Can we create new senses for humans? | David Eagleman

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

We are built out of very small stuff,

Građeni smo od sićušnih stvari

and we are embedded in a very large cosmos,

i smešteni smo u ogromnom kosmosu,

and the fact is that we are not very good at understanding reality

a činjenica je da nismo naročito dobri u razumevanju stvarnosti

at either of those scales,

ni na jednom od ova dva nivoa,

and that's because our brains

a to je zato što naši mozgovi

haven't evolved to understand the world at that scale.

nisu evoluirali da razumeju svet u tim razmerama.

Instead, we're trapped on this very thin slice of perception

Umesto toga, zarobljenici smo sitnog parčeta percepcije

right in the middle.

koje je tačno na sredini.

But it gets strange, because even at that slice of reality that we call home,

Međutim sve je čudnije jer čak i na tom parčetu stvarnosti, zvanom dom,

we're not seeing most of the action that's going on.

ne vidimo većinu onoga što se dešava.

So take the colors of our world.

Uzmite boje našeg sveta.

This is light waves, electromagnetic radiation that bounces off objects

Ovo su svetlosni talasi, elektromagnetska radijacija koja se odbija od objekte

and it hits specialized receptors in the back of our eyes.

i pogađa specijalizovane receptore na poleđini naših očiju.

But we're not seeing all the waves out there.

No mi ne vidimo sve postojeće talase.

In fact, what we see

Zapravo vidimo

is less than a 10 trillionth of what's out there.

manje od 10 bilionitog svega što postoji.

So you have radio waves and microwaves

Pa vam radio talasi i mikrotalasi

and X-rays and gamma rays passing through your body right now

i iks zraci i gama zraci trenutno prolaze kroz telo,

and you're completely unaware of it,

a vi uopšte niste svesni toga

because you don't come with the proper biological receptors

jer niste rođeni s odgovarajućim biološkim receptorima

for picking it up.

koji bi to zapazili.

There are thousands of cell phone conversations

Na hiljade razgovora mobilnim telefonima

passing through you right now,

trenutno prolazi kroz vas,

and you're utterly blind to it.

a vi ste krajnje slepi za to.

Now, it's not that these things are inherently unseeable.

Sad, ne radi se o tome da su ove stvari suštinski nevidljive.

Snakes include some infrared in their reality,

Stvarnost zmija uključuje nešto infracrvene svetlosti,

and honeybees include ultraviolet in their view of the world,

a pčelinji pogled na svet uključuje ultraljubičastu

and of course we build machines in the dashboards of our cars

i naravno da ugrađujemo mašine u kontrolne table automobila

to pick up on signals in the radio frequency range,

koje primaju signale opsega radijskih frekvencija

and we built machines in hospitals to pick up on the X-ray range.

i pravimo mašine u bolnicama koje sakupljaju opseg iks zraka.

But you can't sense any of those by yourself,

Međutim, ništa od ovog sami ne možete da osetite,

at least not yet,

bar ne za sad

because you don't come equipped with the proper sensors.

jer se ne rađate opremljeni odgovarajućim senzorima.

Now, what this means is that our experience of reality

Sad, ovo znači da je naše iskustvo stvarnosti

is constrained by our biology,

ograničeno našom biologijom,

and that goes against the common sense notion

a to se protivi pretpostavci zdravog razuma

that our eyes and our ears and our fingertips

da naše oči i naše uši i naši vrhovi prstiju

are just picking up the objective reality that's out there.

prosto doživljavaju objektivnu postojeću stvarnost.

Instead, our brains are sampling just a little bit of the world.

Umesto toga, naši mozgovi prosto uzimaju uzorke malenog dela sveta.

Now, across the animal kingdom,

Sad, širom životinjskog carstva,

different animals pick up on different parts of reality.

različite životinje doživljavaju različite delove stvarnosti.

So in the blind and deaf world of the tick,

Pa su u slepom i gluvom životu krpelja

the important signals are temperature and butyric acid;

važni signali: temperatura i buterna kiselina;

in the world of the black ghost knifefish,

u svetu ribe crnog duha,

its sensory world is lavishly colored by electrical fields;

njen senzorni svet je bogato obojen električnim poljima;

and for the echolocating bat,

a za šišmiša sa eholokatorom,

its reality is constructed out of air compression waves.

njegova stvarnost je izgrađena od talasa kompresovanog vazduha.

