Why is our universe fine-tuned for life? | Brian Greene

Translator: Jenny Zurawell

Prevoditelj: Katarina Mikjel Recezent: Sanda L

A few months ago

Prije nekoliko mjeseci

the Nobel Prize in physics

Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku

was awarded to two teams of astronomers

dobila su dva tima astronoma

for a discovery that has been hailed

za otkriće koje je proglašeno

as one of the most important

jednim od najznačajnijih

astronomical observations ever.

astronomskih zapažanja u povijesti.

And today, after briefly describing what they found,

Danas, nakon što ukratko objasnim što su to pronašli,

I'm going to tell you about a highly controversial framework

govorit ću vam o vrlo kontroverznom okviru

for explaining their discovery,

s pomoću kojeg se njihovo otkriće može objasniti,

namely the possibility

naime, o mogućnosti

that way beyond the Earth,

da daleko od Zemlje,

the Milky Way and other distant galaxies,

Mliječne staze i ostalih udaljenih galaktika

we may find that our universe

možemo otkriti kako naš svemir

is not the only universe,

nije jedini svemir,

but is instead

već je

dio ogromnoga kompleksa svemirâ

part of a vast complex of universes

that we call the multiverse.

koji nazivamo multisvemirom.

Now the idea of a multiverse is a strange one.

Ideja multisvemira je čudna.

I mean, most of us were raised to believe

Većina nas odgojena je u uvjerenju

that the word "universe" means everything.

da riječ svemir označava sve.

And I say most of us with forethought,

Namjerno kažem većina nas

as my four-year-old daughter has heard me speak of these ideas since she was born.

jer svojoj četverogodišnjoj kćeri govorim o tim idejama otkad je rođena.

And last year I was holding her

Prošle godine zagrlio sam je

and I said, "Sophia,

i rekao: „Sophia,

I love you more than anything in the universe."

volim te više od svega u svemiru.”

And she turned to me and said, "Daddy,

A ona me pogledala i rekla: „Tata,

universe or multiverse?"

u svemiru ili multisvemiru?”

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But barring such an anomalous upbringing,

No izuzmemo li takav netipičan odgoj,

it is strange to imagine

teško je zamisliti

other realms separate from ours,

druge svjetove odvojene od našeg,

most with fundamentally different features,

uglavnom bitno drukčijih značajki,

that would rightly be called universes of their own.

koji bi se opravdano mogli nazvati zasebnim svemirima.

And yet,

A ipak,

speculative though the idea surely is,

ma koliko ta ideja bila spekulativna,

I aim to convince you

cilj mi je uvjeriti vas

that there's reason for taking it seriously,

da postoji razlog da je shvatimo ozbiljno

as it just might be right.

jer je možda točna.

I'm going to tell the story of the multiverse in three parts.

Priču o multisvemiru ispričat ću u tri dijela.

In part one,

U prvom ću dijelu

I'm going to describe those Nobel Prize-winning results

opisati rezultate za koje je dodijeljena Nobelova nagrada

and to highlight a profound mystery

i skrenuti pozornost na duboki misterij

which those results revealed.

koji su otkrili ti rezultati.

In part two,

U drugom dijelu

I'll offer a solution to that mystery.

ponudit ću rješenje tog misterija.

It's based on an approach called string theory,

Ono se zasniva na pristupu tzv. teorije struna

and that's where the idea of the multiverse

i tu ideja multisvemira

will come into the story.

postaje dijelom ove priče.

Finally, in part three,

Naposljetku, u trećem ću dijelu

I'm going to describe a cosmological theory

opisati kozmološku teoriju

called inflation,

takozvane inflacije,

which will pull all the pieces of the story together.

kojom ćemo spojiti sve dijelove slagalice.

Okay, part one starts back in 1929

Dakle, prvi dio počinje 1929.

when the great astronomer Edwin Hubble

kad je veliki astronom Edwin Hubble

realized that the distant galaxies

shvatio da se sve daleke galaktike

were all rushing away from us,

brzo udaljavaju od nas,

establishing that space itself is stretching,

utvrdivši tako da se sam svemir rasteže,

it's expanding.

da se proširuje.

Now this was revolutionary.

Bilo je to revolucionarno.

The prevailing wisdom was that on the largest of scales

Prema tada uvriježenom mišljenju, u najvećoj mjeri

the universe was static.

svemir je statičan.

But even so,

No ipak,

there was one thing that everyone was certain of:

u jedno su svi bili sigurni:

The expansion must be slowing down.

širenje se zacijelo usporava.

