Can we create new senses for humans? | David Eagleman

Translator: Liis Oblikas Reviewer: Aari Lemmik

We are built out of very small stuff,

Me koosneme imetillukestest osakestest

and we are embedded in a very large cosmos,

ja oleme osaks lõputust kosmosest

and the fact is that we are not very good at understanding reality

ning paraku ei suuda me täielikult mõista tegelikkust

at either of those scales,

kummaski mõõtkavas.

and that's because our brains

Seda seetõttu, et meie aju ei ole piisavalt arenenud,

haven't evolved to understand the world at that scale.

et suudaksime aduda universumi kogu tema rikkuses.

Instead, we're trapped on this very thin slice of perception

Suudame tajuda ainult väga kitsast lõiku maailmast

mis paikneb selle laia spektri keskel.

right in the middle.

But it gets strange, because even at that slice of reality that we call home,

Kummaline aga, et isegi selles reaalsuses, mida teame,

we're not seeing most of the action that's going on.

ei suuda me hoomata suuremat osa meie ümber toimuvast.

So take the colors of our world.

Võtame näiteks värvid meie maailmas.

This is light waves, electromagnetic radiation that bounces off objects

Tegu on valguslainetega, elektromagnetilise kiirgusega,

mis põrkub objektidelt ja jõuab silmapõhjas asuvate retseptoriteni.

and it hits specialized receptors in the back of our eyes.

But we're not seeing all the waves out there.

Kuid me ei näe kõiki olemasolevaid valguslaineid.

In fact, what we see

Tegelikult suudame näha vaid üks 10 triljondikku osa sellest,

is less than a 10 trillionth of what's out there.

mis meid tegelikult ümbritseb.

So you have radio waves and microwaves

Niisiis läbivad teie keha praegu mikrolained ja raadiolained,

and X-rays and gamma rays passing through your body right now

samuti röntgeni- ja gammakiired,

and you're completely unaware of it,

kuid neid pole üldse tunda ega näha,

because you don't come with the proper biological receptors

sest inimesel puuduvad bioloogilised retseptorid,

for picking it up.

mida oleks vaja kõige selle tajumiseks.

There are thousands of cell phone conversations

Tuhanded mobiilikõned läbivad praegu teie keha,

passing through you right now,

and you're utterly blind to it.

kuid teil pole sellest õrna aimugi.

Now, it's not that these things are inherently unseeable.

Ja asi pole selles, et see kõik nagu olekski nähtamatu.

Snakes include some infrared in their reality,

Näiteks maod tajuvad teatavat infrapunakiirgust,

and honeybees include ultraviolet in their view of the world,

ja mesilased näevad ultraviolettkiirgust

and of course we build machines in the dashboards of our cars

ning ka inimene on auto armatuurlaua sisse ehitanud süsteemi,

to pick up on signals in the radio frequency range,

mis on raadiolainete levialas võimeline signaale eristama,

and we built machines in hospitals to pick up on the X-ray range.

samuti on haiglates masinad, mis töötavad röntgenkiirtega.

But you can't sense any of those by yourself,

Kuid kõike eelmainitut ei ole me võimelised ise tajuma,

at least not yet,

vähemalt täna veel mitte,

because you don't come equipped with the proper sensors.

sest meil ei ole selleks vajalikke sensoreid.

Now, what this means is that our experience of reality

Järelikult on meie taju piiratus

is constrained by our biology,

tingitud meie organismi bioloogilisest ülesehitusest

and that goes against the common sense notion

ja see kõik on vastuolus arusaamaga,

that our eyes and our ears and our fingertips

et meie silmad, kõrvad ja sõrmeotsad

are just picking up the objective reality that's out there.

tajuvad reaalsust täiesti objektiivselt.

Instead, our brains are sampling just a little bit of the world.

Tegelikult on meie meeltele tajutav vaid üks killuke ümbritsevast maailmast.

Now, across the animal kingdom,

Üle kogu loomariigi

different animals pick up on different parts of reality.

tajuvad erinevad liigid reaalsuse erinevaid aspekte.