That's the slice of their ecosystem that they can pick up on,

To je parče njihovog ekosistema koji mogu da dožive,

and we have a word for this in science.

a mi naučnici imamo reč za to.

It's called the umwelt,

Zove se "umwelt",

which is the German word for the surrounding world.

to je nemački izraz za svet koji nas okružuje.

Now, presumably, every animal assumes

Sad, pretpostavljamo da svaka životinja smatra

that its umwelt is the entire objective reality out there,

da je njen umwelt celokupna objektivna stvarnost

because why would you ever stop to imagine

jer zašto biste ikad zastali da zamislite

that there's something beyond what we can sense.

da postoji nešto mimo naših čula.

Instead, what we all do is we accept reality

Umesto toga, svi mi prihvatamo stvarnost

as it's presented to us.

onakvu kakva nam se čini.

Let's do a consciousness-raiser on this.

Hajde da podignemo svest o ovome.

Imagine that you are a bloodhound dog.

Zamislite da ste lovački pas.

Your whole world is about smelling.

Vaš čitav svet je od mirisa.

You've got a long snout that has 200 million scent receptors in it,

Imate dugu njušku sa 200 miliona receptora

and you have wet nostrils that attract and trap scent molecules,

i imate vlažne nozdrve koje privlače i hvataju molekule mirisa,

and your nostrils even have slits so you can take big nosefuls of air.

a vaše nozdrve čak imaju proreze da biste mogli duboko da udahnete vazduh.

Everything is about smell for you.

Vama se sve vrti oko mirisa.

So one day, you stop in your tracks with a revelation.

Pa vas jednog dana otkrovenje zaustavi u hodu.

You look at your human owner and you think,

Pogledate u ljudskog vlasnika i pomislite:

"What is it like to have the pitiful, impoverished nose of a human?

"Kako je to imati bedan, osiromašen ljudski nos?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

What is it like when you take a feeble little noseful of air?

Kako izgleda kad slabašno udahnete malo vazduha punim plućima?

How can you not know that there's a cat 100 yards away,

Kako možete da ne znate da je mačka na 90 metara od vas

or that your neighbor was on this very spot six hours ago?"

ili da je vaš komšija bio baš na ovom mestu pre šest sati?"

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So because we're humans,

Pa, zato što smo ljudska bića,

we've never experienced that world of smell,

nikad nismo iskusili taj svet mirisa,

so we don't miss it,

te nam ne nedostaje

because we are firmly settled into our umwelt.

jer smo čvrsto ukorenjeni u sopstvenom umwelt-u.

But the question is, do we have to be stuck there?

No pitanje glasi: moramo li da budemo zaglavljeni tu?

So as a neuroscientist, I'm interested in the way that technology

Pa sam kao neuronaučnik zainteresovan za to kako tehnologija

might expand our umwelt,

može da proširi naš umwelt

and how that's going to change the experience of being human.

i kako će to da promeni naše iskustvo kako je biti čovek.

So we already know that we can marry our technology to our biology,

Dakle, već nam je poznato da možemo da venčamo našu tehnologiju i biologiju

because there are hundreds of thousands of people walking around

jer imamo na stotine hiljada ljudi koji šetaju okolo

with artificial hearing and artificial vision.

s veštačkim sluhom i veštačkim vidom.

So the way this works is, you take a microphone and you digitize the signal,

Način na koji ovo radi je: uzmete mikrofon i digitalizujete signal

and you put an electrode strip directly into the inner ear.

i stavite trake elektroda direktno u unutrašnje uho.

Or, with the retinal implant, you take a camera

Ili kod implanta za mrežnjaču, uzmete kameru

and you digitize the signal, and then you plug an electrode grid

i digitalizujete signal, a potom priključite mrežu elektroda

directly into the optic nerve.

direktno u optički nerv.

And as recently as 15 years ago,

A pre samo 15 godina,

there were a lot of scientists who thought these technologies wouldn't work.

mnogi naučnici su smatrali da ove tehnologije neće funkcionisati.

