This scientist makes ears out of apples | Andrew Pelling

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

I've got a confession.

Imam nešto da priznam.

I love looking through people's garbage.

Volim da kopam ljudima po smeću.

Now, it's not some creepy thing.

Nije to ništa jezivo.

I'm usually just looking for old electronics,

Obično tražim staru elektriku,

stuff I can take to my workshop and hack.

stvari koje mogu da preradim u svojoj radionici.

I do have a fetish for CD-ROM drives.

Imam fetiš za čitače CD-ova.

Each one's got three different motors,

Svaki ima tri različita motora,

so now you can build things that move.

pa možete napraviti stvari koje se pokreću.

There's switches so you can turn things on and off.

Postoje prekidači, pa možete uključivati i isključivati stvari.

There's even a freaking laser,

Čak postoji i laser

so you can make a cool robot into an awesome robot.

pa možete superrobota pretvoriti u sjajnog robota.

Now, I've built a lot of stuff out of garbage,

Mnogo toga sam napravio od smeća

and some of these things have even been kind of useful.

i neke od ovih stvari čak su bile i nekako korisne.

But here's the thing,

Ali stvar je u ovome,

for me, garbage is just a chance to play,

za mene je smeće samo prilika za igru,

to be creative and build things to amuse myself.

da budem kreativan i stvaram stvari kako bih se zabavio.

This is what I love doing, so I just made it part of my day job.

Ovo volim da radim, tako da sam od toga napravio deo svog posla.

I lead a university-based biological research lab,

Vodim laboratoriju na univerzitetu koja se bavi biologijom,

where we value curiosity and exploration above all else.

gde cenimo radoznalost i istraživanje, iznad svega.

We aren't focused on any particular problem,

Nismo fokusirani ni na jedan poseban problem

and we're not trying to solve any particular disease.

i ne pokušavamo da rešimo nijednu posebnu bolest.

This is just a place where people can come

Ovo je samo mesto gde ljudi mogu da dođu

and ask fascinating questions and find answers.

i postave fascinantna pitanja i pronađu odgovore.

And I realized a long time ago

Pre mnogo vremena sam shvatio

that if I challenge people to build the equipment they need

da ako izazovem ljude da stvore neophodnu opremu

out of the garbage I find,

od smeća koje pronađem,

it's a great way to foster creativity.

to je sjajan način da se neguje kreativnost.

And what happened

Desilo se to

was that artists and scientists from around the world

da su umetnici i naučnici širom sveta

started coming to my lab.

počeli da dolaze u moju laboratoriju.

And it's not just because we value unconventional ideas,

To nije samo zbog toga što cenimo netipične ideje,

it's because we test and validate them

već zbog toga što ih testiramo i potvđujemo

with scientific rigor.

uz naučnu strogoću.

So one day I was hacking something, I was taking it apart,

Jednog dana sam prepravljao nešto, rastavljao ga

and I had this sudden idea:

i dobio sam ovu ideju:

Could I treat biology like hardware?

mogu li biologiju da gledam kao hardver?

Could I dismantle a biological system,

Da li bih mogao da rasturim biološki sistem,

mix and match the parts

izmešam delove

and then put it back together in some new and creative way?

i onda ih vratim nazad na neki nov i kreativan način?

My lab started working on this,

Moja laboratorija je počela rad na ovome

and I want to show you the result.

i želim da vam pokažem rezultat.

Can any of you guys tell me what fruit this is?

Može li neko od vas da mi kaže koje je ovo voće?

Audience: Apple!

Publika: Jabuka!

Andrew Pelling: That's right -- it's an apple.

Endru Peling: Tačno - to je jabuka.

Now, I actually want you to notice as well

Takođe želim da primetite

that this is a lot redder than most apples.

da je ova jabuka mnogo crvenija od većine jabuka.

And that's because we grew human cells into it.

To je zbog toga što smo u njoj razvili ljudske ćelije.

We took a totally innocent Macintosh apple,

Uzeli smo potpuno nevinu Mekintošovu jabuku

removed all the apple cells and DNA

i uklonili sve ćelije i DNK jabuke

and then implanted human cells.

i onda ubacili ljudske ćelije.

And what we're left with after removing all the apple cells

Nakon uklanjanja svih ćelija jabuke, ostala nam je

is this cellulose scaffold.

skela od celuloze.

This is the stuff that gives plants their shape and texture.

To je ono što biljkama daje njihov oblik i teksturu.

And these little holes that you can see,

Ove rupice koje možete videti,

this is where all the apple cells used to be.

tu su bile ćelije jabuke.

So then we come along,

Onda smo krenuli

we implant some mammalian cells that you can see in blue.

i ubacili ćelije sisara koje vidite u plavoj boji.

What happens is, these guys start multiplying

Dešava se to da one krenu da se množe

and they fill up this entire scaffold.

i popune čitavu skelu.

As weird as this is,

Koliko god ovo čudno bilo,

it's actually really reminiscent of how our own tissues are organized.

zapravo podseća na način na koji su organizovana naša tkiva.

And we found in our pre-clinical work

U svom pretkliničkom radu otkrili smo

that you can implant these scaffolds into the body,

da možete ove skele da ugradite u telo

and the body will send in cells and a blood supply

i telo će poslati ćelije i zalihe krvi

and actually keep these things alive.

i održati ove stvari u životu.

This is the point when people started asking me,

U ovom trenutku ljudi kreću s pitanjem:

"Andrew, can you make body parts out of apples?"

"Endru, možeš li da praviš delove tela od jabuka?"

And I'm like, "You've come to the right place."