So in the blind and deaf world of the tick,

Pimeda ning kurdi puugi maailmas

the important signals are temperature and butyric acid;

on olulisteks signaalideks temperatuur ja butaanhape,

in the world of the black ghost knifefish,

samas on musta nugakala tajuilm

its sensory world is lavishly colored by electrical fields;

tänu elektriväljadele väga kirev ja mitmevärviline

and for the echolocating bat,

ning kajalokatsiooni abil liikuva nahkhiire jaoks

its reality is constructed out of air compression waves.

moodustub reaalsus õhuvõngetest.

That's the slice of their ecosystem that they can pick up on,

See on nende pisike tükike ökosüsteemist, mida nad tajuvad,

and we have a word for this in science.

teadlased kasutavad selle kirjeldamiseks konkreetset mõistet.

It's called the umwelt,

Seda nimetatakse “umwelt”, omailm,

which is the German word for the surrounding world.

see tuleneb saksakeelsest sõnast, mis tähistab ümbritsevat maailma.

Now, presumably, every animal assumes

Arvatavasti eeldab iga olend,

that its umwelt is the entire objective reality out there,

et tema omailm ongi objekiivne reaalsus,

because why would you ever stop to imagine

sest miks peakski keegi mõtlema sellele,

that there's something beyond what we can sense.

et eksisteerib veel midagi peale tajutava maailma.

Instead, what we all do is we accept reality

Selle asemel defineerime reaalsuse nii,

as it's presented to us.

nagu me seda näeme.

Let's do a consciousness-raiser on this.

Katsume nüüd seda korraks kõrvalt vaadata.

Imagine that you are a bloodhound dog.

Kujutle, et oled verekoer.

Your whole world is about smelling.

Kogu su maailm koosneb lõhnadest.

You've got a long snout that has 200 million scent receptors in it,

Sul on pikk koon, milles on 200 miljonit lõhnaretseptorit

and you have wet nostrils that attract and trap scent molecules,

ning sul on niisked ninasõõrmed, mis tõmbavad ligi ning püüavad lõhnaosakesi

and your nostrils even have slits so you can take big nosefuls of air.

ja ninasõõrmetel on isegi pilukesed, et saaks suuremate sõõmudega hingata.

Everything is about smell for you.

Sinu jaoks keerleb kõik ümber lõhnade.

So one day, you stop in your tracks with a revelation.

Aga ühel päeval rabab sind üks mõte.

You look at your human owner and you think,

Vaatad oma inimesest omanikku ja mõtled,

"What is it like to have the pitiful, impoverished nose of a human?

mis tunne küll oleks elada nii armetu ninaga nagu inimesed?

(Laughter)

(Naer)

Kuidas üldse elada, kui sisse saab tõmmata vaid kahvatu sõõmukese õhku?

What is it like when you take a feeble little noseful of air?

How can you not know that there's a cat 100 yards away,

Kuidas saab elada adumata, et 90 meetri kaugusel on kass

or that your neighbor was on this very spot six hours ago?"

või et su naaber seisis kuus tundi tagasi siin samas kohas?

(Laughter)

(Naer)

Kuna oleme inimesed,

So because we're humans,

we've never experienced that world of smell,

ei ole me kunagi kogenud lõhnade maailma

so we don't miss it,

ja ei oska ka sellest puudust tunda,

because we are firmly settled into our umwelt.

sest oleme kõvasti kinni enda omailmas.

But the question is, do we have to be stuck there?

Küsimus aga on, kas peame pelgalt sellega leppima?

So as a neuroscientist, I'm interested in the way that technology

Neuroteadlasena huvitab mind see, kuidas saaksime tehnoloogia abil

might expand our umwelt,

inimese omailma laiendada

and how that's going to change the experience of being human.

ja kuidas see inimeseks olemiseks kogemust muudaks.

So we already know that we can marry our technology to our biology,

Juba osatakse ühildada tehnoloogiat inimorganismiga,

because there are hundreds of thousands of people walking around

kuna sajad tuhanded inimesed kasutavad igapäevaselt

with artificial hearing and artificial vision.

tehislikke kuulmis- ja nägemisseadmeid.

So the way this works is, you take a microphone and you digitize the signal,

Kuuldeaparaadi mikrofon püüab signaali, digitaliseerib selle

and you put an electrode strip directly into the inner ear.

ja saadab otse sisekõrvas asuvasse elektroodiribasse.

