Sarah Bergbreiter: Why I make robots the size of a grain of rice

Prevodilac: Stefan Zrnović Lektor: Mile Živković

My students and I work on very tiny robots.

Moji studenti i ja radimo na veoma malim robotima.

Now, you can think of these as robotic versions

Možete ih smatrati robotičkim verzijama

of something that you're all very familiar with: an ant.

nečega što vam je veoma poznato: mrav.

We all know that ants and other insects at this size scale

Svi znamo da mravi i drugi insekti ove veličine

can do some pretty incredible things.

mogu da urade gotovo neverovatne stvari.

We've all seen a group of ants, or some version of that,

Svi smo videli grupu mrava, ili neki oblik toga,

carting off your potato chip at a picnic, for example.

kako mili po vašem čipsu na pikniku, na primer.

But what are the real challenges of engineering these ants?

Ali koji su pravi izazovi pri konstruisanju ovih mrava?

Well, first of all, how do we get the capabilities of an ant

Pre svega, kako da ostvarimo sposobnost mrava

in a robot at the same size scale?

u robotu iste veličine?

Well, first we need to figure out how to make them move

Prvo treba da shvatimo kako ih pokrenuti

when they're so small.

kada su toliko mali.

We need mechanisms like legs and efficient motors

Treba nam mehanizam poput nogu i efikasnih motora

in order to support that locomotion,

kako bi potpomogli to kretanje,

and we need the sensors, power and control

i trebaju nam senzori, struja i kontrola

in order to pull everything together in a semi-intelligent ant robot.

kako bismo sve sastavili u poluinteligentnog robota mrava.

And finally, to make these things really functional,

I na kraju, da bismo učinili ove stvari funkcionalnim,

we want a lot of them working together in order to do bigger things.

želimo da dosta njih funkcioniše skladno kako bi postigli više.

So I'll start with mobility.

Počeću sa pokretljivošću.

Insects move around amazingly well.

Insekti se neverovatno dobro kreću.

This video is from UC Berkeley.

Ovo je video sa Berklija.

It shows a cockroach moving over incredibly rough terrain

On prikazuje bubašvabu kako se kreće po neverovatno teškom terenu

without tipping over,

bez prevrtanja, a ovo može da uradi

and it's able to do this because its legs are a combination of rigid materials,

jer su joj noge sačinjenje od kombinacije čvrstih materijala,

which is what we traditionally use to make robots,

koje tradicionalno koistimo za pravljenje robota,

and soft materials.

i mekih materijala.

Jumping is another really interesting way to get around when you're very small.

Skakanje je drugi veoma interesantan način kretanja kada ste sićušni.

So these insects store energy in a spring and release that really quickly

Ovi insekti energiju skladište u odskoku i oslobađaju je veoma brzo da bi imali

to get the high power they need to jump out of water, for example.

dosta snage koja im je potrebna da iskoče iz vode, na primer.

So one of the big contributions from my lab

Jedan od velikih doprinosa iz moje laboratorije

has been to combine rigid and soft materials

bio je kombinovanje tvrdih i mekih materijala,

in very, very small mechanisms.

u veoma, veoma malim mehanizmima.

So this jumping mechanism is about four millimeters on a side,

Ovaj skačući mehanizam je prečnika četiri milimetara,

so really tiny.

dakle veoma je mali.

The hard material here is silicon, and the soft material is silicone rubber.

Tvrdi materijal je ovde silikon, a meki materijal je silikonska gumica.

And the basic idea is that we're going to compress this,

Osnovni plan je da ovo kompresujemo,

store energy in the springs, and then release it to jump.

smestimo energiju u federe, a onda je pustimo da skače.

So there's no motors on board this right now, no power.

Dakle, trenutno nema nikakvih motora niti struje.

This is actuated with a method that we call in my lab

Ovo je podstaknuto metodom koju u mojoj laboratoriji zovemo

"graduate student with tweezers." (Laughter)

"diplomac sa pincetom" (Smeh)

So what you'll see in the next video

Ono što ćete videti u narednom videu

is this guy doing amazingly well for its jumps.

je ovaj momak koji radi iznenađujuće dobar skok.