Why? It's because these technologies speak the language of Silicon Valley,

Zašto? Zato što ove tehnologije govore jezikom Silikonske doline,

and it's not exactly the same dialect as our natural biological sense organs.

a to nije baš dijalekat naših prirodnih bioloških čulnih organa.

But the fact is that it works;

Međutim, činjenica je da funkcioniše;

the brain figures out how to use the signals just fine.

mozak savršeno razume kako da koristi ove signale.

Now, how do we understand that?

Sad, kako da to shvatimo?

Well, here's the big secret:

Pa, evo te velike tajne:

Your brain is not hearing or seeing any of this.

vaš mozak niti čuje, niti vidi bilo šta od ovoga.

Your brain is locked in a vault of silence and darkness inside your skull.

Vaš mozak je zaključan u tihoj i mračnoj odaji unutar vaše lobanje.

All it ever sees are electrochemical signals

Sve što on vidi su elektrohemijski signali

that come in along different data cables,

koji stižu različitim kanalima za podatke

and this is all it has to work with, and nothing more.

i to je sve čime raspolaže, ništa više.

Now, amazingly,

Sad, začuđujuće,

the brain is really good at taking in these signals

ali mozak je zaista dobar u primanju ovih signala

and extracting patterns and assigning meaning,

i u prepoznavanju obrazaca i pripisivanju značenja,

so that it takes this inner cosmos and puts together a story

pa on uzima ovaj unutrašnji kosmos i sastavlja priču

of this, your subjective world.

o ovom, vašem subjektivnom svetu.

But here's the key point:

No, ključna stvar je sledeće:

Your brain doesn't know, and it doesn't care,

vaš mozak ne zna i ne mari

where it gets the data from.

odakle stižu podaci.

Whatever information comes in, it just figures out what to do with it.

Koja god da informacija stigne do njega, on prosto razmatra šta da radi s njom.

And this is a very efficient kind of machine.

I ovo je izuzetno efikasna mašina.

It's essentially a general purpose computing device,

U suštini, njegova glavna svrha je da bude uređaj za proračunavanje,

and it just takes in everything

te on prosto prima sve

and figures out what it's going to do with it,

i računa šta će da radi s tim,

and that, I think, frees up Mother Nature

a to, verujem, oslobađa majku prirodu

to tinker around with different sorts of input channels.

da se vrzma oko različitih vrsta ulaznih kanala.

So I call this the P.H. model of evolution,

Dakle, ovo zovem G. K. modelom evolucije

and I don't want to get too technical here,

i ne želim da zalazim u tehničke detalje,

but P.H. stands for Potato Head,

ali G. K. znači Gospodin Krompirko,

and I use this name to emphasize that all these sensors

a koristim ovo ime kako bih naglasio da su svi ovi senzori

that we know and love, like our eyes and our ears and our fingertips,

koje poznajemo i volimo, poput naših očiju i ušiju i vrhova prstiju

these are merely peripheral plug-and-play devices:

da su to samo periferni uređaji koji automatski rade:

You stick them in, and you're good to go.

uključite ih, i nemate problema.

The brain figures out what to do with the data that comes in.

Mozak razmatra šta da radi s podacima koji dođu do njega.

And when you look across the animal kingdom,

Ako pogledate širom životinjskog carstva,

you find lots of peripheral devices.

pronaći ćete mnogo perifernih uređaja.

So snakes have heat pits with which to detect infrared,

Zmije imaju toplotne duplje kojima prepoznaju infracrvenu svetlost,

and the ghost knifefish has electroreceptors,

a riba crni duh ima elektroreceptore,

and the star-nosed mole has this appendage

a zvezdaste krtice imaju taj dodatak

with 22 fingers on it

s 22 prsta

with which it feels around and constructs a 3D model of the world,

kojima opipavaju okolinu i konstruišu maketu sveta u 3D-u,

and many birds have magnetite so they can orient

a mnoge ptice imaju magnetit kojim se orjentišu

to the magnetic field of the planet.

prema magnetnom polju planete.

So what this means is that nature doesn't have to continually

A to znači da priroda ne mora stalno

redesign the brain.

da iznova osmišljava mozak.