Or, with the retinal implant, you take a camera

Läätseimplantaat kasutab kaamerat,

and you digitize the signal, and then you plug an electrode grid

digitaliseerib saadud signaali ja ühendab elektroodide võrgustiku

directly into the optic nerve.

otse nägemisnärvi külge.

And as recently as 15 years ago,

Veel 15 aasta eest arvasid teadlased,

there were a lot of scientists who thought these technologies wouldn't work.

et selline tehnoloogia ei ole võimalik.

Why? It's because these technologies speak the language of Silicon Valley,

Miks?

Sest selline tehnoloogia räägib Silicon Valley keeles,

and it's not exactly the same dialect as our natural biological sense organs.

mis on mõneti erinev tajuorganite loodusliku ülesehituse keelest.

But the fact is that it works;

Kuid fakt on see, et need seadmed töötavad

the brain figures out how to use the signals just fine.

ja inimaju tuleb nende signaalide töötlemisega suurepäraselt toime.

Now, how do we understand that?

Kuidas seda mõista?

Well, here's the big secret:

Asja võti on järgmine:

Your brain is not hearing or seeing any of this.

su aju ei kuule ega näe midagi.

Your brain is locked in a vault of silence and darkness inside your skull.

Su aju on vaikses ning pimedas kambris sinu kolju sees.

All it ever sees are electrochemical signals

Kõik, mida aju suudab registreerida, on elektrokeemilised signaalid,

that come in along different data cables,

mis tulevad mööda erinevaid teabekanaleid

and this is all it has to work with, and nothing more.

ja see on ka ainus sisend, mille põhjal aju toimib.

Now, amazingly,

Imelisel kombel on aju tohutult osav signaalide vastuvõtmises,

the brain is really good at taking in these signals

and extracting patterns and assigning meaning,

mustrite eristamises ja tähenduse andmises

so that it takes this inner cosmos and puts together a story

ja suudab selle põhjal panna kokku pildi

of this, your subjective world.

ümbritsevast subjektiivsest maailmast.

But here's the key point:

Kuid mis põhiline,

su aju ei tea ega hooli sellest,

Your brain doesn't know, and it doesn't care,

where it gets the data from.

kust saadav teave pärineb.

Whatever information comes in, it just figures out what to do with it.

Uue info laekudes leiab aju sellele koheselt kasutust.

And this is a very efficient kind of machine.

Aju on äärmiselt võimekas tööriist.

It's essentially a general purpose computing device,

Sisuliselt on tegu arvutiga,

and it just takes in everything

mis võtab vastu infot

and figures out what it's going to do with it,

ja leiab sellele vajaliku väljundi

and that, I think, frees up Mother Nature

ning see omakorda annab emakesele loodusele võimaluse

to tinker around with different sorts of input channels.

luua mitmeid erinevaid infosisestamise kanaleid.

So I call this the P.H. model of evolution,

Ma kutsuksin seda KP evolutsioonimudeliks.

and I don't want to get too technical here,

Ma ei taha minna liiga tehniliseks,

but P.H. stands for Potato Head,

kuid KP tähendab Kartulipead ja

kasutan seda nimetust, et rõhutada

and I use this name to emphasize that all these sensors

et kõik meile tuttavad sensorid,

that we know and love, like our eyes and our ears and our fingertips,

nagu näiteks silmad, kõrvad ja sõrmed

these are merely peripheral plug-and-play devices:

on kõigest ühendatavad seadmed.

You stick them in, and you're good to go.

Kui nad on pistikusse torgatud, siis on kõik vajalik olemas.

The brain figures out what to do with the data that comes in.

Aju saab aru, mida vastu võetud informatsiooniga peale hakata.

And when you look across the animal kingdom,

Ka loomariigis ringi vaadates

you find lots of peripheral devices.

märkab palju selliseid lisaseadmeid.

So snakes have heat pits with which to detect infrared,

Madudel on pea küljel lohud, kus paiknevad infrapunaretseptorid,

and the ghost knifefish has electroreceptors,

mustal nugakalal on elektroretseptorid

and the star-nosed mole has this appendage

ja tähtmutil on nina otsas huvitav 22 näsaga lisaorgan

with 22 fingers on it

with which it feels around and constructs a 3D model of the world,

millega ta ümbritsevat maailma kompab ja sellest kolmemõõtmelise pildi loob.

and many birds have magnetite so they can orient

Paljude lindude organismis on magnetiiti,

et orienteeruda maa magnetväljade abil.

to the magnetic field of the planet.