That, much as the gravitational pull of the Earth

Kao što Zemljina gravitacija

slows the ascent of an apple tossed upward,

usporava uspon jabuke bačene uvis,

the gravitational pull

tako gravitacijska sila

of each galaxy on every other

kojom svaka galaktika djeluje na sve ostale

must be slowing

zacijelo usporava

the expansion of space.

širenje svemira.

Now let's fast-forward to the 1990s

Skoknimo sad u 1990-e,

when those two teams of astronomers

kad su dva tima astronoma

I mentioned at the outset

koje sam spomenuo na početku,

were inspired by this reasoning

nadahnuta tim razmišljanjem,

to measure the rate

izmjerila stopu

at which the expansion has been slowing.

usporavanja širenja.

And they did this

Učinili su to

by painstaking observations

pomnim promatranjem

of numerous distant galaxies,

brojnih udaljenih galaktika,

allowing them to chart

što im je omogućilo praćenje

how the expansion rate has changed over time.

promjena stope širenja tijekom vremena.

Here's the surprise:

I eto iznenađenja:

They found that the expansion is not slowing down.

otkrili su da se širenje ne usporava.

Instead they found that it's speeding up,

Naprotiv, ono se ubrzava,

going faster and faster.

postaje sve brže i brže.

That's like tossing an apple upward

To je kao da bacite jabuku uvis

and it goes up faster and faster.

i ona se sve brže uzdiže.

Now if you saw an apple do that,

Kad biste vidjeli jabuku koja se tako kreće,

you'd want to know why.

željeli biste znati zašto.

What's pushing on it?

Što je tjera na to?

Similarly, the astronomers' results

Isto tako, rezultati astronomâ

are surely well-deserving of the Nobel Prize,

svakako su zaslužili Nobelovu nagradu,

but they raised an analogous question.

no zbog njih se postavlja sljedeće pitanje.

What force is driving all galaxies

Zbog koje se sile sve galaktike

to rush away from every other

međusobno udaljavaju

at an ever-quickening speed?

sve većom brzinom?

Well the most promising answer

Možda najbolji odgovor

comes from an old idea of Einstein's.

nudi stara Einsteinova ideja.

You see, we are all used to gravity

Vidite, svi smo navikli smatrati gravitaciju

being a force that does one thing,

silom koja čini samo jedno,

pulls objects together.

međusobno privlači stvari.

But in Einstein's theory of gravity,

No prema Einsteinovoj teoriji gravitacije,

his general theory of relativity,

njegovoj općoj teoriji relativnosti,

gravity can also push things apart.

gravitacija može i razdvajati stvari.

How? Well according to Einstein's math,

Kako? Prema Einsteinovoj matematici,

if space is uniformly filled

ako je svemir ravnomjerno ispunjen

with an invisible energy,

nevidljivom energijom,

sort of like a uniform, invisible mist,

nečim nalik jednoličnoj, nevidljivoj magli,

then the gravity generated by that mist

gravitacija koju ta magla proizvodi

would be repulsive,

bila bi odbojna,

repulsive gravity,

odbojna gravitacija,

which is just what we need to explain the observations.

a upravo nam to treba kako bismo objasnili ta zapažanja.

Because the repulsive gravity

Jer zbog odbojne gravitacije

of an invisible energy in space --

nevidljive energije u svemiru –

we now call it dark energy,

sada je nazivamo tamnom energijom,

but I've made it smokey white here so you can see it --

ali ovdje sam je prikazao kao bijeli dim da biste je mogli vidjeti,

its repulsive gravity

zbog te odbojne gravitacije

would cause each galaxy to push against every other,

svaka bi se galaktika odbijala od svih ostalih,

driving expansion to speed up,

ubrzavajući širenje,

not slow down.

umjesto da ga usporava.

And this explanation

I to objašnjenje

represents great progress.

predstavlja velik napredak.

But I promised you a mystery

No obećao sam vam misterij

here in part one.

u prvom dijelu.

Here it is.

Evo ga.

When the astronomers worked out

Kad su astronomi izračunali

how much of this dark energy

koliko te tamne energije

must be infusing space

mora ispunjavati prostor

to account for the cosmic speed up,

kako bi se širenje svemira ubrzavalo,

look at what they found.

evo što su otkrili.

This number is small.

To je malen broj.

Expressed in the relevant unit,

Izražen relevantnom jedinicom

it is spectacularly small.

on je nevjerojatno malen.

And the mystery is to explain this peculiar number.

Misterij je kako objasniti taj čudni broj.