Instead, with the principles of brain operation established,

Umesto toga, kad jednom uspostavi principe rada mozga,

all nature has to worry about is designing new peripherals.

sve oko čega priroda treba da se brine je osmišljavanje novih periferija.

Okay. So what this means is this:

U redu. To znači sledeće:

The lesson that surfaces

lekcija koja izlazi na površinu

is that there's nothing really special or fundamental

je da ništa nije uistinu posebno ili suštinsko

about the biology that we come to the table with.

kod biologije koja nam je dostupna.

It's just what we have inherited

To je prosto nešto što smo nasledili

from a complex road of evolution.

tokom složenog evolutivnog puta.

But it's not what we have to stick with,

Međutim, ne moramo se držati toga,

and our best proof of principle of this

a najbolji dokaz ovog principa

comes from what's called sensory substitution.

dolazi od nečega što se zove zamena čula.

And that refers to feeding information into the brain

A to se odnosi na pohranjivanje informacija u mozak

via unusual sensory channels,

putem neobičnih čulnih kanala,

and the brain just figures out what to do with it.

a mozak prosto razmatra šta da radi s tim.

Now, that might sound speculative,

Sad, ovo može da zvuči kao nagađanje,

but the first paper demonstrating this was published in the journal Nature in 1969.

ali prvi naučni rad koji je to pokazao je objavljen 1969. u časopisu "Nejčer".

So a scientist named Paul Bach-y-Rita

Dakle, naučnik po imenu Pol Bahirita

put blind people in a modified dental chair,

je sedao slepe ljude u prepravljenu zubarsku stolicu

and he set up a video feed,

i postavljao je video napajanje

and he put something in front of the camera,

i stavio bi nešto ispred kamere

and then you would feel that

i imali biste osećaj

poked into your back with a grid of solenoids.

da vas to bocka u leđa solenoidnom rešetkom.

So if you wiggle a coffee cup in front of the camera,

Pa, ako biste protresli šoljicu kafe ispred kamere,

you're feeling that in your back,

osetili biste to u vašim leđima

and amazingly, blind people got pretty good

i slepi ljudi su postali iznenađujuće dobri

at being able to determine what was in front of the camera

u sposobnosti prepoznavanja onoga što se nalazilo ispred kamere,

just by feeling it in the small of their back.

prosto osećajući to u donjem delu leđa.

Now, there have been many modern incarnations of this.

Sad, imali smo mnogo savremenih otelotvorenja ovoga.

The sonic glasses take a video feed right in front of you

Sonične naočare stvaljaju video napajanje direktno ispred vas

and turn that into a sonic landscape,

i pretvaraju ga u sonični pejzaž,

so as things move around, and get closer and farther,

pa kako se stvari pokreću, približavaju i udaljavaju,

it sounds like "Bzz, bzz, bzz."

to zvuči kao: "Bzz, bzz, bzz."

It sounds like a cacophony,

Zvuči poput kakofonije,

but after several weeks, blind people start getting pretty good

ali nakon nekoliko nedelja, slepi ljudi postaju veoma dobri

at understanding what's in front of them

u razabiranju šta se nalazi ispred njih

just based on what they're hearing.

samo na osnovu onog što čuju.

And it doesn't have to be through the ears:

I ne mora da dolazi preko ušiju:

this system uses an electrotactile grid on the forehead,

ovaj sistem koristi elektrotaktilnu rešetku na čelu,

so whatever's in front of the video feed, you're feeling it on your forehead.

pa šta god da se nalazi ispred video napajanja, osetite to na vašem čelu.

Why the forehead? Because you're not using it for much else.

Zašto na čelu? Jer ga inače ne koristite ni za šta drugo.

The most modern incarnation is called the brainport,

Najsavremenije otelotvorenje ovog se zove brejnport,

and this is a little electrogrid that sits on your tongue,

a to je malena elektromreža koja se smešta na vaš jezik

and the video feed gets turned into these little electrotactile signals,

i video napajanje se pretvara u te malene elektrotaktilne signale,

and blind people get so good at using this that they can throw a ball into a basket,

a slepi ljudi su toliko dobri u korišćenju ovog da mogu da ubace loptu u koš

or they can navigate complex obstacle courses.

ili mogu da se snalaze u složenim deonicama s preprekama.

They can come to see through their tongue.

