The optimism bias | Tali Sharot

551,354 views ・ 2012-05-14

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00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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Prevodilac: Tatjana Jevdjic Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:15
I'm going to talk to you about optimism --
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Govoriću vam o optimizmu --
00:18
or more precisely, the optimism bias.
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ili preciznije o pristrasnosti optimizma.
00:21
It's a cognitive illusion
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To je kognitivna iluzija
00:22
that we've been studying in my lab for the past few years,
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koju proučavamo u mojoj laboratoriji poslednjih nekoliko godina
00:25
and 80 percent of us have it.
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i ima je 80 posto nas.
00:27
It's our tendency to overestimate
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To je naša sklonost da precenjujemo
00:30
our likelihood of experiencing good events in our lives
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verovatnoću da nam se dese dobri događaji,
00:33
and underestimate our likelihood of experiencing bad events.
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a potcenjujemo šanse da nam se dese loši.
00:37
So we underestimate our likelihood of suffering from cancer,
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Potcenjujemo verovatnoću da ćemo oboleti od raka,
00:40
being in a car accident.
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doživeti saobraćajnu nesreću.
00:41
We overestimate our longevity, our career prospects.
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Precenjujemo svoju dugovečnost, svoje izglede u karijeri.
00:44
In short, we're more optimistic than realistic,
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Ukratko, mi smo više optimistični nego realistični,
00:48
but we are oblivious to the fact.
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ali toga nismo svesni.
00:50
Take marriage for example.
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Uzmite na primer brak.
00:52
In the Western world, divorce rates are about 40 percent.
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U zapadnom svetu stope razvoda su oko 40 posto.
00:56
That means that out of five married couples,
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To znači da će se od pet venčanih parova
00:59
two will end up splitting their assets.
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dva završiti podelom imovine.
01:02
But when you ask newlyweds about their own likelihood of divorce,
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Ali kad upitate upravo venčane o verovatnoći da će da se razvedu,
01:05
they estimate it at zero percent.
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oni procenjuju da je to nula posto.
01:09
And even divorce lawyers, who should really know better,
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Čak i advokati za razvod, koji bi zaista trebalo da znaju bolje,
01:13
hugely underestimate their own likelihood of divorce.
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u velikoj meri potcenjuju verovatnoću da se razvedu.
01:17
So it turns out that optimists are not less likely to divorce,
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Ispada da optimisti nemaju manje šanse da se razvedu,
01:20
but they are more likely to remarry.
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ali imaju veće šanse da se ponovo venčaju.
01:22
In the words of Samuel Johnson,
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Prema rečima Semjuela Džonsona,
01:25
"Remarriage is the triumph of hope over experience."
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"Ponovno venčanje je trijumf nade nad iskustvom."
01:29
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:30
So if we're married, we're more likely to have kids.
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Ako smo venčani, verovatnije je da ćemo imati decu.
01:35
And we all think our kids will be especially talented.
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Svi mislimo da će naša deca biti posebno talentovana.
01:38
This, by the way, is my two-year-old nephew, Guy.
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Ovo je moj dvogodišnji nećak, Gaj.
01:41
And I just want to make it absolutely clear
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Da vam bude potpuno jasno,
01:43
that he's a really bad example of the optimism bias,
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on je zaista loš primer ove pristrasnosti optimizma,
01:46
because he is in fact uniquely talented.
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jer je u stvari jedinstveno talentovan.
01:49
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:50
And I'm not alone.
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Ne mislim samo ja tako.
01:52
Out of four British people, three said
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Od četiri Britanca, tri su rekla
01:54
that they were optimistic about the future of their own families.
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da su optimistični po pitanju budućnosti svojih porodica.
01:58
That's 75 percent.
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To je 75 posto.
02:00
But only 30 percent said
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Ali je samo 30 posto reklo
02:02
that they thought families in general
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da misle da je porodicama
02:05
are doing better than a few generations ago.
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bolje sada nego pre nekoliko generacija.
02:07
And this is a really important point,
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Ovo je zaista važno,
02:09
because we're optimistic about ourselves,
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jer smo optimistični kad se radi o nama,
02:11
we're optimistic about our kids,
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našoj deci,
02:13
we're optimistic about our families,
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našim porodicama
02:14
but we're not so optimistic about the guy sitting next to us,
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ali nismo tako mnogo optimistični kad se radi o osobi koja sedi do nas
02:18
and we're somewhat pessimistic
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i nekako smo pesimistični
02:20
about the fate of our fellow citizens and the fate of our country.
