The optimism bias | Tali Sharot

553,542 views ใƒป 2012-05-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shahar Rodrig ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yhonatan Shemesh
00:15
I'm going to talk to you about optimism --
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
00:18
or more precisely, the optimism bias.
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ืื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
00:21
It's a cognitive illusion
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
00:22
that we've been studying in my lab for the past few years,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:25
and 80 percent of us have it.
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›-80% ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
00:27
It's our tendency to overestimate
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื™ืชืจ
00:30
our likelihood of experiencing good events in our lives
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ืœืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
00:33
and underestimate our likelihood of experiencing bad events.
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ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื—ืกืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
00:37
So we underestimate our likelihood of suffering from cancer,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื—ืกืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
00:40
being in a car accident.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
00:41
We overestimate our longevity, our career prospects.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:44
In short, we're more optimistic than realistic,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื,
00:48
but we are oblivious to the fact.
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ืื•ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื”.
00:50
Take marriage for example.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
00:52
In the Western world, divorce rates are about 40 percent.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 40%.
00:56
That means that out of five married couples,
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ืžืฉืžืข, ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื•ืื™ื,
00:59
two will end up splitting their assets.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ืคืฆืœื• ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื.
01:02
But when you ask newlyweds about their own likelihood of divorce,
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ืื•ืœื ื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื’ืจืฉื•,
01:05
they estimate it at zero percent.
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ื”ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืืคืก ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
01:09
And even divorce lawyers, who should really know better,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:13
hugely underestimate their own likelihood of divorce.
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ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ.
01:17
So it turns out that optimists are not less likely to divorce,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ,
01:20
but they are more likely to remarry.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ืช.
01:22
In the words of Samuel Johnson,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ,
01:25
"Remarriage is the triumph of hope over experience."
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"ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื” ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ".
01:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:30
So if we're married, we're more likely to have kids.
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ืื ื”ืชื—ืชื ื•, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื
01:35
And we all think our kids will be especially talented.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:38
This, by the way, is my two-year-old nephew, Guy.
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ื–ื”ื•, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื’ื™ื.
01:41
And I just want to make it absolutely clear
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ:
01:43
that he's a really bad example of the optimism bias,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
01:46
because he is in fact uniquely talented.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
01:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:50
And I'm not alone.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
01:52
Out of four British people, three said
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ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•
01:54
that they were optimistic about the future of their own families.
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื.
01:58
That's 75 percent.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘-75 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
02:00
But only 30 percent said
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ืจืง 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•
02:02
that they thought families in general
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
02:05
are doing better than a few generations ago.
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ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
02:07
And this is a really important point,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“,
02:09
because we're optimistic about ourselves,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•,
02:11
we're optimistic about our kids,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:13
we're optimistic about our families,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:14
but we're not so optimistic about the guy sitting next to us,
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ืื•ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ื ื•,
02:18
and we're somewhat pessimistic
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื
02:20
about the fate of our fellow citizens and the fate of our country.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:24
But private optimism about our own personal future
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ืื•ืœื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•
02:28
remains persistent.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช.
02:30
And it doesn't mean that we think things will magically turn out okay,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืกืชื“ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืกืžื™,
02:34
but rather that we have the unique ability to make it so.
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื— ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ.
02:38
Now I'm a scientist, I do experiments.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
02:41
So to show you what I mean,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช,
02:43
I'm going to do an experiment here with you.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื™ื›ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
02:45
So I'm going to give you a list of abilities and characteristics,
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
02:49
and I want you to think for each of these abilities
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
02:52
where you stand relative to the rest of the population.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
02:56
The first one is getting along well with others.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:00
Who here believes they're at the bottom 25 percent?
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ืžื™ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘-25 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื?
03:06
Okay, that's about 10 people out of 1,500.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 1,500.
03:10
Who believes they're at the top 25 percent?
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ืžื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘-25 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื?
03:14
That's most of us here.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ.
03:17
Okay, now do the same for your driving ability.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
03:22
How interesting are you?
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ื›ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืชื?
03:24
How attractive are you?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืชื?
03:27
How honest are you?
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ื›ืžื” ื›ื ื™ื ืืชื?
03:30
And finally, how modest are you?
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ื•ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ืžื” ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ืืชื?
03:35
So most of us put ourselves above average
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
03:38
on most of these abilities.
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ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:40
Now this is statistically impossible.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
03:42
We can't all be better than everyone else.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
03:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:47
But if we believe we're better than the other guy,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื–ื•ืœืช,
03:50
well that means that we're more likely to get that promotion, to remain married,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื, ืฉื ื™ืฉืืจ ื ืฉื•ืื™ื,
03:54
because we're more social, more interesting.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:56
And it's a global phenomenon.