Mogu da progledaju preko jezika.

Now, that sounds completely insane, right?

Sad, to zvuči potpuno nenormalno, zar ne?

But remember, all vision ever is

No, upamtite, vid se svodi

is electrochemical signals coursing around in your brain.

na elektrohemijske signale koji se kreću po vašem mozgu.

Your brain doesn't know where the signals come from.

Vaš mozak ne zna odakle potiču signali.

It just figures out what to do with them.

On prosto razmatra šta da radi s njima.

So my interest in my lab is sensory substitution for the deaf,

Pa je moje interesovanje u laboratoriji senzorna zamena za gluve

and this is a project I've undertaken

i to je projekat koji sam preuzeo

with a graduate student in my lab, Scott Novich,

sa studentom Skotom Novičem

who is spearheading this for his thesis.

kome je ovo diplomska rad.

And here is what we wanted to do:

A evo šta smo želeli da postignemo:

we wanted to make it so that sound from the world gets converted

želeli smo da postignemo da se zvuk iz sveta preobrati

in some way so that a deaf person can understand what is being said.

na neki način kako bi gluva osoba mogla da razume šta se govori.

And we wanted to do this, given the power and ubiquity of portable computing,

A želeli smo da ovo uradimo posredstvom moći i sveprisutnosti prenosivih računara,

we wanted to make sure that this would run on cell phones and tablets,

želeli smo da se postaramo da će ovo da radi na mobilnim telefonima i tabletima

and also we wanted to make this a wearable,

i takođe smo želeli da ovo bude nosivo,

something that you could wear under your clothing.

nešto što možete da nosite ispod odeće.

So here's the concept.

Dakle, evo tog koncepta.

So as I'm speaking, my sound is getting captured by the tablet,

Kako govorim, zvuk mojih reči beleži tablet,

and then it's getting mapped onto a vest that's covered in vibratory motors,

a potom se preslikavaju na prsluk koji je prekriven vibrirajućim motorima,

just like the motors in your cell phone.

identičnim onim u vašem mobilnom telefonu.

So as I'm speaking,

Pa, dok govorim,

the sound is getting translated to a pattern of vibration on the vest.

zvuk se prevodi u vibrirajući obrazac na prsluku.

Now, this is not just conceptual:

Sad, ovo nije puki koncept:

this tablet is transmitting Bluetooth, and I'm wearing the vest right now.

ovaj tablet odašilja blutut signal i ja upravo nosim taj prsluk.

So as I'm speaking -- (Applause) --

Pa, dok govorim - (Aplauz) -

the sound is getting translated into dynamic patterns of vibration.

zvuk se prevodi u dinamične obrasce vibracija.

I'm feeling the sonic world around me.

Osećam sonični svet oko sebe.

So, we've been testing this with deaf people now,

Dakle, testirali smo ovo na gluvim ljudima

and it turns out that after just a little bit of time,

i ispostavilo se da nakon veoma kratkog vremena,

people can start feeling, they can start understanding

ljudi počnu da osećaju, u stanju su da počnu da razumevaju

the language of the vest.

jezik prsluka.

So this is Jonathan. He's 37 years old. He has a master's degree.

Ovo je Džonatan. Ima 37 godina. Ima diplomu mastera.

He was born profoundly deaf,

Rođen je potpuno gluv,

which means that there's a part of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.

što znači da postoji deo njegovog umwelt-a koji mu je nedostupan.

So we had Jonathan train with the vest for four days, two hours a day,

Pa smo obučavali Džonatana s prslukom četiri dana, po dva sata dnevno

and here he is on the fifth day.

i ovo je on petog dana.

Scott Novich: You.

Skot Novič: Ti.

Dejvid Iglman: Dakle, Skot kaže reč, a Džonatan je oseti preko prsluka

David Eagleman: So Scott says a word, Jonathan feels it on the vest,

and he writes it on the board.

i napiše je na tablu.

SN: Where. Where.

SN: Gde. Gde.

DE: Jonathan is able to translate this complicated pattern of vibrations

DI: Džonatan je u stanju da prevede ovaj komplikovani obrazac vibracija

into an understanding of what's being said.

i da razume šta mu se govori.

SN: Touch. Touch.

SN: Dodir. Dodir.