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kad se radi o sudbini naših sugrađana i naše zemlje.
02:24
But private optimism about our own personal future
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Ali optimizam o našoj ličnoj budućnosti
02:28
remains persistent.
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ostaje trajan.
02:30
And it doesn't mean that we think things will magically turn out okay,
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To ne znači da mislimo da će stvari magično ispasti OK,
02:34
but rather that we have the unique ability to make it so.
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već da imamo jedinstvenu sposobnost da ispadnu OK.
02:38
Now I'm a scientist, I do experiments.
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Ja sam naučnica i eksperimentišem.
02:41
So to show you what I mean,
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Da bih vam pokazala na šta mislim,
02:43
I'm going to do an experiment here with you.
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sprovešću eksperiment ovde sa vama.
02:45
So I'm going to give you a list of abilities and characteristics,
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Daću vam listu sposobnosti i osobina,
02:49
and I want you to think for each of these abilities
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hoću da razmislite za svaku od ovih sposobnosti
02:52
where you stand relative to the rest of the population.
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gde se nalazite u odnosu na ostatak populacije.
02:56
The first one is getting along well with others.
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Prva je, kako se slažete sa drugima.
03:00
Who here believes they're at the bottom 25 percent?
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Ko ovde veruje da je u donjih 25 posto?
03:06
Okay, that's about 10 people out of 1,500.
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OK, to je oko 10 ljudi od 1 500.
03:10
Who believes they're at the top 25 percent?
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Ko veruje da je u gornjih 25 posto?
03:14
That's most of us here.
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To je većina ovde.
03:17
Okay, now do the same for your driving ability.
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OK, sad uradimo isto za vašu vozačku sposobnost.
03:22
How interesting are you?
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Koliko ste zanimljivi?
03:24
How attractive are you?
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Koliko ste privlačni?
03:27
How honest are you?
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Koliko ste iskreni?
03:30
And finally, how modest are you?
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I konačno, koliko ste skromni?
03:35
So most of us put ourselves above average
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Ispada da mnogi od nas misle da su iznad proseka
03:38
on most of these abilities.
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u vezi sa većinom ovih sposobnosti.
03:40
Now this is statistically impossible.
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Ovo je statistički nemoguće.
03:42
We can't all be better than everyone else.
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Ne možemo svi biti bolji od svih ostalih.
03:45
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
03:47
But if we believe we're better than the other guy,
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Ali ako verujemo da smo bolji nego onaj drugi,
03:50
well that means that we're more likely to get that promotion, to remain married,
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onda znači da je verovatnije da ćemo da dobijemo to unapređenje, da ostanemo u braku,
03:54
because we're more social, more interesting.
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jer smo društveniji, zanimljiviji.
03:56
And it's a global phenomenon.
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I to je globalni fenomen.
03:58
The optimism bias has been observed
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Pristrasnost optimizma su posmatrali
04:01
in many different countries --
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u mnogim državama --
04:03
in Western cultures, in non-Western cultures,
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u zapadnim i ostalim kulturama,
04:06
in females and males,
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među ženama i muškarcima,
04:07
in kids, in the elderly.
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među decom, starima.
04:09
It's quite widespread.
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Prilično je rasprostranjena.
04:11
But the question is, is it good for us?
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Ali pitanje je, da li je to dobro za nas?
04:14
So some people say no.
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Neki ljudi kažu da nije.
04:17
Some people say the secret to happiness
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Neki kažu da je tajna sreće
04:19
is low expectations.
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u malim očekivanjima.
04:22
I think the logic goes something like this:
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Mislim da logika ide nekako ovako:
04:25
If we don't expect greatness,
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ako ne očekujemo veliki uspeh,
04:27
if we don't expect to find love and be healthy and successful,
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da ćemo naći ljubav, biti zdravi i uspešni,
04:31
well we're not going to be disappointed when these things don't happen.
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tada nećemo biti razočarani kad se ove stvari ne dese.