A ja kažem: "Na pravom ste mestu."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I actually brought this up with my wife.

Zapravo sam ovo razvio sa suprugom.

She's a musical instrument maker,

Ona pravi muzičke instrumente

and she does a lot of wood carving for a living.

i dosta se bavi deljanjem u poslu.

So I asked her,

Pa sam je upitao:

"Could you, like, literally carve some ears

"Da li bi bukvalno mogla da izdelješ uši

out of an apple for us?"

iz jabuke za nas?"

And she did.

I uradila je to.

So I took her ears to the lab.

Odneo sam te uši u laboratoriju.

We then started preparing them.

Onda smo počeli da ih pripremamo.

Yeah, I know.

Da, znam.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It's a good lab, man.

Dobra je to laboratorija, čoveče.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And then we grew cells on them.

Te smo na njima uzgojili ćelije.

And this is the result.

Ovo je rezultat.

Listen, my lab is not in the ear-manufacturing business.

Slušajte, moja laboratorija se ne bavi proizvodnjom ušiju.

People have actually been working on this for decades.

Ljudi su zapravo decenijama radili na ovome.

Here's the issue:

Evo problema:

commercial scaffolds can be really expensive and problematic,

komercijalne skele mogu biti prilično skupe i komplikovane,

because they're sourced from proprietary products,

jer se dobijaju iz namenskih proizvoda,

animals or cadavers.

životinja ili leševa.

We used an apple and it cost pennies.

Mi smo koristili jabuku koja je koštala nekoliko centi.

What's also really cool here

Ovde je zaista kul to

is it's not that hard to make these things.

da nije uopšte teško da se ove stvari naprave.

The equipment you need can be built from garbage,

Oprema koja vam je potrebna može se napraviti iz smeća

and the key processing step only requires soap and water.

i ključni korak u obradi zahteva samo sapun i vodu.

So what we did was put all the instructions online as open source.

Mi smo sva uputstva za ovo stavili na internet kao otvorena.

And then we founded a mission-driven company,

Onda smo osnovali kompaniju sa misijom

and we're developing kits to make it easier

i razvijamo komplete da olakšamo

for anyone with a sink and a soldering iron

svakom sa sudoperom i lemilicom

to make these things at home.

da ove stvari napravi kod kuće.

What I'm really curious about is if one day,

Zaista me zanima da li će jednog dana

it will be possible to repair, rebuild and augment our own bodies

biti moguće da se poprave, iznova naprave i poboljšaju naša tela

with stuff we make in the kitchen.

uz pomoć stvari koje pravimo u kuhinji.

Speaking of kitchens,

Kad smo već kod kuhinja,

here's some asparagus.

evo malo špargle.

They're tasty, and they make your pee smell funny.

Ukusna je i od nje vam urin čudno miriše.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now, I was in my kitchen, and I was noticing

Bio sam u kuhinji i primetio sam

that when you look down the stalks of these asparagus,

da kada pogledate na stabljike špargle,

what you can see are all these tiny little vessels.

možete videti sićušne rupe.

And when we image them in the lab,

Kada ih prikažemo u laboratoriji,

you can see how the cellulose forms these structures.

možete videti kako celuloza stvara ove strukture.

This image reminds me of two things:

Ova slika podseća me na dve stvari:

our blood vessels

naše krvne sudove

and the structure and organization of our nerves and spinal cord.

i strukturu i organizaciju naših nerava i kičmene moždine.

So here's the question:

Evo pitanja:

Can we grow axons and neurons down these channels?

možemo li uzgajati aksone i neurone unutar ovih kanala?

Because if we can,

Jer ako možemo,

then maybe we can use asparagus to form new connections

onda možda možemo koristiti šparglu za stvaranje novih veza

between the ends of damaged and severed nerves.

između krajeva oštećenih i prekinutih nerava.

Or maybe even a spinal cord.

Ili možda čak u kičmenoj moždini.

Don't get me wrong --

Da ne bude zabune -

this is exceptionally challenging

ovo je veoma izazovno

and really hard work to do,

i teško za postići,

and we are not the only ones working on this.

i mi nismo jedini koji rade na ovome.

But we are the only ones using asparagus.

Ali jesmo jedini koji koriste šparglu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Right now, we've got really promising pilot data.

Trenutno imamo obećavajuću ideju za početak.

And we're working with tissue engineers

I radimo sa inženjerima za tkivo

and neurosurgeons

i neurohirurzima

to find out what's actually possible.

da bismo otkrili šta je zaista moguće.

So listen, all of the work I've shown you,

Slušajte, sve što sam vam pokazao,

the stuff that I've built that's all around me on this stage

stvari koje sam napravio oko sebe na ovoj sceni

and the other projects my lab is involved in

i svi drugi projekti u koje sam uključen,

are all a direct result of me playing with your garbage.

sve je direktan rezultat mog igranja vašim smećem.

Play -- play is a key part of my scientific practice.

Igranje - igranje je ključna reč u mom bavljenju naukom.

It's how I train my mind to be unconventional and to be creative

Tako treniram svoj um da bude netipičan i kreativan

and to decide to make human apple ears.

i da odluči da pravi ljudske uši od jabuka.

So, the next time any of you are looking at some old,

Tako da narednog puta kada neko od vas

broken-down, malfunctioning, piece-of-crap technology,

gleda neki komad stare, polomljene, pokvarene tehnologije,

I want you to think of me.

setite se mene.

Because I want it.

Jer ga želim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Seriously, please find any way to get in touch with me,

Ozbiljno, pronađite bilo koji način da stupite u kontakt sa mnom

and let's see what we can build.

i videćemo šta možemo da napravimo.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)