DE: Now, he's not doing this --

DI: Sad, on to ne radi -

(Applause) --

(Aplauz) -

Jonathan is not doing this consciously, because the patterns are too complicated,

Džonatan ovo ne radi svesno jer su obrasci suviše komplikovani,

but his brain is starting to unlock the pattern that allows it to figure out

ali njegov mozak počinje da dešifruje obrazac koji mu omogućuje da shvati

what the data mean,

šta ti podaci znače

and our expectation is that, after wearing this for about three months,

i mi očekujemo da će nakon oko tri meseca nošenja ovog prsluka

he will have a direct perceptual experience of hearing

da ima direktno percepcijsko iskustvo sluha,

in the same way that when a blind person passes a finger over braille,

na isti način kao kad slepa osoba pređe prstom preko Brajevog pisma,

the meaning comes directly off the page without any conscious intervention at all.

značenje dolazi direktno sa stranice bez ikakvog svesnog posredovanja.

Now, this technology has the potential to be a game-changer,

Sad, ova tehnologija ima potencijal da bude prekretnica

because the only other solution for deafness is a cochlear implant,

jer je kohlearni implant jedino drugo rešenje za gluvoću,

and that requires an invasive surgery.

a on zahteva invazivnu operaciju.

And this can be built for 40 times cheaper than a cochlear implant,

A ovo može da se napravi 40 puta jeftinije od kohlearnog implanta,

which opens up this technology globally, even for the poorest countries.

što globalno krči put ovoj tehnologiji, čak i u najsiromašnijim zemljama.

Now, we've been very encouraged by our results with sensory substitution,

Sad, izuzetno su nas ohrabrili naši rezultati kod senzorne zamene,

but what we've been thinking a lot about is sensory addition.

ali mnogo smo razmišljali o senzornim dodacima.

How could we use a technology like this to add a completely new kind of sense,

Kako da koristimo sličnu tehnologiju da dodamo potpuno novi tip čula,

to expand the human umvelt?

da proširimo ljudski umwelt?

For example, could we feed real-time data from the Internet

Na primer, možemo li u realnom vremenu da pohranjujemo podatke s interneta

directly into somebody's brain,

direktno u nečiji mozak

and can they develop a direct perceptual experience?

i može li ta osoba da razvije direktno čulno iskustvo?

So here's an experiment we're doing in the lab.

Evo jednog eksperimenta koji izvodimo u laboratoriji.

A subject is feeling a real-time streaming feed from the Net of data

Subjekat oseća u realnom vremenu tok napajanja s mreže podataka

for five seconds.

pet sekundi.

Then, two buttons appear, and he has to make a choice.

Potom se pojave dva dugmeta, a on mora da odabere jedno.

He doesn't know what's going on.

Ne zna šta se dešava.

He makes a choice, and he gets feedback after one second.

Odlučuje i dobija odgovor nakon jedne sekunde.

Now, here's the thing:

Sad, evo o čemu se radi:

The subject has no idea what all the patterns mean,

subjekat nema predstavu o tome šta obrasci znače,

but we're seeing if he gets better at figuring out which button to press.

ali mi primećujemo kad postane bolji u razumevanju toga koje dugme da pritisne.

He doesn't know that what we're feeding

On ne zna da mi pohranjujemo

is real-time data from the stock market,

podatke sa berze u realnom vremenu,

and he's making buy and sell decisions.

a da on odlučuje o kupovini i prodaji.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And the feedback is telling him whether he did the right thing or not.

A povratna veza mu saopštava da li je dobro uradio ili ne.

And what we're seeing is, can we expand the human umvelt

Proveravamo da li možemo da proširimo ljudski umwelt,

so that he comes to have, after several weeks,

tako da on nakon nekoliko nedelja počne da stiče

a direct perceptual experience of the economic movements of the planet.

direktno čulno iskustvo ekonomskih kretanja u svetu.

So we'll report on that later to see how well this goes.

Pa ćemo vam javiti kasnije da znate kako nam ide.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Here's another thing we're doing:

Evo šta još radimo:

During the talks this morning, we've been automatically scraping Twitter

Tokom jutrošnjih govora, automatski smo pročešljavali Tviter

for the TED2015 hashtag,

za haštag TED2015,

and we've been doing an automated sentiment analysis,

i obavljali smo automatizovanu analizu osećanja,

which means, are people using positive words or negative words or neutral?

u smislu da li ljudi koriste pozitivne, negativne ili neutralne reči?