04:34
And if we're not disappointed when good things don't happen,
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Ako nismo razočarani kada se ne dese dobre stvari,
04:37
and we're pleasantly surprised when they do,
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prijatno smo iznenađeni kad se dese,
04:39
we will be happy.
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bićemo srećni.
04:41
So it's a very good theory,
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To je veoma dobra teorija,
04:43
but it turns out to be wrong for three reasons.
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ali ispada da je pogrešna zbog tri razloga.
04:46
Number one: Whatever happens, whether you succeed or you fail,
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Prvi je: bez obzira šta da se desi, uspeh ili poraz,
04:50
people with high expectations always feel better.
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ljudi sa velikim očekivanjima se uvek osećaju bolje.
04:54
Because how we feel when we get dumped or win employee of the month
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Kako se osećamo kad nas šutnu ili kad osvojimo nagradu meseca,
04:58
depends on how we interpret that event.
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zavisi od toga kako interpretiramo taj događaj.
05:01
The psychologists Margaret Marshall and John Brown
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Psiholozi Margaret Maršal i Džon Braun
05:05
studied students with high and low expectations.
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su proučavali studente sa velikim i malim očekivanjima.
05:08
And they found that when people with high expectations succeed,
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Otkrili su da kad ljudi sa velikim očekivanjima uspeju,
05:12
they attribute that success to their own traits.
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oni taj uspeh pripisuju svojim osobinama.
05:15
"I'm a genius, therefore I got an A,
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"Ja sam genijalac, zato sam dobio desetku,
05:17
therefore I'll get an A again and again in the future."
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zbog toga ću je ponovo dobiti."
05:20
When they failed, it wasn't because they were dumb,
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Kad nisu uspeli, to se nije desilo zato što su glupi,
05:23
but because the exam just happened to be unfair.
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već zato što je ispit bio nefer.
05:26
Next time they will do better.
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Sledeći put će uraditi bolje.
05:29
People with low expectations do the opposite.
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Ljudi sa malim očekivanjima upravo rade suprotno.
05:32
So when they failed it was because they were dumb,
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Kad ne uspeju, to je zato što su bili glupi,
05:34
and when they succeeded
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a kad uspeju,
05:36
it was because the exam just happened to be really easy.
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to je zato što je ispit bio zaista lak.
05:39
Next time reality would catch up with them.
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Svet realnosti bi ih sustigao sledeći put.
05:42
So they felt worse.
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Zbog toga su se lošije osećali.
05:44
Number two: Regardless of the outcome,
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Drugo: bez obzira na ishod,
05:47
the pure act of anticipation makes us happy.
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samo iščekivanje nas čini srećnim.
05:51
The behavioral economist George Lowenstein
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Bihevioralni ekonomista Džordž Lovenstin
05:54
asked students in his university
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je pitao studente svog univerziteta
05:56
to imagine getting a passionate kiss from a celebrity, any celebrity.
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da zamisle da ih neka slavna ličnost strasno poljubi.
06:00
Then he said, "How much are you willing to pay
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Tad je pitao: "Koliko ste spremni da platite
06:03
to get a kiss from a celebrity
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da bi vas slavna osoba poljubila
06:05
if the kiss was delivered immediately,
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ako će vas poljubiti odmah,
06:07
in three hours, in 24 hours, in three days,
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za tri sata, za 24 sata, za tri dana,
06:12
in one year, in 10 years?
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za godinu dana, za 10 godina?"
06:15
He found that the students were willing to pay the most
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Otkrio je da su studenti spremni da plate najviše
06:18
not to get a kiss immediately,
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ne da dobiju poljubac odmah,
06:20
but to get a kiss in three days.
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već da ga dobiju za tri dana.
06:23
They were willing to pay extra in order to wait.
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Spremni su da plate više da bi sačekali.
06:27
Now they weren't willing to wait a year or 10 years;
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Nisu bili spremni da čekaju godinu dana ili 10 godina;
06:30
no one wants an aging celebrity.
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niko ne voli ostarelu zvezdu.
06:32
But three days seemed to be the optimum amount.
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Ali tri dana je izgledalo optimalno.
06:36
So why is that?
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Zašto je to tako?
06:39
Well if you get the kiss now, it's over and done with.
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Ako poljubac dobiješ sada, on je odmah gotov.