So this is Aaron, the graduate student in question, with the tweezers,

Ovo je Eron, diplomac sa pincetama,

and what you see is this four-millimeter-sized mechanism

i to što vidite je mehanizam veličine četiri milimetara

jumping almost 40 centimeters high.

kako skače skoro 40 centimetara u visinu.

That's almost 100 times its own length.

To je skoro 100 puta više od njegove dužine.

And it survives, bounces on the table,

I preživljava, odbija se o sto,

it's incredibly robust, and of course survives quite well until we lose it

neverovatno je otporan, i naravno preživljava dobro dok ga ne izgubimo

because it's very tiny.

jer je veoma mali.

Ultimately, though, we want to add motors to this too,

Na kraju želimo da dodamo motore ovome,

and we have students in the lab working on millimeter-sized motors

i imamo studente u laboratoriji koji rade na motorima milimetarske veličine

to eventually integrate onto small, autonomous robots.

koji bi se na kraju integrisali u male, autonomne robote.

But in order to look at mobility and locomotion at this size scale to start,

Ali da bismo posmatrali mobilnost i kretanje na ovoj veličini,

we're cheating and using magnets.

moramo da varamo i koristimo magnete.

So this shows what would eventually be part of a micro-robot leg,

Ovo pokazuje ono što će na kraju biti deo mikro-robotske noge,

and you can see the silicone rubber joints

i možete videti zglobove od silikonske gume

and there's an embedded magnet that's being moved around

i tu je i utisnuti magnet koji se pokreće

by an external magnetic field.

spoljašnjim magnetnim poljem.

So this leads to the robot that I showed you earlier.

Ovo dovodi do robota kojeg sam vam pokazala.

The really interesting thing that this robot can help us figure out

Istinski zanimljiva stvar je da ovaj robot može da nam pomogne da shvatimo

is how insects move at this scale.

kako se insekti kreću u toj veličini.

We have a really good model for how everything

Imamo stvarno dobar model za kretanje svega

from a cockroach up to an elephant moves.

od bubašvabe pa do slona.

We all move in this kind of bouncy way when we run.

Svi se krećemo na ovaj poskakujući način kada trčimo.

But when I'm really small, the forces between my feet and the ground

Ali kada sam stvarno mala, sile među mojim stopalima i zemljom

are going to affect my locomotion a lot more than my mass,

uticaće na moju pokretljivost mnogo više nego moja masa,

which is what causes that bouncy motion.

što uzrokuje skačuće kretanje.

So this guy doesn't work quite yet,

Ovaj momak još uvek ne funkcioniše,

but we do have slightly larger versions that do run around.

ali imamo malo veće verzije koje trče unaokolo.

So this is about a centimeter cubed, a centimeter on a side, so very tiny,

Ovo je veličine jednog kubnog centimetra, dakle veoma maleno,

and we've gotten this to run about 10 body lengths per second,

i došli smo do trčanja brzinom 10 telesnih dužina po sekundi,

so 10 centimeters per second.

što je 10 centimetara po sekundi.

It's pretty quick for a little, small guy,

Ovo je prilično brzo za mališu,

and that's really only limited by our test setup.

i ograničen je samo našom test postavkom.

But this gives you some idea of how it works right now.

Ipak, ovo vam daje ideju kako to trenutno funkcioniše.

Možemo i da napravimo 3D štampane verzije ovog robta koji može da prebrodi prepreke,

We can also make 3D-printed versions of this that can climb over obstacles,

a lot like the cockroach that you saw earlier.

poput bubašvabe koju ste prethodno videli.

But ultimately we want to add everything onboard the robot.

Na kraju želimo da dodamo sve na telo robota.

We want sensing, power, control, actuation all together,

Želimo čulnost, struju, kontrolu, impulse sve zajedno,

and not everything needs to be bio-inspired.

ali ne treba sve da bude inspirisano prirodom.