And while this has been going on,

A dok je to bilo u toku,

I have been feeling this,

ja sam to osećao,

and so I am plugged in to the aggregate emotion

pa sam priključen na sveukupnu emociju

of thousands of people in real time,

na hiljade ljudi u realnom vremenu,

and that's a new kind of human experience, because now I can know

a to je novi vid ljudskog iskustva jer sad mogu da znam

how everyone's doing and how much you're loving this.

kako se svi osećate i koliko volite ovo.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

It's a bigger experience than a human can normally have.

Ovo iskustvo prevazilazi normalna ljudska iskustva.

We're also expanding the umvelt of pilots.

Takođe proširujemo umwelt pilota.

So in this case, the vest is streaming nine different measures

U ovom slučaju, prsluk prenosi devet različitih merenja

from this quadcopter,

ovog kvadkoptera,

so pitch and yaw and roll and orientation and heading,

nagib, skretanje i obrtanje, orjentaciju i pravac

and that improves this pilot's ability to fly it.

i to unapređuje pilotovu sposobnost upravljanja.

It's essentially like he's extending his skin up there, far away.

U suštini, to je kao produžetak njegove kože visoko gore u daljini.

And that's just the beginning.

A to je tek početak.

What we're envisioning is taking a modern cockpit full of gauges

Naša zamisao je da uzmemo savremeni kokpit, ispunjen spravama

and instead of trying to read the whole thing, you feel it.

i umesto da pokušavate da ga tumačite, osećate ga.

We live in a world of information now,

Trenutno živimo u svetu informacija

and there is a difference between accessing big data

i postoji razlika u pristupanju podacima

and experiencing it.

i njihovom doživljavanju.

So I think there's really no end to the possibilities

Smatram da zaista ne postoje granice mogućnostima

on the horizon for human expansion.

na horizontu ljudske ekspanzije.

Just imagine an astronaut being able to feel

Samo zamislite astronauta koji je u stanju da oseti

the overall health of the International Space Station,

sveukupno stanje međunarodne svemirske stanice

or, for that matter, having you feel the invisible states of your own health,

ili, s tim u vezi, mogućnost da osetite nevidljiva stanja sopstvenog zdravlja.

like your blood sugar and the state of your microbiome,

Poput šećera u krvi i stanja vašeg mikrobioma

or having 360-degree vision or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.

ili da imate vid od 360 stepeni ili da vidite infracrvenu ili ultraljubičastu.

So the key is this: As we move into the future,

Ključno je sledeće: kako budemo odmicali u budućnost,

we're going to increasingly be able to choose our own peripheral devices.

sve ćemo više da budemo u stanju da izaberemo sopstvene periferne uređaje.

We no longer have to wait for Mother Nature's sensory gifts

Više ne moramo da čekamo na čulne darove majke prirode

on her timescales,

u njenim vremenskim razmacima,

but instead, like any good parent, she's given us the tools that we need

već nam je umesto toga, kao svaki dobar roditelj, dala potrebna oruđa

to go out and define our own trajectory.

da se osamostalimo i odredimo sopstvene putanje.

So the question now is,

Sada se postavlja pitanje:

how do you want to go out and experience your universe?

kako želite da izađete u svet i da doživite sopstveni univerzum?

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Chris Anderson: Can you feel it? DE: Yeah.

Kris Anderson: Osećaš li to? DI: Da.

Actually, this was the first time I felt applause on the vest.

Zapravo, prvi put prslukom osećam aplauz.

It's nice. It's like a massage. (Laughter)

Lepo je. Liči na masažu. (Smeh)

CA: Twitter's going crazy. Twitter's going mad.

KA: Tviter je poludeo. Van pameti je.

So that stock market experiment.

Dakle, taj eksperiment s berzom.

This could be the first experiment that secures its funding forevermore,

Ovo bi mogao da bude prvi eksperiment koji je sebi osigurao finansiranje zauvek,

right, if successful?

je li tako, ukoliko je uspešan?