06:42
But if you get the kiss in three days,
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Ali ako dobiješ poljubac za tri dana,
06:44
well that's three days of jittery anticipation, the thrill of the wait.
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onda je to tri dana nestrpljivog iščekivanja, uzbuđenje zbog čekanja.
06:48
The students wanted that time
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Studenti su hteli to vreme
06:50
to imagine where is it going to happen,
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da bi zamislili gde će to dogoditi,
06:52
how is it going to happen.
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kako će se dogoditi.
06:54
Anticipation made them happy.
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Iščekivanje ih je učinilo srećnim.
06:56
This is, by the way, why people prefer Friday to Sunday.
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Zbog ovog ljudi više vole petak nego nedelju.
07:00
It's a really curious fact,
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To je zaista neobično,
07:02
because Friday is a day of work and Sunday is a day of pleasure,
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jer petak je radni dan, a nedelja je dan za zadovoljstvo,
07:06
so you'd assume that people will prefer Sunday,
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tako da biste pretpostavili da ljudi više vole nedelju,
07:09
but they don't.
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ali nije tako.
07:10
It's not because they really, really like being in the office
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Ne zato što ljudi stvarno vole da budu u kancelariji
07:13
and they can't stand strolling in the park
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i ne vole šetnju u parku
07:15
or having a lazy brunch.
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ili da doručkuju natenane.
07:17
We know that, because when you ask people
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To znamo, jer kad pitate ljude
07:19
about their ultimate favorite day of the week,
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koji im je omiljeni dan u nedelji,
07:22
surprise, surprise, Saturday comes in at first,
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subota je prva,
07:24
then Friday, then Sunday.
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pa petak, pa nedelja.
07:27
People prefer Friday
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Ljudi više vole petak
07:29
because Friday brings with it the anticipation of the weekend ahead,
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jer petak donosi sa sobom i iščekivanje dolazećeg vikenda,
07:33
all the plans that you have.
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svih planova koje imate.
07:35
On Sunday, the only thing you can look forward to
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Nedeljom, jedina stvar kojoj se možete radovati
07:38
is the work week.
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je radna nedelja.
07:40
So optimists are people who expect more kisses in their future,
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Optimisti su ljudi koji očekuju više poljubaca u svojoj budućnosti,
07:45
more strolls in the park.
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više šetnji u parku.
07:47
And that anticipation enhances their wellbeing.
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I to iščekivanje je dobro za njih.
07:51
In fact, without the optimism bias,
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U stvari bez pristrasnosti optimizma,
07:54
we would all be slightly depressed.
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svi bismo bili pomalo depresivni.
07:57
People with mild depression,
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Ljudi sa umerenom depresijom,
07:59
they don't have a bias when they look into the future.
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nemaju predrasude kad pogledaju u budućnost.
08:02
They're actually more realistic than healthy individuals.
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U stvari su realističniji nego zdravi ljudi.
08:06
But individuals with severe depression,
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Ali osobe sa ozbiljnom depresijom,
08:08
they have a pessimistic bias.
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imaju pristrasnost pesimizma.
08:10
So they tend to expect the future
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Oni očekuju da će budućnost
08:12
to be worse than it ends up being.
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biti gora nego što će zaista biti.
08:15
So optimism changes subjective reality.
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Optimizam menja subjektivnu stvarnost.
08:18
The way we expect the world to be changes the way we see it.
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Ono što očekujemo da će biti, menja naš pogled na svet.
08:22
But it also changes objective reality.
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Ali isto tako menja objektivnu stvarnost.
08:25
It acts as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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To je kao ispunjavanje proročanstva.
08:28
And that is the third reason
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Tu je i treći razlog
08:30
why lowering your expectations will not make you happy.
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zašto vas smanjivanje očekivanja neće učiniti srećnim.
08:33
Controlled experiments have shown
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Kontrolisani eksperimenti su pokazali
08:35
that optimism is not only related to success,
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da optimizam nije samo povezan sa uspehom,
08:38
it leads to success.
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on vodi ka uspehu.
08:40
Optimism leads to success in academia and sports and politics.
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Optimizam vodi ka uspehu u školi, sportovima i politici.
08:44
And maybe the most surprising benefit of optimism is health.
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Možda je zdravlje najviše iznenađujuća korist od optimizma.