We want this number

Želimo do tog broja

to emerge from the laws of physics,

doći s pomoću zakonâ fizike,

but so far no one has found a way to do that.

no nitko dosad nije otkrio kako.

Now you might wonder,

Možda se pitate

should you care?

je li to zapravo bitno.

Maybe explaining this number

Možda je objašnjavanje tog broja

is just a technical issue,

samo tehničko pitanje,

a technical detail of interest to experts,

tehnički detalj zanimljiv stručnjacima,

but of no relevance to anybody else.

ali nebitan svima ostalima.

Well it surely is a technical detail,

To svakako jest tehnički detalj,

but some details really matter.

no neki su detalji zaista važni.

Some details provide

Neki detalji pružaju

windows into uncharted realms of reality,

uvid u neistražena područja stvarnosti

and this peculiar number may be doing just that,

i taj čudni broj možda čini upravo to

as the only approach that's so far made headway to explain it

jer jedini pristup kojim se to dosad donekle objasnilo

invokes the possibility of other universes --

uključuje mogućnost postojanja drugih svemira –

an idea that naturally emerges from string theory,

ideja koja prirodno proizlazi iz teorije struna,

which takes me to part two: string theory.

što me vodi do drugog dijela: teorije struna.

So hold the mystery of the dark energy

Stoga sačuvajte misterij tamne energije

in the back of your mind

negdje u krajičku uma

as I now go on to tell you

dok vam budem govorio

three key things about string theory.

o tri ključne stvari u teoriji struna.

First off, what is it?

Prvo, što je to?

Well it's an approach to realize Einstein's dream

To je pristup kojim se ostvaruje Einsteinov san

of a unified theory of physics,

o jedinstvenoj teoriji fizike,

a single overarching framework

jednom jedinom sveobuhvatnom okviru

that would be able to describe

kojim bi se mogle opisati

all the forces at work in the universe.

sve sile koje djeluju u svemiru.

And the central idea of string theory

Središnja ideja teorije struna

is quite straightforward.

prilično je jednostavna.

It says that if you examine

Ona kaže da, ako detaljno istražujete

any piece of matter ever more finely,

bilo koji djelić materije,

at first you'll find molecules

prvo ćete pronaći molekule,

and then you'll find atoms and subatomic particles.

a zatim atome i subatomske čestice.

But the theory says that if you could probe smaller,

No kad biste mogli doprijeti do još sitnijih detalja,

much smaller than we can with existing technology,

sitnijih nego što je moguće postojećom tehnologijom,

you'd find something else inside these particles --

pronašli biste još nešto unutar tih čestica –

a little tiny vibrating filament of energy,

sićušnu vibrirajuću nit energije,

a little tiny vibrating string.

sićušnu vibrirajuću strunu.

And just like the strings on a violin,

I baš kao što strune na violini

they can vibrate in different patterns

mogu vibrirati po različitim obrascima

producing different musical notes.

stvarajući različite glazbene note,

These little fundamental strings,

te male temeljne strune

when they vibrate in different patterns,

vibrirajući po različitim obrascima

they produce different kinds of particles --

stvaraju različite vrste čestica.

so electrons, quarks, neutrinos, photons,

Elektroni, kvarkovi, neutrini, fotoni

all other particles

i sve ostale čestice

would be united into a single framework,

tako bi bili ujedinjeni u jednom okviru

as they would all arise from vibrating strings.

jer svi oni nastaju vibracijom struna.

It's a compelling picture,

Fascinantna je to slika,

a kind of cosmic symphony,

kao neka kozmička simfonija

where all the richness

u kojoj sve bogatstvo

that we see in the world around us

koje vidimo u svijetu oko nas

emerges from the music

nastaje glazbom

that these little, tiny strings can play.

koju mogu svirati te sićušne strune.

But there's a cost

No postoji cijena

to this elegant unification,

tog elegantnog ujedinjenja.

because years of research

Višegodišnja istraživanja

have shown that the math of string theory doesn't quite work.

pokazala su da matematika teorije struna ne funkcionira baš u potpunosti.

It has internal inconsistencies,

Postoje unutarnje nedosljednosti,

unless we allow

osim ako uzmemo u obzir

for something wholly unfamiliar --

mogućnost postojanja nečeg posve nepoznatog –

extra dimensions of space.

dodatne dimenzije prostora.

That is, we all know about the usual three dimensions of space.

Svi znamo za tri standardne dimenzije prostora.

And you can think about those

Možete o njima razmišljati

as height, width and depth.

kao o visini, širini i dubini.