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ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช.
03:58
The optimism bias has been observed
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ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืฆืคืชื”
04:01
in many different countries --
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช --
04:03
in Western cultures, in non-Western cultures,
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืœื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
04:06
in females and males,
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ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:07
in kids, in the elderly.
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
04:09
It's quite widespread.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื—.
04:11
But the question is, is it good for us?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•?
04:14
So some people say no.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื.
04:17
Some people say the secret to happiness
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื“ ืœืื•ืฉืจ
04:19
is low expectations.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช.
04:22
I think the logic goes something like this:
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื–ื”:
04:25
If we don't expect greatness,
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ืื ืœื ื ืฆืคื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
04:27
if we don't expect to find love and be healthy and successful,
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ืื ืœื ื ืฆืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื”ื‘ื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื,
04:31
well we're not going to be disappointed when these things don't happen.
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ืœื ื ืชืื›ื–ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื•.
04:34
And if we're not disappointed when good things don't happen,
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ื•ืื ืœื ื ืชืื›ื–ื‘ ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื•
04:37
and we're pleasantly surprised when they do,
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ื•ื ื•ืคืชืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ื,
04:39
we will be happy.
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
04:41
So it's a very good theory,
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ืื–, ื–ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“,
04:43
but it turns out to be wrong for three reasons.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:
04:46
Number one: Whatever happens, whether you succeed or you fail,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ืงืจื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืื• ื ื›ืฉืœ,
04:50
people with high expectations always feel better.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:54
Because how we feel when we get dumped or win employee of the month
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก "ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ"
04:58
depends on how we interpret that event.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืข.
05:01
The psychologists Margaret Marshall and John Brown
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืžืจืฉืœ ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ
05:05
studied students with high and low expectations.
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ื—ืงืจื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช.
05:08
And they found that when people with high expectations succeed,
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื,
05:12
they attribute that success to their own traits.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:15
"I'm a genius, therefore I got an A,
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"ืื ื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ 100 ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ,
05:17
therefore I'll get an A again and again in the future."
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืืงื‘ืœ 100 ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“."
05:20
When they failed, it wasn't because they were dumb,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื›ืฉืœื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื˜ืคืฉื™ื,
05:23
but because the exam just happened to be unfair.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช.
05:26
Next time they will do better.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:29
People with low expectations do the opposite.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
05:32
So when they failed it was because they were dumb,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ื›ืฉืœื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื˜ืคืฉื™ื,
05:34
and when they succeeded
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
05:36
it was because the exam just happened to be really easy.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื”.
05:39
Next time reality would catch up with them.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ 'ืชืจืื” ืœื”ื'.
05:42
So they felt worse.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:44
Number two: Regardless of the outcome,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
05:47
the pure act of anticipation makes us happy.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
05:51
The behavioral economist George Lowenstein
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืœื•ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
05:54
asked students in his university
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
05:56
to imagine getting a passionate kiss from a celebrity, any celebrity.
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืงื” ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ืžืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื›ืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกื.
06:00
Then he said, "How much are you willing to pay
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื: "ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื
06:03
to get a kiss from a celebrity
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ืฉื™ืงื” ืžืžืคื•ืจืกื
06:05
if the kiss was delivered immediately,
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ืื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
06:07
in three hours, in 24 hours, in three days,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื,
06:12
in one year, in 10 years?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื?
06:15
He found that the students were willing to pay the most
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:18
not to get a kiss immediately,
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ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช,
06:20
but to get a kiss in three days.
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ืืœื ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ 3 ื™ืžื™ื.
06:23
They were willing to pay extra in order to wait.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ.
06:27
Now they weren't willing to wait a year or 10 years;
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืื• 10 ืฉื ื™ื;
06:30
no one wants an aging celebrity.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ื™ื“ื•ืขืŸ ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ.
06:32
But three days seemed to be the optimum amount.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื ืจืื• ื›ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™.
06:36
So why is that?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
06:39
Well if you get the kiss now, it's over and done with.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืชื™ืขืœื.
06:42
But if you get the kiss in three days,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื,
06:44
well that's three days of jittery anticipation, the thrill of the wait.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืžืชื ื”.