08:49
If we expect the future to be bright,
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Ako očekujemo da budućnost bude svetla,
08:52
stress and anxiety are reduced.
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stres i anksioznost su smanjeni.
08:55
So all in all, optimism has lots of benefits.
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Sve u svemu, optimizam ima mnogo prednosti.
08:59
But the question that was really confusing to me was,
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Pitanje koje me je zbunjivalo je
09:02
how do we maintain optimism in the face of reality?
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kako zadržati optimizam u stvarnosti?
09:07
As an neuroscientist, this was especially confusing,
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Kao neuronaučnici, ovo je bilo posebno zbunjujuće,
09:10
because according to all the theories out there,
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jer prema svim teorijama koje postoje,
09:13
when your expectations are not met, you should alter them.
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kad se ne ostvare tvoja očekivanja, treba da ih promeniš.
09:17
But this is not what we find.
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Ali ovo nije ono što nalazimo.
09:19
We asked people to come into our lab
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Doveli smo ljude u našu laboratoriju
09:22
in order to try and figure out what was going on.
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da bismo pokušali da procenimo šta se dešava.
09:25
We asked them to estimate their likelihood
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Pitali smo ih da procene verovatnoću
09:27
of experiencing different terrible events in their lives.
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da im se dese razni grozni događaji.
09:30
So, for example, what is your likelihood of suffering from cancer?
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Na primer, koja je verovatnoća da ćeš oboleti od raka?
09:34
And then we told them the average likelihood
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Tad bismo im saopštili prosečnu verovatnoću
09:37
of someone like them to suffer these misfortunes.
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da neko kao oni to doživi.
09:40
So cancer, for example, is about 30 percent.
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Tako je za rak verovatnoća oko 30 posto.
09:43
And then we asked them again,
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I zatim smo ih ponovo pitali:
09:46
"How likely are you to suffer from cancer?"
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"Kolika je šansa da vi dobijete rak?"
09:49
What we wanted to know was
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Ono što smo hteli da znamo je
09:51
whether people will take the information that we gave them
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da li će ljudi primiti informaciju koju smo im dali
09:54
to change their beliefs.
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da bi promenili svoje uverenje.
09:56
And indeed they did --
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Zaista i jesu --
09:58
but mostly when the information we gave them
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ali uglavnom kad je informacija koju smo im dali
10:01
was better than what they expected.
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bila bolja od onog što su oni očekivali.
10:04
So for example,
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Na primer,
10:05
if someone said, "My likelihood of suffering from cancer
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ako je neko rekao: "Moja šansa da obolim od raka
10:08
is about 50 percent,"
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je oko 50 posto",
10:10
and we said, "Hey, good news.
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mi bismo rekli: "Hej, dobre vesti.
10:13
The average likelihood is only 30 percent,"
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Prosečna verovatnoća je samo 30 posto",
10:16
the next time around they would say,
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sledeći put oni bi rekli:
10:18
"Well maybe my likelihood is about 35 percent."
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"Pa možda je moja verovatnoća oko 35 posto."
10:20
So they learned quickly and efficiently.
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Dakle, učili su brzo i efikasno.
10:23
But if someone started off saying,
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Ali ako bi neko počeo sa:
10:26
"My average likelihood of suffering from cancer is about 10 percent,"
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"Moja šansa da obolim od raka je oko 10 posto",
10:29
and we said, "Hey, bad news.
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a mi na to: "Hej, loše vesti.
10:32
The average likelihood is about 30 percent,"
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Prosečna šansa je oko 30 posto",
10:35
the next time around they would say,
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sledeći put oni bi rekli:
10:37
"Yep. Still think it's about 11 percent."
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"Da. I dalje mislim da je oko 11 posto."
10:40
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
10:42
So it's not that they didn't learn at all -- they did --
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Nije da oni nisu naučili uopšte -- naprotiv --
10:45
but much, much less than when we gave them
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ali mnogo manje nego kad smo im dali
10:47
positive information about the future.
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pozitivnu informaciju o budućnosti.
10:50
And it's not that they didn't remember the numbers that we gave them;
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Nije da nisu upamtili brojeve koje smo im dali;
10:53
everyone remembers that the average likelihood of cancer
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svako zapamti da je prosečna šansa za rak
10:56
is about 30 percent
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oko 30 posto
10:57
and the average likelihood of divorce is about 40 percent.