But string theory says that, on fantastically small scales,

No prema teoriji struna, u iznimno malom mjerilu

there are additional dimensions

postoje dodatne dimenzije,

crumpled to a tiny size so small

toliko sitne,

that we have not detected them.

da ih nismo otkrili.

But even though the dimensions are hidden,

Ali iako su te dimenzije skrivene,

they would have an impact on things that we can observe

utjecale bi na stvari koje možemo promatrati

because the shape of the extra dimensions

jer oblik dodatnih dimenzija

constrains how the strings can vibrate.

ograničava vibriranje struna.

And in string theory,

A u teoriji struna

vibration determines everything.

vibracija određuje sve.

So particle masses, the strengths of forces,

Tako bi masu čestica, snagu sila

and most importantly, the amount of dark energy

i, najvažnije, količinu tamne energije

would be determined

određivao

by the shape of the extra dimensions.

oblik dodatnih dimenzija.

So if we knew the shape of the extra dimensions,

Dakle, kad bismo znali oblik dodatnih dimenzija,

we should be able to calculate these features,

mogli bismo izračunati ta svojstva,

calculate the amount of dark energy.

izračunati količinu tamne energije.

The challenge

Izazov je

is we don't know

u tome što ne znamo

the shape of the extra dimensions.

oblik dodatnih dimenzija.

All we have

Sve što imamo

is a list of candidate shapes

jest popis mogućih oblika

allowed by the math.

koje dopušta matematika.

Now when these ideas were first developed,

Kad su te ideje prvi put formulirane,

there were only about five different candidate shapes,

bilo je samo oko pet različitih oblika

so you can imagine

pa možete zamisliti

analyzing them one-by-one

kako je svaki pojedini analiziran

to determine if any yield

da bi se utvrdilo daje li ijedan

the physical features we observe.

fizičke osobine koje opažamo.

But over time the list grew

No s vremenom je popis rastao

as researchers found other candidate shapes.

jer su istraživači otkrili još mogućih oblika.

From five, the number grew into the hundreds and then the thousands --

S pet broj je porastao na stotine i zatim tisuće –

A large, but still manageable, collection to analyze,

što jest velik skup, ali ga je ipak moguće analizirati

since after all,

jer naposljetku

graduate students need something to do.

i postdiplomci moraju nešto raditi.

But then the list continued to grow

A onda je popis nastavio rasti

into the millions and the billions, until today.

i danas obuhvaća milijune i milijarde oblika.

The list of candidate shapes

Popis mogućih oblika

has soared to about 10 to the 500.

popeo se na 10 na 500. potenciju.

So, what to do?

I što sad?

Well some researchers lost heart,

Neki su se istraživači obeshrabrili,

concluding that was so many candidate shapes for the extra dimensions,

zaključivši da s toliko mogućih oblika dodatnih dimenzija,

each giving rise to different physical features,

od kojih svaki uzrokuje različite fizičke osobine,

string theory would never make

teorija struna nikad neće ponuditi

definitive, testable predictions.

konačna predviđanja koja se mogu testirati.

But others turned this issue on its head,

No drugi su okrenuli taj problem naglavačke

taking us to the possibility of a multiverse.

i uveli mogućnost multisvemira.

Here's the idea.

Ovo je njihova ideja.

Maybe each of these shapes is on an equal footing with every other.

Možda je svaki od tih oblika ravnopravan svim ostalima.

Each is as real as every other,

Svaki je jednako stvaran,

in the sense

odnosno

that there are many universes,

postoje mnogi svemiri,

each with a different shape, for the extra dimensions.

svaki različita oblika, za dodatne dimenzije.

And this radical proposal

Taj radikalni prijedlog

has a profound impact on this mystery:

duboko utječe na ovaj misterij:

the amount of dark energy revealed by the Nobel Prize-winning results.

količinu tamne energije iz rezultata nagrađenih Nobelovom nagradom.

Because you see,

Jer vidite,

if there are other universes,

ako postoje drugi svemiri

and if those universes

i ako svaki od njih

each have, say, a different shape for the extra dimensions,

ima različit oblik za dodatne dimenzije,

then the physical features of each universe will be different,

onda će fizičke osobine svakog svemira biti različite,

and in particular,

a posebice će

the amount of dark energy in each universe

količina tamne energije u svakom svemiru

will be different.

biti različita.

Which means that the mystery

Što znači da bi misterij objašnjenja

of explaining the amount of dark energy we've now measured

količine izmjerene tamne energije

would take on a wholly different character.

bio posve drukčije naravi.