So this robot's about the size of a Tic Tac.

Ovaj robot veličine je Tiktaka.

And in this case, instead of magnets or muscles to move this around,

U ovom slučaju, umesto magneta ili mišića za pokretanje,

we use rockets.

koristimo rakete.

So this is a micro-fabricated energetic material,

Ovo je mikroskopski energetski materijal,

and we can create tiny pixels of this,

i možemo da napravimo male piksele,

and we can put one of these pixels on the belly of this robot,

i možemo da stavimo jedan od tih piksela na stomak ovog robota,

and this robot, then, is going to jump when it senses an increase in light.

a zatim će on odskočiti kada oseti pojačanje svetla.

So the next video is one of my favorites.

Sledeći video je jedan od mojih omiljenih.

So you have this 300-milligram robot

Imate ovog robota od 300 miligrama

jumping about eight centimeters in the air.

koji skače oko osam centimetara u visinu.

It's only four by four by seven millimeters in size.

Veličine je samo 4x4x7 milimetara.

And you'll see a big flash at the beginning

Videćete veliki odsjaj na početku

when the energetic is set off,

kada se oslobodi energetski potencijal,

and the robot tumbling through the air.

i robot se kreće kroz vazduh.

So there was that big flash,

Tu je taj veliki odsjaj

and you can see the robot jumping up through the air.

i možete videti robota kako skače kroz vazduh.

So there's no tethers on this, no wires connecting to this.

Nema povodaca niti žica povezanih na ovo.

Everything is onboard, and it jumped in response

Sve je na samom robotu i on je skočio reagujući

to the student just flicking on a desk lamp next to it.

na stonu lampu koju uključuje student pored njega.

So I think you can imagine all the cool things that we could do

Mislim da možete da zamislite sve fine stvari koje bismo mogli da uradimo

with robots that can run and crawl and jump and roll at this size scale.

sa robotima koji mogu da trče, puze, skaču i kotrljaju se na ovoj veličini.

Imagine the rubble that you get after a natural disaster like an earthquake.

Zamislite ruševine nakon prirodne katastrofe poput zemljotresa.

Imagine these small robots running through that rubble

Zamislite ove male robote kako trče kroz taj šljunak

to look for survivors.

da bi pronašli preživele.

Or imagine a lot of small robots running around a bridge

Ili zamislite gomilu malih robota kako trče oko mosta

in order to inspect it and make sure it's safe

kako bi ga istražili i proverili da li je siguran

so you don't get collapses like this,

da ne biste imali lomove poput ovih,

which happened outside of Minneapolis in 2007.

što se desilo u predgrađu Mineapolisa 2007. godine.

Ili samo zamislite šta biste mogli da uradite

Or just imagine what you could do

if you had robots that could swim through your blood.

kad biste imali robote koji mogu da plivaju kroz vašu krv.

Right? "Fantastic Voyage," Isaac Asimov.

Zar ne? "Fantastično putovanje", Isaka Asimova.

Or they could operate without having to cut you open in the first place.

Ili bi mogli da operišu, a da vas uopšte ne otvaraju.

Ili bismo mogli da drastično promenimo način na koji gradimo stvari

Or we could radically change the way we build things

if we have our tiny robots work the same way that termites do,

da naši mali roboti rade isto što i termiti,

and they build these incredible eight-meter-high mounds,

i grade ove neverovatne nasipe visine osam metara,

effectively well ventilated apartment buildings for other termites

dobro ventilisane zgrade za druge termite

in Africa and Australia.

u Africi i Australiji.

So I think I've given you some of the possibilities

Stoga mislim da sam vam dala neke mogućnosti

of what we can do with these small robots.

onoga što možemo da učinimo sa ovim malim robotima.

And we've made some advances so far, but there's still a long way to go,

I do sada smo ostvarili određene napretke, ali predstoji nam dugačak put,

and hopefully some of you can contribute to that destination.

i nadam se neki od vas mogu da doprinesu ka toj destinaciji.

Thanks very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)