06:48
The students wanted that time
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”
06:50
to imagine where is it going to happen,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช,
06:52
how is it going to happen.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช,
06:54
Anticipation made them happy.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
06:56
This is, by the way, why people prefer Friday to Sunday.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™, ืื’ื‘, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
07:00
It's a really curious fact,
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ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกืงืจื ืช,
07:02
because Friday is a day of work and Sunday is a day of pleasure,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื”,
07:06
so you'd assume that people will prefer Sunday,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืืช ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
07:09
but they don't.
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ืื•ืœื ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:10
It's not because they really, really like being in the office
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“
07:13
and they can't stand strolling in the park
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืืจืง
07:15
or having a lazy brunch.
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ืื• ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื”.
07:17
We know that, because when you ask people
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื
07:19
about their ultimate favorite day of the week,
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
07:22
surprise, surprise, Saturday comes in at first,
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ื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื - ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ,
07:24
then Friday, then Sunday.
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ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
07:27
People prefer Friday
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™
07:29
because Friday brings with it the anticipation of the weekend ahead,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
07:33
all the plans that you have.
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ื•ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
07:35
On Sunday, the only thing you can look forward to
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื•
07:38
is the work week.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
07:40
So optimists are people who expect more kisses in their future,
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ืื– ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ื,
07:45
more strolls in the park.
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ื•ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืืจืง.
07:47
And that anticipation enhances their wellbeing.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
07:51
In fact, without the optimism bias,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืœื ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
07:54
we would all be slightly depressed.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.
07:57
People with mild depression,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืŸ,
07:59
they don't have a bias when they look into the future.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
08:02
They're actually more realistic than healthy individuals.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
08:06
But individuals with severe depression,
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ืื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
08:08
they have a pessimistic bias.
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ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
08:10
So they tend to expect the future
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“
08:12
to be worse than it ends up being.
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ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ื.
08:15
So optimism changes subjective reality.
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ืื– ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
08:18
The way we expect the world to be changes the way we see it.
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
08:22
But it also changes objective reality.
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ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
08:25
It acts as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
08:28
And that is the third reason
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
08:30
why lowering your expectations will not make you happy.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื”ื ืžื™ืš ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืชื›ื ืœืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
08:33
Controlled experiments have shown
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•
08:35
that optimism is not only related to success,
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ื›ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
08:38
it leads to success.
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
08:40
Optimism leads to success in academia and sports and politics.
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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:44
And maybe the most surprising benefit of optimism is health.
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
08:49
If we expect the future to be bright,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
08:52
stress and anxiety are reduced.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”.
08:55
So all in all, optimism has lots of benefits.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
08:59
But the question that was really confusing to me was,
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ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืœื‘ืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื,
09:02
how do we maintain optimism in the face of reality?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช?
09:07
As an neuroscientist, this was especially confusing,
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ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ,
09:10
because according to all the theories out there,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
09:13
when your expectations are not met, you should alter them.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœื ืžืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช, ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
09:17
But this is not what we find.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•.
09:19
We asked people to come into our lab
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
09:22
in order to try and figure out what was going on.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
09:25
We asked them to estimate their likelihood
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
09:27
of experiencing different terrible events in their lives.
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
09:30
So, for example, what is your likelihood of suffering from cancer?
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืกื‘ืœื• ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ?
09:34
And then we told them the average likelihood
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ื•ืื– ืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช
09:37
of someone like them to suffer these misfortunes.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•ื”ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”.
09:40
So cancer, for example, is about 30 percent.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›-30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
09:43
And then we asked them again,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘
09:46
"How likely are you to suffer from cancer?"
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"ืžื”ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ?"
09:49
What we wanted to know was
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช
09:51
whether people will take the information that we gave them
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื
09:54
to change their beliefs.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืื.
09:56
And indeed they did --
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” --
09:58
but mostly when the information we gave them
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
10:01
was better than what they expected.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืขืจืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช.
10:04
So for example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
10:05
if someone said, "My likelihood of suffering from cancer
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ: "ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ
10:08
is about 50 percent,"
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื",
10:10
and we said, "Hey, good news.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžืจื ื• ืœื•: "ื”ื™, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:13
The average likelihood is only 30 percent,"
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื™ื 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื",
10:16
the next time around they would say,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ื ืฉืืœ, ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”
10:18
"Well maybe my likelihood is about 35 percent."
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"ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›-35 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื".
10:20
So they learned quickly and efficiently.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืžื”ืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
10:23
But if someone started off saying,
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ืื•ืœื ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
10:26
"My average likelihood of suffering from cancer is about 10 percent,"
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"ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื",
10:29
and we said, "Hey, bad news.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžืจื ื• ืœื•: "ื”ื™, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
10:32
The average likelihood is about 30 percent,"
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื 30 ืื—ื•ื–".