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i prosečna verovatnoća za razvod oko 40 posto.
11:00
But they didn't think that those numbers were related to them.
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Ali oni ne misle da se ovi brojevi odnose na njih.
11:05
What this means is that warning signs such as these
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Ovo znači da ovakvi znaci upozorenja
11:09
may only have limited impact.
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mogu imati samo ograničen uticaj.
11:12
Yes, smoking kills, but mostly it kills the other guy.
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Pušenje ubija, ali uglavnom nekog drugog.
11:16
What I wanted to know was
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Ono šta sam htela da saznam je
11:18
what was going on inside the human brain
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šta se dešava unutar ljudskog mozga,
11:21
that prevented us from taking these warning signs personally.
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što nas je sprečilo da shvatimo ova upozorenja lično.
11:25
But at the same time,
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Ali u isto vreme,
11:26
when we hear that the housing market is hopeful,
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kad čujemo da je prodaja kuća krenula,
11:28
we think, "Oh, my house is definitely going to double in price."
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mislimo: "Moja kuća će definitivno dostići duplu cenu."
11:32
To try and figure that out,
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Pokušavajući da to shvatim,
11:34
I asked the participants in the experiment
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pitala sam učesnike eksperimenta
11:37
to lie in a brain imaging scanner.
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da im uradimo skener mozga.
11:39
It looks like this.
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To izgleda ovako.
11:41
And using a method called functional MRI,
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Koristeći MRI metod,
11:44
we were able to identify regions in the brain
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bili smo u stanju da identifikujemo regione u mozgu
11:47
that were responding to positive information.
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koji su odgovarali na pozitivne informacije.
11:50
One of these regions is called the left inferior frontal gyrus.
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Jedan od ovih regiona je nazvan donja leva čeona vijuga.
11:54
So if someone said, "My likelihood of suffering from cancer is 50 percent,"
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Ako je neko rekao: "Moja šansa da obolim od raka je 50 posto",
11:57
and we said, "Hey, good news.
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a mi: "Hej, dobre vesti.
11:59
Average likelihood is 30 percent,"
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Prosečna verovatnoća je 30 posto",
12:02
the left inferior frontal gyrus would respond fiercely.
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donja leva čeona vijuga bi odgovorila snažno.
12:05
And it didn't matter if you're an extreme optimist, a mild optimist
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Nije imalo veze s tim da li ste ekstremni optimista, umereni optimista
12:10
or slightly pessimistic,
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ili pomalo pesimista,
12:12
everyone's left inferior frontal gyrus
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svačija donja leva čeona vijuga
12:14
was functioning perfectly well,
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je funkcionisala savršeno dobro,
12:16
whether you're Barack Obama or Woody Allen.
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bez obzira da li ste Barak Obama ili Vudi Alen.
12:19
On the other side of the brain,
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Na drugoj strani mozga,
12:21
the right inferior frontal gyrus was responding to bad news.
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donja desna čeona vijuga je reagovala na loše vesti.
12:25
And here's the thing: it wasn't doing a very good job.
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I tu ima sledeća stvar - ona nije radila dobar posao.
12:29
The more optimistic you were,
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Što ste optimističniji,
12:31
the less likely this region was
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manja je verovatnoća da ovaj region
12:34
to respond to unexpected negative information.
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odgovori na neočekivane negativne informacije.
12:37
And if your brain is failing
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Ako vaš mozak zakazuje
12:40
at integrating bad news about the future,
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u prihvatanju loših vesti o budućnosti,
12:43
you will constantly leave your rose-tinted spectacles on.
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konstantno ćete nositi roze obojene naočare.
12:47
So we wanted to know, could we change this?
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Tako da smo hteli da saznamo, da li možemo ovo da promenimo.
12:52
Could we alter people's optimism bias
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Možemo li promeniti ljudsku pristrasnost optimizma
12:56
by interfering with the brain activity in these regions?
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ometanjem moždanih aktivnosti u ovim regijama?
13:00
And there's a way for us to do that.
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Postoji način na koji to radimo.
13:02
This is my collaborator Ryota Kanai.
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Ovo je moj saradnik Rijota Kanai.
