
15:10
And this gap was finally filled
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ืคืขืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ
15:12
by an enhanced version of the Big Bang theory.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:14
It's called inflationary cosmology,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
15:17
which identified a particular kind of fuel
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ืืฉืจ ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ื“ืœืง ืžืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
15:21
that would naturally generate
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
15:23
an outward rush of space.
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ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
15:25
The fuel is based on something called a quantum field,
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ื”ื“ืœืง ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื“ื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
15:28
but the only detail that matters for us
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืืŸ
15:31
is that this fuel proves to be so efficient
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ
15:34
that it's virtually impossible
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
15:36
to use it all up,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•,
15:38
which means in the inflationary theory,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
15:40
the Big Bang giving rise to our universe
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
15:43
is likely not a one-time event.
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ืื™ื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™.
15:46
Instead the fuel not only generated our Big Bang,
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ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฆืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:49
but it would also generate countless other Big Bangs,
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืคืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
15:55
each giving rise to its own separate universe
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ื™ืงื•ื ื ืคืจื“ ืžืฉืœื•
15:58
with our universe becoming but one bubble
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื•ืขื” ืื—ืช
16:00
in a grand cosmic bubble bath of universes.
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ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื.
16:03
And now, when we meld this with string theory,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
16:05
here's the picture we're led to.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืืœื™ื”.
16:07
Each of these universes has extra dimensions.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
16:09
The extra dimensions take on a wide variety of different shapes.
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ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.
16:12
The different shapes yield different physical features.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
16:15
And we find ourselves in one universe instead of another
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืื—ืจ
16:18
simply because it's only in our universe
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจืง ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
16:21
that the physical features, like the amount of dark energy,
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ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”,
16:24
are right for our form of life to take hold.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:28
And this is the compelling but highly controversial picture
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืš ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
16:31
of the wider cosmos
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘
16:33
that cutting-edge observation and theory
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ืฉื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
16:35
have now led us to seriously consider.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
16:39
One big remaining question, of course, is,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื,
16:43
could we ever confirm
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื™-ืคืขื ืœืืฉืจืจ
16:46
the existence of other universes?
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ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
16:49
Well let me describe
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ืืชืืจ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช
16:51
one way that might one day happen.
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ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
16:54
The inflationary theory
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ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
16:56
already has strong observational support.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
16:58
Because the theory predicts
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฆื•ืคื”
17:00
that the Big Bang would have been so intense
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ืฉื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™
17:02
that as space rapidly expanded,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
17:05
tiny quantum jitters from the micro world
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ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•
17:07
would have been stretched out to the macro world,
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืืงืจื•,
17:10
yielding a distinctive fingerprint,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช-ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
17:13
a pattern of slightly hotter spots and slightly colder spots,
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ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ืช,
17:15
across space,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
17:17
which powerful telescopes have now observed.
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ื’ื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
17:20
Going further, if there are other universes,
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ืื ื™ืฉื ื ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
17:23
the theory predicts that every so often
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื
17:25
those universes can collide.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ.
17:27
And if our universe got hit by another,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืื—ืจ,
17:29
that collision
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
17:31
would generate an additional subtle pattern
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ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
17:33
of temperature variations across space
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ
17:35
that we might one day
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ืฉืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
17:37
be able to detect.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
17:39
And so exotic as this picture is,
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
17:42
it may one day be grounded
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก
17:44
in observations,
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ืขืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช,
17:46
establishing the existence of other universes.
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ืฉื™ืืฉืจื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
17:49
I'll conclude
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ืืกื™ื™ื
17:51
with a striking implication
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ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
17:54
of all these ideas
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
17:56
for the very far future.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง.
17:58
You see, we learned
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ืœืžื“ื ื•
18:00
that our universe is not static,
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ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืกื˜ื˜ื™,
18:02
that space is expanding,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืชืคืฉื˜,
18:04
that that expansion is speeding up
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžืื™ืฆื”
18:06
and that there might be other universes
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ื•ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
18:08
all by carefully examining
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช
18:10
faint pinpoints of starlight
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ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
18:12
coming to us from distant galaxies.
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ืžื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช.
18:15
But because the expansion is speeding up,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžืื™ืฆื”,
18:18
in the very far future,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง,
18:20
those galaxies will rush away so far and so fast
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ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืชื‘ืจื—ื ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ ื•ื›ื” ื”ืจื—ืง
18:23
that we won't be able to see them --
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ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืชืŸ --
18:26
not because of technological limitations,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื™ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
18:28
but because of the laws of physics.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
18:30
The light those galaxies emit,
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช,
18:32
even traveling at the fastest speed, the speed of light,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ -- ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
18:35
will not be able to overcome
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ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ
18:37
the ever-widening gulf between us.