So what this means is that nature doesn't have to continually

Seega ei pea loodus evolutsiooni käigus aju pidevalt ümberehitama.

redesign the brain.

Instead, with the principles of brain operation established,

Aju toimemehhanism jääb ikka samaks,

all nature has to worry about is designing new peripherals.

evolutsiooni mureks on jäänud vaid uute lisaseadmete väljatöötamine.

Okay. So what this means is this:

Siit selgub aga see,

et tegelikult ei ole meie aju bioloogilises ülesehituses,

The lesson that surfaces

is that there's nothing really special or fundamental

nagu see meile looduse poolt antud on, midagi väga erilist.

about the biology that we come to the table with.

It's just what we have inherited

See on kõigest arsenal, mille saime kaasa

from a complex road of evolution.

pika ja keeruka evolutsiooni käigus.

But it's not what we have to stick with,

Kuid see ei ole arsenal, mida me täiendada ei võiks

and our best proof of principle of this

ja parim tõestus sellele on nähtus,

comes from what's called sensory substitution.

mida kutsutakse tajuasenduseks.

And that refers to feeding information into the brain

Tajuasendus seisneb ajule info edastamises

via unusual sensory channels,

mitte-traditsiooniliste kanalite kaudu

and the brain just figures out what to do with it.

ja aju leiab ise viisi selle teabe töötlemiseks.

Now, that might sound speculative,

See võib tunduda väljamõeldisena,

but the first paper demonstrating this was published in the journal Nature in 1969.

aga esimene teadustöö selle tõestuseks avaldati 1969. aastal ajakirjas Nature.

So a scientist named Paul Bach-y-Rita

Teadlane Paul Bach-y-Rita lasi oma katses pimedatel istuda

put blind people in a modified dental chair,

spetsiaalselt kohandatud hambaarstitoolile

and he set up a video feed,

ning seadis üles video-ekraani nii,

and he put something in front of the camera,

et kui kaamera ette pandi mingi objekt,

and then you would feel that

siis katsealune tundis selle eseme kujutise vajutust oma seljal

poked into your back with a grid of solenoids.

tooli seljatoes oleva seadme abil.

So if you wiggle a coffee cup in front of the camera,

Nii et kui kaamera ees oli kohvitass,

you're feeling that in your back,

tundis uurimisalune kohvitassi kuju oma seljal.

and amazingly, blind people got pretty good

Imelisel kombel kohanesid uurimisalused kiiresti ning

at being able to determine what was in front of the camera

suutsid juba varsti tuvastada kaamera ees olevaid objekte

just by feeling it in the small of their back.

ainult tänu sellele, et nad tundsid neid oma alaseljal.

Now, there have been many modern incarnations of this.

Sarnast metoodikat on palju kasutatud ka uuemal ajal.

The sonic glasses take a video feed right in front of you

Heliprillid kasutavad visuaalset teavet

and turn that into a sonic landscape,

ning muudavad selle heliks nii,

so as things move around, and get closer and farther,

et kui objektid liiguvad lähemale või kaugemale,

it sounds like "Bzz, bzz, bzz."

annavad prillid sellest surinaga märku.

It sounds like a cacophony,

Alguses kõlab see kakofooniliselt,

but after several weeks, blind people start getting pretty good

aga mõne nädala pärast hakkasid pimedad

at understanding what's in front of them

üsna hästi hoomama enda ümber toimuvat

vaid prillidest kostuva surina põhjal.

just based on what they're hearing.

And it doesn't have to be through the ears:

Ja mitte ainult kuulmismeel.

this system uses an electrotactile grid on the forehead,

See süsteem toimib läbi laubale paigutatud elektrotaktiilse võrgu.

so whatever's in front of the video feed, you're feeling it on your forehead.

Igasugune visuaalne info muundatakse puudutuseks laubal.

Miks just laubal?

Why the forehead? Because you're not using it for much else.

Sest laubal pole muid funktsioone.