13:05
And what he's doing is he's passing a small magnetic pulse
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Sa malim magnetnim impulsima on prolazi
13:09
through the skull of the participant in our study
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kroz lobanju učesnika naše studije
13:11
into their inferior frontal gyrus.
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u njihove donje čeone vijuge.
13:13
And by doing that,
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I radeći ovo,
13:15
he's interfering with the activity of this brain region
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utiče na aktivnost ove regije mozga
13:18
for about half an hour.
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oko pola sata.
13:19
After that everything goes back to normal, I assure you.
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Posle toga sve ide nazad u normalu, uveravam vas.
13:22
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
13:24
So let's see what happens.
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Da vidmo šta se dešava.
13:27
First of all, I'm going to show you
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Prvo, pokazaću vam
13:30
the average amount of bias that we see.
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prosečnu veličinu pristrasnosti koju vidimo.
13:32
So if I was to test all of you now,
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Ako treba sve sad da vas testiram
13:35
this is the amount that you would learn
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ovoliko biste saznali
13:37
more from good news relative to bad news.
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više od dobrih vesti u odnosu na loše vesti.
13:40
Now we interfere with the region
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Sad utičemo na regiju
13:42
that we found to integrate negative information in this task,
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za koju smo saznali da je zadužena za negativne informacije u ovom zadatku,
13:47
and the optimism bias grew even larger.
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i optimizam raste još više.
13:50
We made people more biased in the way that they process information.
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Učinili smo ljude pristrasnijima prema tome kako obrađuju informaciju.
13:56
Then we interfered with the brain region
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Zatim smo uticali na oblast mozga
13:59
that we found to integrate good news in this task,
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za koju smo pronašli da je zadužena za dobre vesti u zadatku,
14:02
and the optimism bias disappeared.
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i pristrasnost optimizma je nestala.
14:07
We were quite amazed by these results
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Bili smo baš zadivljeni ovim rezultatima
14:09
because we were able to eliminate
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jer smo mogli da eliminišemo
14:11
a deep-rooted bias in humans.
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duboko usađenu pristrasnost ljudi.
14:14
And at this point we stopped and we asked ourselves,
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I na ovoj tački smo stali i upitali smo se,
14:19
would we want to shatter the optimism illusion into tiny little bits?
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da li bismo želeli da razbijemo optimističku iluziju?
14:24
If we could do that, would we want to take people's optimism bias away?
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Kad bismo mogli, da li bismo želeli da uništimo ljudsku pristrasnost optimizma?
14:29
Well I've already told you about all of the benefits of the optimism bias,
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Već smo vam rekli o svim koristima pristrasnosti optimizma,
14:34
which probably makes you want to hold onto it for dear life.
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koje verovatno čine da želite je zadržite zauvek.
14:38
But there are, of course, pitfalls,
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Ali tu postoje zamke
14:40
and it would be really foolish of us to ignore them.
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i bilo bi zaista glupo da ih ignorišemo.
14:43
Take for example this email I recieved
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Uzmite na primer ovaj mail koji sam primila
14:47
from a firefighter here in California.
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od vatrogasca ovde u Kaliforniji.
14:49
He says, "Fatality investigations for firefighters
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On kaže: "Istrage smrtnih slučajeva vatrogasaca
14:53
often include 'We didn't think the fire was going to do that,'
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4142
često navode 'Nismo mislili da će vatra to da uradi',
14:57
even when all of the available information
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i čak kad su tu sve informacije
14:59
was there to make safe decisions."
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da bi se donele sigurne odluke."
15:01
This captain is going to use our findings on the optimism bias
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Ovaj kapetan će da uzme svoje nalaze o pristrasnosti optimizma
15:05
to try to explain to the firefighters
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da bi pokušao da objasni vatrogascima
15:08
why they think the way they do,
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zašto oni tako razmišljaju,
15:10
to make them acutely aware of this very optimistic bias in humans.
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da bi ih uverio o pristrasnosti optimizma.
15:17
So unrealistic optimism can lead to risky behavior,
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Nerealni optimizam može da vodi do rizičnog ponašanja,
15:22
to financial collapse, to faulty planning.
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do finansijskog kolapsa, do pogrešnog planiranja.