10:35
the next time around they would say,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ืืžืจ,
10:37
"Yep. Still think it's about 11 percent."
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"ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 11 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื".
10:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:42
So it's not that they didn't learn at all -- they did --
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ื›ืœืœ -- ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• --
10:45
but much, much less than when we gave them
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™
10:47
positive information about the future.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
10:50
And it's not that they didn't remember the numbers that we gave them;
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื;
10:53
everyone remembers that the average likelihood of cancer
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ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ
10:56
is about 30 percent
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
10:57
and the average likelihood of divorce is about 40 percent.
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ื•ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 40 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
11:00
But they didn't think that those numbers were related to them.
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
11:05
What this means is that warning signs such as these
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื•
11:09
may only have limited impact.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
11:12
Yes, smoking kills, but mostly it kills the other guy.
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
11:16
What I wanted to know was
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื”
11:18
what was going on inside the human brain
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
11:21
that prevented us from taking these warning signs personally.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
11:25
But at the same time,
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
11:26
when we hear that the housing market is hopeful,
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ื”
11:28
we think, "Oh, my house is definitely going to double in price."
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: "ื”ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•".
11:32
To try and figure that out,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช,
11:34
I asked the participants in the experiment
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™
11:37
to lie in a brain imaging scanner.
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ืœืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ืช.
11:39
It looks like this.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
11:41
And using a method called functional MRI,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™",
11:44
we were able to identify regions in the brain
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—
11:47
that were responding to positive information.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
11:50
One of these regions is called the left inferior frontal gyrus.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืงืจื "ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ".
11:54
So if someone said, "My likelihood of suffering from cancer is 50 percent,"
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ: "ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื",
11:57
and we said, "Hey, good news.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžืจื ื• ืœื•: "ื”ื™, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
11:59
Average likelihood is 30 percent,"
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื™ื 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื",
12:02
the left inferior frontal gyrus would respond fiercely.
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ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื”.
12:05
And it didn't matter if you're an extreme optimist, a mild optimist
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ืŸ,
12:10
or slightly pessimistic,
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ืื• ืžืขื˜ ืคืกื™ืžื™,
12:12
everyone's left inferior frontal gyrus
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ืืฆืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ
12:14
was functioning perfectly well,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื,
12:16
whether you're Barack Obama or Woody Allen.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืื• ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืืœืŸ.
12:19
On the other side of the brain,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—,
12:21
the right inferior frontal gyrus was responding to bad news.
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ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช, ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
12:25
And here's the thing: it wasn't doing a very good job.
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ืื•ืœื - ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™.
12:29
The more optimistic you were,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ -
12:31
the less likely this region was
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ื›ืš ื™ืจื“ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—
12:34
to respond to unexpected negative information.
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ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
12:37
And if your brain is failing
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ื•ืื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš ื›ื•ืฉืœ
12:40
at integrating bad news about the future,
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ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
12:43
you will constantly leave your rose-tinted spectacles on.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ืช.
12:47
So we wanted to know, could we change this?
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช, ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช?
12:52
Could we alter people's optimism bias
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
12:56
by interfering with the brain activity in these regions?
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•?
13:00
And there's a way for us to do that.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:02
This is my collaborator Ryota Kanai.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื™, ืจื™ื•ื˜ื” ืงื ื™ื™.
13:05
And what he's doing is he's passing a small magnetic pulse
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืคืขื™ืžื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”
13:09
through the skull of the participant in our study
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ
13:11
into their inferior frontal gyrus.
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ืืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
13:13
And by doing that,
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ืข"ื™ ื›ืš,
13:15
he's interfering with the activity of this brain region
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ื–ื”
13:18
for about half an hour.
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ืœืžืฉืš ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”.
13:19
After that everything goes back to normal, I assure you.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื•, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื›ื.
13:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:24
So let's see what happens.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
13:27
First of all, I'm going to show you
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืืจืื” ืœื›ื
13:30
the average amount of bias that we see.
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ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
13:32
So if I was to test all of you now,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
13:35
this is the amount that you would learn
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื“ื“ ืœื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
13:37
more from good news relative to bad news.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
13:40
Now we interfere with the region
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืคืจื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ
13:42
that we found to integrate negative information in this task,
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ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
13:47
and the optimism bias grew even larger.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:50
We made people more biased in the way that they process information.
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ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข.