The most modern incarnation is called the brainport,

Kõige uuem taoline leiutis on BrainPort,

need on imeväiksed andurid, mis asetatakse keele peale

and this is a little electrogrid that sits on your tongue,

and the video feed gets turned into these little electrotactile signals,

ja mis muundavad visuaalse info keelel tuntavateks impulssideks.

and blind people get so good at using this that they can throw a ball into a basket,

Pimedad on õppinud seda nii hästi kasutama,

et nad saavad palli korvi visata

or they can navigate complex obstacle courses.

või keerulisi takistusradu läbida.

They can come to see through their tongue.

See seade võimaldab näha keele abil.

Now, that sounds completely insane, right?

See kõlab ilmselt täiesti hullumeelselt,

But remember, all vision ever is

aga ärge unustage, et nägemine pole midagi muud,

is electrochemical signals coursing around in your brain.

kui ajusse saadetud elektrokeemilised signaalid.

Your brain doesn't know where the signals come from.

Teie aju ei tea, kust need signaalid pärinevad,

It just figures out what to do with them.

ta lihtsalt teab, kuidas neid kasutada.

So my interest in my lab is sensory substitution for the deaf,

Hetkel uurin ma tajuasendust kurtidele.

and this is a project I've undertaken

Selle projektiga tegelen oma laboris koos doktorant Scott Novichiga,

with a graduate student in my lab, Scott Novich,

who is spearheading this for his thesis.

kes kogub materjali oma doktoritöö jaoks.

And here is what we wanted to do:

Mis meil siis plaanis on?

we wanted to make it so that sound from the world gets converted

Me tahame leida moodust, kuidas helisid oleks võimalik tõlkida nii

in some way so that a deaf person can understand what is being said.

et kurdid saaksid aru, mida öeldakse.

And we wanted to do this, given the power and ubiquity of portable computing,

Võttes arvesse kaasaskantavate nutiseadmete levikut,

we wanted to make sure that this would run on cell phones and tablets,

soovime teha seadet,

mis töötaks nii telefonis kui ka tahvelarvutis

and also we wanted to make this a wearable,

ja mille saaks selga panna ning riiete all kanda.

something that you could wear under your clothing.

So here's the concept.

Meie idee on järgmine:

So as I'm speaking, my sound is getting captured by the tablet,

kui ma räägin, püüab tahvelarvuti heli kinni

and then it's getting mapped onto a vest that's covered in vibratory motors,

ja kaardistab signaali vestil,

mis on kaetud vibreerivate anduritega,

just like the motors in your cell phone.

täpselt sellistega nagu teie telefonides.

So as I'm speaking,

Rääkimise ajal muundatakse kõneheli

the sound is getting translated to a pattern of vibration on the vest.

vibratsioonide mustriks vestil.

Now, this is not just conceptual:

See ei ole vaid teooria.

this tablet is transmitting Bluetooth, and I'm wearing the vest right now.

Tahvelarvuti mu käes kasutab bluetoothi

ja selline vest on mul praegu seljas.

Nii et siin kõneledes --

So as I'm speaking -- (Applause) --

(Aplaus)

the sound is getting translated into dynamic patterns of vibration.

tõlgitakse heli dünaamiliseks vibratsioonimustriks.

I'm feeling the sonic world around me.

Mu tunnen helisid enda ümber.

So, we've been testing this with deaf people now,

Me oleme vesti ka kurtidega katsetanud

and it turns out that after just a little bit of time,

ja ilmneb, et üsna lühikese ajaga

people can start feeling, they can start understanding

hakkavad kurdid vesti keelest aru saama.

the language of the vest.

So this is Jonathan. He's 37 years old. He has a master's degree.

See siin on Jonathan.

Ta on 37-aastane.

Tal on magistrikraad.

He was born profoundly deaf,

Ta oli sündides täielikult kurt,

which means that there's a part of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.

mis tähendab, et osa tema omailmast ei ole talle kättesaadav.

So we had Jonathan train with the vest for four days, two hours a day,

Me lasime Jonathanil nelja päeva jooksul iga päev kaks tundi vesti kanda

and here he is on the fifth day.

ning siin on ta viiendal päeval.

Scott Novich: You.

Scott Novich: You

David Eagleman: So Scott says a word, Jonathan feels it on the vest,

DE: Niisiis Scott ütleb mingi sõna ja Jonathan tunneb seda vestil

and he writes it on the board.

ja kirjutab selle tahvlile.