15:26
The British government, for example,
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Britanska vlada je na primer,
15:28
has acknowledged that the optimism bias
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2674
objavila da pristrasnost optimizma
15:30
can make individuals more likely
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3287
može da napravi da pojedinci više
15:34
to underestimate the costs and durations of projects.
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4026
potcenjuju troškove i trajanje projekata.
15:38
So they have adjusted the 2012 Olympic budget
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4254
Tako da su oni prilagodili Olimpijski budžet za 2012.
15:42
for the optimism bias.
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2111
pristrasnosti optimizma.
15:44
My friend who's getting married in a few weeks
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Moj prijatelj koji se ženi za par sedmica
15:46
has done the same for his wedding budget.
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2434
je uradio isto to za svoj svadbeni budžet.
15:49
And by the way, when I asked him about his own likelihood of divorce,
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3062
Kad sam ga pitala koliko ima šanse da se razvede,
15:52
he said he was quite sure it was zero percent.
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rekao je da je potpuno siguran da je to nula posto.
15:55
So what we would really like to do,
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Ono što bismo u stvari želeli da uradimo je
15:58
is we would like to protect ourselves from the dangers of optimism,
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da se zaštitimo od opasnosti optimizma,
16:02
but at the same time remain hopeful,
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ali u isto vreme da se nadamo,
16:05
benefiting from the many fruits of optimism.
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2844
koristeći dobrobiti optimizma.
16:08
And I believe there's a way for us to do that.
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Verujem da postoji način da to uradimo.
16:11
The key here really is knowledge.
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Stvarni ključ je znanje.
16:13
We're not born with an innate understanding of our biases.
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Mi nismo rođeni sa unutrašnjim razumevanjem svojih pristrasnosti.
16:16
These have to be identified by scientific investigation.
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One moraju biti identifikovane naučnim istraživanjem.
16:20
But the good news is that becoming aware of the optimism bias
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Dobre vesti su da biti svestan o pristrasnosti optimizma
16:24
does not shatter the illusion.
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ne razbija iluziju.
16:26
It's like visual illusions,
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1548
Kao vizualne iluzije,
16:28
in which understanding them does not make them go away.
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u kojima njihovo razumevanje ne čini da one nestanu.
16:31
And this is good because it means
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I to je dobro, jer to znači
16:33
we should be able to strike a balance,
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da bi trebalo da možemo da odredimo pravi balans,
16:36
to come up with plans and rules
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da postavimo planove i pravila
16:38
to protect ourselves from unrealistic optimism,
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2783
kako bismo se zaštitili od nerealnog optimizma,
16:41
but at the same time remain hopeful.
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ali u isto vreme i da se nadamo.
16:44
I think this cartoon portrays it nicely.
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Mislim da ovaj crtež to lepo opisuje.
16:48
Because if you're one of these pessimistic penguins up there
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Ako ste jedan od ovih pesimističnih pingvina ovde gore
16:51
who just does not believe they can fly,
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koji jednostavno ne veruje da može da leti,
16:53
you certainly never will.
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2359
svakako nikad i nećete.
16:56
Because to make any kind of progress,
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Da bi se napravio bilo kakav napredak,
16:57
we need to be able to imagine a different reality,
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treba da možemo da zamislimo drugačiju realnost
17:00
and then we need to believe that that reality is possible.
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i onda treba da verujemo da je ta realnost moguća.
17:03
But if you are an extreme optimistic penguin
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Ali ako ste ekstremno optimističan pingvin,
17:07
who just jumps down blindly hoping for the best,
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koji samo slepo skače nadajući se najboljem,
17:10
you might find yourself in a bit of a mess when you hit the ground.
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možete se naći u haosu kad udarite u zemlju.
17:15
But if you're an optimistic penguin
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1889
Ali ako ste optimističan pingvin
17:16
who believes they can fly,
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koji veruje da može da leti,
17:18
but then adjusts a parachute to your back
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pa onda podesite padobran na svojim leđima
17:21
just in case things don't work out exactly as you had planned,
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samo za slučaj da se stvari ne dese tačno onako kako ste planirali,
17:24
you will soar like an eagle,
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poletećete kao orao,
17:26
even if you're just a penguin.
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čak iako ste samo pingvin.
17:29
Thank you.
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Hvala.
17:31
(Applause)
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2936
(aplauz)

Original video on YouTube.com
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