In this context,

U tom kontekstu

the laws of physics can't explain one number for the dark energy

zakoni fizike ne mogu odrediti jedan broj za tamnu energiju

because there isn't just one number,

jer ne postoji samo jedan broj,

there are many numbers.

postoji mnogo brojeva.

Which means

Što znači

we have been asking the wrong question.

da smo postavljali pogrešno pitanje.

It's that the right question to ask is,

Pravo pitanje koje treba postaviti jest

why do we humans find ourselves in a universe

zašto se mi ljudi nalazimo u svemiru

with a particular amount of dark energy we've measured

s određenom količinom tamne energije koju smo izmjerili

instead of any of the other possibilities

umjesto u nekom s bilo kojom drugom mogućom

that are out there?

količinom?

And that's a question on which we can make headway.

To je pitanje od kojeg možemo krenuti naprijed.

Because those universes

Jer u onim svemirima

that have much more dark energy than ours,

s mnogo više tamne energije od našega,

whenever matter tries to clump into galaxies,

kad god se tvar pokuša grupirati u galaktike,

the repulsive push of the dark energy is so strong

odbojna sila tamne energije tako je snažna

that it blows the clump apart

da razbija tu grupaciju,

and galaxies don't form.

pa se galaktike ne formiraju.

And in those universes that have much less dark energy,

A oni svemiri koji imaju mnogo manje tamne energije

well they collapse back on themselves so quickly

urušavaju se sami u sebe tako brzo

that, again, galaxies don't form.

da se opet galaktike ne formiraju.

And without galaxies, there are no stars, no planets

Bez galaktika nema zvijezda, nema planeta

and no chance

i nema šanse

for our form of life

da naš oblik života

to exist in those other universes.

opstane u tim drugim svemirima.

So we find ourselves in a universe

Dakle, nalazimo se u svemiru

with the particular amount of dark energy we've measured

s određenom količinom tamne energije koju smo izmjerili

simply because our universe has conditions

jednostavno zato što on ima uvjete

hospitable to our form of life.

pogodne za naš oblik života.

And that would be that.

I to bi bilo to.

Mystery solved,

Misterij riješen,

multiverse found.

multisvemir pronađen.

Now some find this explanation unsatisfying.

Neki nisu zadovoljni tim objašnjenjem.

We're used to physics

Naviknuli smo da nam fizika

giving us definitive explanations for the features we observe.

daje konačna objašnjenja zapaženih svojstava.

But the point is,

No poanta je u tome da,

if the feature you're observing

ako svojstvo koje zapažate

can and does take on

može imati i ima

a wide variety of different values

niz različitih vrijednosti

across the wider landscape of reality,

u širem rasponu stvarnosti,

then thinking one explanation

onda je ideja jednog objašnjenja

for a particular value

određene vrijednosti

is simply misguided.

jednostavno zabluda.

An early example

Rani primjer

comes from the great astronomer Johannes Kepler

potječe od velikog astronoma Johannesa Keplera,

who was obsessed with understanding

koji je opsesivno pokušavao shvatiti

a different number --

jedan drugi broj –

why the Sun is 93 million miles away from the Earth.

zašto je Sunce udaljeno 150 milijuna km od Zemlje.

And he worked for decades trying to explain this number,

Desetljećima je pokušavao objasniti taj broj,

but he never succeeded, and we know why.

ali nije uspio i danas znamo zašto.

Kepler was asking

Kepler je postavljao

the wrong question.

pogrešno pitanje.

We now know that there are many planets

Sada znamo da postoje mnogi planeti

at a wide variety of different distances from their host stars.

na različitim udaljenostima od svojih matičnih zvijezda.

So hoping that the laws of physics

Stoga je nada da će zakoni fizike

will explain one particular number, 93 million miles,

objasniti jedan određeni broj, 150 milijuna km,

well that is simply wrongheaded.

jednostavno pogrešna.

Instead the right question to ask is,

Umjesto toga, pravo je pitanje

why do we humans find ourselves on a planet

zašto se mi ljudi nalazimo na planetu

at this particular distance,

koji je na toj određenoj udaljenosti,

instead of any of the other possibilities?

a ne na nekoj od drugih mogućih udaljenosti.

And again, that's a question we can answer.

I opet, to je pitanje na koje možemo odgovoriti.

Those planets which are much closer to a star like the Sun

Oni planeti koji su mnogo bliže zvijezdi poput Sunca

would be so hot

bili bi prevrući

that our form of life wouldn't exist.

za opstanak našeg oblika života.