13:56
Then we interfered with the brain region
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื ื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื™
13:59
that we found to integrate good news in this task,
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ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
14:02
and the optimism bias disappeared.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื”.
14:07
We were quite amazed by these results
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
14:09
because we were able to eliminate
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ
14:11
a deep-rooted bias in humans.
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ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื.
14:14
And at this point we stopped and we asked ourselves,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืฆืจื ื• ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
14:19
would we want to shatter the optimism illusion into tiny little bits?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืกืง ืืช ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช?
14:24
If we could do that, would we want to take people's optimism bias away?
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช, ื”ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
14:29
Well I've already told you about all of the benefits of the optimism bias,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
14:34
which probably makes you want to hold onto it for dear life.
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ื•ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ื›ื.
14:38
But there are, of course, pitfalls,
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ืื•ืœื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช,
14:40
and it would be really foolish of us to ignore them.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืŸ.
14:43
Take for example this email I recieved
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™
14:47
from a firefighter here in California.
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ืžื›ื‘ืื™, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
14:49
He says, "Fatality investigations for firefighters
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื‘ืื™ื
14:53
often include 'We didn't think the fire was going to do that,'
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ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ 'ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืืœื•',
14:57
even when all of the available information
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ
14:59
was there to make safe decisions."
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืžืฆื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”".
15:01
This captain is going to use our findings on the optimism bias
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ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
15:05
to try to explain to the firefighters
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื‘ืื™ื
15:08
why they think the way they do,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
15:10
to make them acutely aware of this very optimistic bias in humans.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื–ื•.
15:17
So unrealistic optimism can lead to risky behavior,
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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช,
15:22
to financial collapse, to faulty planning.
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ืœื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื™.
15:26
The British government, for example,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
15:28
has acknowledged that the optimism bias
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ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
15:30
can make individuals more likely
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
15:34
to underestimate the costs and durations of projects.
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ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื—ืกืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
15:38
So they have adjusted the 2012 Olympic budget
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช 2012
15:42
for the optimism bias.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
15:44
My friend who's getting married in a few weeks
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ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™, ืฉืžืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
15:46
has done the same for his wedding budget.
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ืขืฉื” ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
15:49
And by the way, when I asked him about his own likelihood of divorce,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ,
15:52
he said he was quite sure it was zero percent.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘-0 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
15:55
So what we would really like to do,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
15:58
is we would like to protect ourselves from the dangers of optimism,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
16:02
but at the same time remain hopeful,
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ืื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
16:05
benefiting from the many fruits of optimism.
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ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
16:08
And I believe there's a way for us to do that.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืืคืฉืจ.
16:11
The key here really is knowledge.
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข.
16:13
We're not born with an innate understanding of our biases.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•.
16:16
These have to be identified by scientific investigation.
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ืืœื• ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™.
16:20
But the good news is that becoming aware of the optimism bias
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
16:24
does not shatter the illusion.
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ืœื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื”.
16:26
It's like visual illusions,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช,
16:28
in which understanding them does not make them go away.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืขืœืžืช.
16:31
And this is good because it means
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
16:33
we should be able to strike a balance,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ,
16:36
to come up with plans and rules
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช
16:38
to protect ourselves from unrealistic optimism,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืช,
16:41
but at the same time remain hopeful.
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
16:44
I think this cartoon portrays it nicely.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
16:48
Because if you're one of these pessimistic penguins up there
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืืชื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืฉื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
16:51
who just does not believe they can fly,
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ,
16:53
you certainly never will.
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืชืขื•ืคื•.
16:56
Because to make any kind of progress,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
16:57
we need to be able to imagine a different reality,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช,
17:00
and then we need to believe that that reality is possible.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
17:03
But if you are an extreme optimistic penguin
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ืื•ืœื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
17:07
who just jumps down blindly hoping for the best,
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ืืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
17:10
you might find yourself in a bit of a mess when you hit the ground.
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื ื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข.
17:15
But if you're an optimistic penguin
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ืื•ืœื ืื ืืชื ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™
17:16
who believes they can fly,
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ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืฃ,
17:18
but then adjusts a parachute to your back
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื ื— ืœื’ื‘ื•
17:21
just in case things don't work out exactly as you had planned,
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ืจืง ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืกืชื“ืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืชื›ื ื ืชื,
17:24
you will soar like an eagle,
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ืชืชืจื•ืžืžื• ืืœ-ืขืœ ื›ื ืฉืจ,
17:26
even if you're just a penguin.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ืจืง ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
17:29
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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