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
18:40
So astronomers in the far future
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง
18:42
looking out into deep space
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืคื• ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
18:44
will see nothing but an endless stretch
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ืœื ื™ืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืช
18:47
of static, inky, black stillness.
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ืฉืœ ื“ืžืžื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ื”ื”, ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
18:51
And they will conclude
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ืงื•
18:53
that the universe is static and unchanging
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ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉืชื ื”
18:55
and populated by a single central oasis of matter
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ื•ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ
18:58
that they inhabit --
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• --
19:00
a picture of the cosmos
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ืชืžื•ื ืช ื™ืงื•ื
19:02
that we definitively know to be wrong.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
19:05
Now maybe those future astronomers will have records
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืืฆืœื ืชื™ืขื•ื“
19:08
handed down from an earlier era,
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ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื
19:10
like ours,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
19:12
attesting to an expanding cosmos
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ื”ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
19:14
teeming with galaxies.
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคืข ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
19:16
But would those future astronomers
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
19:18
believe such ancient knowledge?
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ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™ื“ืข ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื›ื–ื”?
19:21
Or would they believe
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืืžื™ื ื•
19:23
in the black, static empty universe
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื•ืจื™ืง
19:26
that their own state-of-the-art observations reveal?
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ืฉื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ืœื•ืช?
19:30
I suspect the latter.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
19:32
Which means that we are living
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื
19:34
through a remarkably privileged era
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ
19:37
when certain deep truths about the cosmos
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
19:39
are still within reach
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื™ื”
19:41
of the human spirit of exploration.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืงืจื ื™ืช.
19:43
It appears that it may not always be that way.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ืชืžื™ื“.
19:48
Because today's astronomers,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
19:50
by turning powerful telescopes to the sky,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
19:53
have captured a handful of starkly informative photons --
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื™ื“ืข --
19:56
a kind of cosmic telegram
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ืžื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืง ืงื•ืกืžื™ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
19:59
billions of years in transit.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
20:01
and the message echoing across the ages is clear.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
20:05
Sometimes nature guards her secrets
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•
20:08
with the unbreakable grip
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืคื™ืช
20:10
of physical law.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™.
20:12
Sometimes the true nature of reality beckons
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื—
20:16
from just beyond the horizon.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืคืง.
20:19
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
20:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:25
Chris Anderson: Brian, thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื”.
20:27
The range of ideas you've just spoken about
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืจื’ืข
20:29
are dizzying, exhilarating, incredible.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื—ืจืจ, ืžืจื•ืžื-ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืชืคืก.
20:32
How do you think
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชืš
20:34
of where cosmology is now,
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
20:36
in a sort of historical side?
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™?
20:38
Are we in the middle of something unusual historically in your opinion?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช?
20:41
BG: Well it's hard to say.
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ื‘.ื’.: ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ.
20:43
When we learn that astronomers of the far future
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง
20:46
may not have enough information to figure things out,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
20:49
the natural question is, maybe we're already in that position
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘
20:52
and certain deep, critical features of the universe
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ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
20:55
already have escaped our ability to understand
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื• ืžืชื—ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื
20:58
because of how cosmology evolves.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื’ื™ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช.
21:00
So from that perspective,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื”,
21:02
maybe we will always be asking questions
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช
21:04
and never be able to fully answer them.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
21:06
On the other hand, we now can understand
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
21:08
how old the universe is.
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ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
21:10
We can understand
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
21:12
how to understand the data from the microwave background radiation
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•
21:15
that was set down 13.72 billion years ago --
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืคื ื™ 13.72 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื --
21:18
and yet, we can do calculations today to predict how it will look
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
21:20
and it matches.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจืื• ื•ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชืื™ื.
21:22
Holy cow! That's just amazing.
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ืฉื•ืžื• ืฉืžื™ื™ื! ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
21:24
So on the one hand, it's just incredible where we've gotten,
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ืื– ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืืŸ ื”ื’ืขื ื•,
21:27
but who knows what sort of blocks we may find in the future.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
21:31
CA: You're going to be around for the next few days.
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ื›.ื.: ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
21:34
Maybe some of these conversations can continue.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
21:36
Thank you. Thank you, Brian. (BG: My pleasure.)
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ. (ื‘.ื’.: ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืœื™.)
21:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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