And those planets that are much farther away from the star,

A planeti koji su mnogo dalje od takve zvijezde,

well they're so cold

tako su hladni

that, again, our form of life would not take hold.

da se, opet, naš oblik života ne bi mogao održati.

So we find ourselves

Tako da se nalazimo

on a planet at this particular distance

na planetu na toj određenoj udaljenosti

simply because it yields conditions

jednostavno zato što on osigurava uvjete

vital to our form of life.

ključne za naš oblik života.

And when it comes to planets and their distances,

I kad je riječ o planetima i njihovoj udaljenosti,

this clearly is the right kind of reasoning.

to je očito ispravan način razmišljanja.

The point is,

Poanta je u tome da,

when it comes to universes and the dark energy that they contain,

kad je riječ o svemirima i tamnoj energiji koju sadržavaju,

it may also be the right kind of reasoning.

to također može biti ispravan način razmišljanja.

One key difference, of course,

Jedna ključna razlika, naravno,

is we know that there are other planets out there,

jest to što znamo da postoje drugi planeti,

but so far I've only speculated on the possibility

no dosad sam samo nagađao o mogućnosti

that there might be other universes.

postojanja drugih svemira.

So to pull it all together,

Dakle, da sve povežemo,

we need a mechanism

potreban nam je mehanizam

that can actually generate other universes.

koji doista stvara druge svemire.

And that takes me to my final part, part three.

To me dovodi do mog završnog, trećeg dijela.

Because such a mechanism has been found

Jer takav su mehanizam pronašli

by cosmologists trying to understand the Big Bang.

kozmolozi koji pokušavaju shvatiti Veliki prasak.

You see, when we speak of the Big Bang,

Vidite, kad govorimo o Velikom prasku,

we often have an image

često zamišljamo

of a kind of cosmic explosion

nekakvu kozmičku eksploziju

that created our universe

koja je stvorila naš svemir

and set space rushing outward.

i pokrenula širenje prostora prema van.

But there's a little secret.

Ali odat ću vam malu tajnu.

The Big Bang leaves out something pretty important,

Teorija Velikog praska izostavlja nešto vrlo važno,

the Bang.

prasak.

It tells us how the universe evolved after the Bang,

Ona govori o tome kako se svemir razvio nakon praska,

but gives us no insight

ali nam ne daje uvid

into what would have powered the Bang itself.

u ono što je pokrenulo sami prasak.

And this gap was finally filled

Taj je nedostatak konačno otklonila

by an enhanced version of the Big Bang theory.

poboljšana verzija teorije Velikog praska.

It's called inflationary cosmology,

Naziva se inflatornom kozmologijom

which identified a particular kind of fuel

i utvrdila je posebnu vrstu goriva

that would naturally generate

koje bi prirodno proizvelo

an outward rush of space.

širenje prostora prema van.

The fuel is based on something called a quantum field,

Gorivo se zasniva na tzv. kvantnom polju,

but the only detail that matters for us

no jedini nama bitni detalj

is that this fuel proves to be so efficient

jest to da je ono toliko učinkovito

that it's virtually impossible

da ga je praktički nemoguće

to use it all up,

potrošiti,

which means in the inflationary theory,

što znači da prema inflatornoj teoriji

the Big Bang giving rise to our universe

Veliki prasak, koji je stvorio naš svemir,

is likely not a one-time event.

vjerojatno nije jednokratan događaj.

Instead the fuel not only generated our Big Bang,

To bi značilo da gorivo nije proizvelo samo naš Veliki prasak,

but it would also generate countless other Big Bangs,

već i nebrojene druge velike praskove,

each giving rise to its own separate universe

od kojih je svaki možda stvorio svoj zaseban svemir,

with our universe becoming but one bubble

što bi naš svemir činilo samo mjehurićem

in a grand cosmic bubble bath of universes.

u velikoj kozmičkoj pjenušavoj kupki svemirâ.

And now, when we meld this with string theory,

Konačno, kad to povežemo s teorijom struna,

here's the picture we're led to.

evo slike do koje dolazimo.

Each of these universes has extra dimensions.

Svaki od tih svemira ima dodatne dimenzije.

The extra dimensions take on a wide variety of different shapes.

Dodatne dimenzije poprimaju niz različitih oblika.

The different shapes yield different physical features.

Različiti oblici daju različita fizička svojstva.