DE: Well, that's right, I wouldn't have to write to NIH anymore.

DI: Pa, to je tačno, neću nikad više morati da pišem zdravstvu.

CA: Well look, just to be skeptical for a minute,

KA: Pazi, budimo skeptični na kratko,

I mean, this is amazing, but isn't most of the evidence so far

mislim, ovo je sjajno, ali zar nije većina dosadašnjih dokaza

that sensory substitution works,

o tome da zamenska čula funkcionišu,

not necessarily that sensory addition works?

ali ne nužno i da čulni dodaci funkcionišu?

I mean, isn't it possible that the blind person can see through their tongue

Mislim, je li moguće da slepa osoba može da vidi preko jezika

because the visual cortex is still there, ready to process,

zato što je vizuelni korteks i dalje tu, spreman da obrađuje podatke

and that that is needed as part of it?

i da je to neophodan deo za to?

DE: That's a great question. We actually have no idea

DI: To je sjajno pitanje. Zapravo nemamo pojma

what the theoretical limits are of what kind of data the brain can take in.

koja su teoretska ograničenja tipa podataka koje naš mozak može da primi.

The general story, though, is that it's extraordinarily flexible.

Opšte je poznato, pak, da je neverovatno fleksibilan.

So when a person goes blind, what we used to call their visual cortex

Pa, kada osoba oslepi, ono što smo nekad zvali vizuelnim korteksom

gets taken over by other things, by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.

preuzmu druge stvari: dodir, sluh, jezik.

So what that tells us is that the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.

To nam govori da je korteks mađioničar koji zna jedan trik.

It just runs certain kinds of computations on things.

On prosto izvodi određene proračune o stvarima.

And when we look around at things like braille, for example,

Ako se osvrnemo na stvari, poput Brajevog pisma, na primer,

people are getting information through bumps on their fingers.

ljudi primaju informacije preko jagodica na prstima.

So I don't think we have any reason to think there's a theoretical limit

Zato mislim da nema razloga za sumnju da postoje teorijska ograničenja

that we know the edge of.

čije su nam granice poznate.

CA: If this checks out, you're going to be deluged.

KA: Ako se ovo pokaže, bićeš preplavljen.

There are so many possible applications for this.

Toliko je mogućih primena ovoga.

Are you ready for this? What are you most excited about, the direction it might go?

Jesi li spreman za to? Koji ti je pravac, kojim ovo može da krene, najuzbudljiviji?

DE: I mean, I think there's a lot of applications here.

DI: Mislim da su primene ovoga mnogostruke.

In terms of beyond sensory substitution, the things I started mentioning

U smislu mimo zamene za čula, stvari koje sam počeo da nabrajam;

about astronauts on the space station, they spend a lot of their time

o astronautima na svemirskim stanicama, provode mnogo vremena

monitoring things, and they could instead just get what's going on,

pazeći na sve, a umesto toga bi mogli prosto da osete šta se dešava

because what this is really good for is multidimensional data.

jer ovo je zaista odlično za višedimenzionalne podatke.

The key is this: Our visual systems are good at detecting blobs and edges,

Ključno je sledeće: naši vizuelni sitemi su dobri u zapažanju grudvica i ivica,

but they're really bad at what our world has become,

ali su zaista loši u snalaženju u savremenom svetu,

which is screens with lots and lots of data.

koji sadrži ekrane s mnogo, mnogo podataka.

We have to crawl that with our attentional systems.

Moramo da milimo kroz to našim sistemima za pažnju.

So this is a way of just feeling the state of something,

Pa je ovo način da prosto osetite stanje nečeg,

just like the way you know the state of your body as you're standing around.

baš kao što vam je poznato stanje vašeg tela dok stojite.

So I think heavy machinery, safety, feeling the state of a factory,

Smatram da će teške mehanizacije, sigurnost, osećanje stanja fabrike,

of your equipment, that's one place it'll go right away.

vaše opreme, to je jedno od mesta gde će odmah da se primeni.

CA: David Eagleman, that was one mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.

KA: Dejvide Iglmane, ovo je bio impresivan govor. Mnogo ti hvala.

DE: Thank you, Chris. (Applause)

DI: Hvala tebi, Krise. (Aplauz)