And we find ourselves in one universe instead of another

I mi se nađemo u jednom svemiru umjesto u nekom drugom

simply because it's only in our universe

jednostavno zato što su samo u našem svemiru

that the physical features, like the amount of dark energy,

fizička svojstva, kao što je količina tamne energije,

are right for our form of life to take hold.

pogodna za razvoj našeg oblika života.

To je fascinantna, ali vrlo kontroverzna slika

And this is the compelling but highly controversial picture

of the wider cosmos

širega kozmosa

koju su nas najnovija zapažanja i teorije

that cutting-edge observation and theory

have now led us to seriously consider.

naveli da ozbiljno razmotrimo.

Naravno, preostaje veliko pitanje:

One big remaining question, of course, is,

bismo li ikad mogli potvrditi

could we ever confirm

postojanje drugih svemira?

the existence of other universes?

Well let me describe

Pa, opisat ću

jedan način na koji bi se to moglo dogoditi.

one way that might one day happen.

Inflatornu teoriju

The inflationary theory

already has strong observational support.

već podržavaju zapažanja.

Because the theory predicts

Jer ta teorija predviđa

da bi Veliki prasak bio tako snažan

that the Big Bang would have been so intense

that as space rapidly expanded,

da su se, dok se svemir brzo širio,

sićušni kvantni titraji iz mikrosvijeta

tiny quantum jitters from the micro world

would have been stretched out to the macro world,

protegnuli u makrosvijet

yielding a distinctive fingerprint,

stvarajući jasan otisak,

uzorak neznatno toplijih i neznatno hladnijih točaka

a pattern of slightly hotter spots and slightly colder spots,

across space,

širom svemira,

which powerful telescopes have now observed.

koji su sada zapazili snažni teleskopi.

Going further, if there are other universes,

Nadalje, ako postoje drugi svemiri,

the theory predicts that every so often

ta teorija predviđa da se povremeno

those universes can collide.

oni mogu sudariti.

And if our universe got hit by another,

I ako bi drugi svemir udario ovaj naš,

that collision

taj bi sudar

would generate an additional subtle pattern

stvorio dodatan suptilni uzorak

of temperature variations across space

temperaturnih varijacija širom svemira,

that we might one day

koje bismo jednog dana

be able to detect.

mogli otkriti.

And so exotic as this picture is,

I ma koliko ta slika bila egzotična,

it may one day be grounded

jednog bi dana mogla biti utemeljena

in observations,

na zapažanjima,

establishing the existence of other universes.

utvrđujući postojanje drugih svemira.

I'll conclude

Završit ću

with a striking implication

fascinantnim mogućim posljedicama

of all these ideas

koje bi sve te ideje

mogle imati u vrlo dalekoj budućnosti.

for the very far future.

Vidite, naučili smo

You see, we learned

da naš svemir nije statičan,

that our universe is not static,

that space is expanding,

da se svemir širi,

that that expansion is speeding up

da se to širenje ubrzava

and that there might be other universes

i da možda postoje drugi svemiri,

all by carefully examining

i sve to samo pomnim ispitivanjem

faint pinpoints of starlight

blijedih točkica zvjezdane svjetlosti

coming to us from distant galaxies.

koja do nas stiže iz udaljenih galaktika.

But because the expansion is speeding up,

No budući da se širenje ubrzava,

in the very far future,

u vrlo dalekoj budućnosti

those galaxies will rush away so far and so fast

te će se galaktike udaljiti tako daleko i tako brzo

that we won't be able to see them --

da ih nećemo moći vidjeti –

ne zbog tehnoloških ograničenja,

not because of technological limitations,

but because of the laws of physics.

već zbog zakonâ fizike.

The light those galaxies emit,

Svjetlost koju te galaktike emitiraju,

even traveling at the fastest speed, the speed of light,

čak ni putujući najbržom brzinom, brzinom svjetlosti,

will not be able to overcome

neće moći premostiti

the ever-widening gulf between us.

sve veći jaz između nas.

Stoga će astronomi u dalekoj budućnosti,

So astronomers in the far future

kad budu gledali u duboki svemir,

looking out into deep space

will see nothing but an endless stretch

vidjeti samo beskonačno prostranstvo

of static, inky, black stillness.

statične, crne tišine.

And they will conclude

I zaključit će

that the universe is static and unchanging

da je svemir statičan i nepromjenjiv

and populated by a single central oasis of matter

te da ga čini jedna središnja oaza materije,

that they inhabit --

koju oni nastanjuju –

a picture of the cosmos

slika kozmosa

that we definitively know to be wrong.

za koju definitivno znamo da je pogrešna.

Now maybe those future astronomers will have records

Možda će ti budući astronomi raspolagati podacima

handed down from an earlier era,

iz ranijeg doba,

like ours,

kao što je naše,

attesting to an expanding cosmos

koji dokazuju postojanje svemira koji se širi

teeming with galaxies.

i obiluje galaktikama.

But would those future astronomers

No hoće li ti budući astronomi

believe such ancient knowledge?

vjerovati takvom drevnom znanju?

Or would they believe

Ili će radije vjerovati

in the black, static empty universe

u crni, statični prazni svemir

that their own state-of-the-art observations reveal?

koji pokazuju njihova suvremena zapažanja?

Nagađam da će se dogoditi to drugo.

I suspect the latter.

Which means that we are living

Što znači da živimo

through a remarkably privileged era

u iznimno privilegiranom vremenu,

kad su neke suštinske istine o kozmosu

when certain deep truths about the cosmos

are still within reach

još uvijek nadohvat

of the human spirit of exploration.

ljudskog istraživačkog duha.

It appears that it may not always be that way.

Čini se da možda neće uvijek biti tako.

Because today's astronomers,

Jer današnji su astronomi,

by turning powerful telescopes to the sky,

usmjeravanjem snažnih teleskopa prema nebu,

have captured a handful of starkly informative photons --

zapazili nekolicinu vrlo informativnih fotona –

a kind of cosmic telegram

svojevrsni kozmički telegram

koji putuje milijarde godina.

billions of years in transit.

and the message echoing across the ages is clear.

Poruka koja odzvanja kroz vjekove jasna je.

Sometimes nature guards her secrets

Ponekad priroda čuva svoje tajne

with the unbreakable grip

čvrstim stiskom

of physical law.

fizičkog zakona.

Ponekad nas prava priroda stvarnosti doziva

Sometimes the true nature of reality beckons

from just beyond the horizon.

odmah iza obzora.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam puno.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Chris Anderson: Brian, thank you.

Chris Anderson: Briane, hvala ti.

The range of ideas you've just spoken about

Raspon ideja o kojima si upravo govorio

are dizzying, exhilarating, incredible.

vrtoglav je, uzbudljiv i nevjerojatan.

How do you think

Gdje misliš da se

of where cosmology is now,

kozmologija sada nalazi

in a sort of historical side?

s povijesnog aspekta?

Are we in the middle of something unusual historically in your opinion?

Jesmo li, prema tvojem mišljenju, usred nečega povijesno neobičnog?

BG: Well it's hard to say.

B. G.: Teško je reći.

When we learn that astronomers of the far future

Kad pomislimo da astronomi u dalekoj budućnosti

may not have enough information to figure things out,

možda neće imati dovoljno informacija da shvate neke stvari,

the natural question is, maybe we're already in that position

prirodno se zapitati, što ako smo mi već u tom položaju

and certain deep, critical features of the universe

i neka bitna, ključna svojstva svemira

already have escaped our ability to understand

već smo propustili shvatiti

because of how cosmology evolves.

zbog načina na koji se kozmologija razvija.

So from that perspective,

Iz te perspektive,

maybe we will always be asking questions

možda ćemo uvijek postavljati pitanja

and never be able to fully answer them.

na koja nikad nećemo moći u potpunosti odgovoriti.

On the other hand, we now can understand

S druge strane, danas shvaćamo

how old the universe is.

koliko je svemir star.

We can understand

Možemo razumjeti kako shvatiti podatke

how to understand the data from the microwave background radiation

koje pruža mikrovalno pozadinsko zračenje

that was set down 13.72 billion years ago --

koje je nastalo prije 13,72 milijarde godina –

and yet, we can do calculations today to predict how it will look

a današnjim izračunima možemo predvidjeti kako će izgledati

and it matches.

i sve se poklapa.

Holy cow! That's just amazing.

Zamislite to! To je stvarno nevjerojatno.

So on the one hand, it's just incredible where we've gotten,

S jedne strane, nevjerojatno je dokle smo stigli,

but who knows what sort of blocks we may find in the future.

no, tko zna na kakve prepreke možemo naići u budućnosti.

CA: You're going to be around for the next few days.

C. A.: Bit ćeš tu sljedećih nekoliko dana.

Maybe some of these conversations can continue.

Možda se neki od ovih razgovora mogu nastaviti.

Thank you. Thank you, Brian. (BG: My pleasure.)

Hvala ti. Hvala ti, Briane. (B. G.: Bilo mi je zadovoljstvo.)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)