SN: Where. Where.

SN: Kus. Kus.

DE: Jonathan is able to translate this complicated pattern of vibrations

DE: Jonathan on võimeline tõlkima selle keerulise vibratsioonide mustri

into an understanding of what's being said.

endale arusaadavasse keelde.

SN: Touch. Touch.

SN: Puudutus. Puudutus.

DE: Now, he's not doing this --

Ta ei tee seda --

(Applause) --

(Aplaus)

Jonathan is not doing this consciously, because the patterns are too complicated,

Jonathan ei tee seda teadlikult, sest mustrid on liiga keerulised,

but his brain is starting to unlock the pattern that allows it to figure out

kuid ta aju hakkab tasapisi aru saama mustri loogikast

ja sellest, mida see info tähendab.

what the data mean,

and our expectation is that, after wearing this for about three months,

Me loodame, et kui vesti kolm kuud kanda,

he will have a direct perceptual experience of hearing

siis areneb Jonathanil välja otsene helist tulenev tajukogemus,

in the same way that when a blind person passes a finger over braille,

nagu punktkirja lugevatel pimedatel,

the meaning comes directly off the page without any conscious intervention at all.

kelleni tähendus jõuab otse paberilt ilma igasuguste vahelülideta.

Now, this technology has the potential to be a game-changer,

Sellel tehnoloogial on potentsiaali tuua kaasa murranguline muutus,

because the only other solution for deafness is a cochlear implant,

sest seni on kurtide ainuke võimalus olnud sisekõrvaimplantaadi paigaldamine,

and that requires an invasive surgery.

mis nõuab keerulist operatsiooni.

And this can be built for 40 times cheaper than a cochlear implant,

Selle vesti valmistamine on 40 korda odavam kui implantaat,

which opens up this technology globally, even for the poorest countries.

seega oleks selline tehnoloogia laiemalt kättesaadav ka vaesemates riikides.

Now, we've been very encouraged by our results with sensory substitution,

Tajuasenduse uuringu tulemused on olnud väga lootustandvad,

but what we've been thinking a lot about is sensory addition.

kuid me oleme ka pikalt mõelnud tajulisanduse teemal.

How could we use a technology like this to add a completely new kind of sense,

Kuidas me saaks kasutada sarnast tehnoloogiat täiesti uue meele loomiseks

to expand the human umvelt?

ja inimese omailma laiendamiseks?

For example, could we feed real-time data from the Internet

Näiteks kas internetist oleks võimalik infot otse inimese ajju suunata

directly into somebody's brain,

and can they develop a direct perceptual experience?

ja kas selle abil saaks luua otsese tajukogemuse?

So here's an experiment we're doing in the lab.

Nüüd näete ühte katsetust, mida me laboris teeme.

A subject is feeling a real-time streaming feed from the Net of data

Katsealusesele antakse reaalajas teavet

for five seconds.

täpselt viie sekundi jooksul.

Then, two buttons appear, and he has to make a choice.

Seejärel ilmuvad kaks nuppu ning ta peab valiku langetama.

He doesn't know what's going on.

Ta ei saa täpselt aru, mis toimub.

He makes a choice, and he gets feedback after one second.

Ta teeb valiku ning saab sekundi pärast tagasisidet.

Now, here's the thing:

Ja pange tähele,

katsealusel pole aimugi, mida need mustrid tähendavad,

The subject has no idea what all the patterns mean,

but we're seeing if he gets better at figuring out which button to press.

tahame teada, kas ta õpib aru saama, millist nuppu tuleb vajutada.

He doesn't know that what we're feeding

Ta ei tea, et anname talle reaalajas aktsiaturu infot.

is real-time data from the stock market,

and he's making buy and sell decisions.

Tema nupuvajutus on kas ostmise või müümise otsus.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

And the feedback is telling him whether he did the right thing or not.

Tagaside ütleb talle, kas ta tegi õige või vale otsuse.

And what we're seeing is, can we expand the human umvelt

See katse peaks näitama,

kas inimese omailma saab laiendada nii,

so that he comes to have, after several weeks,

et pärast mitmenädalast seadme kasutamist

a direct perceptual experience of the economic movements of the planet.

tekib tal otsene tajukogemus globaalsetest majandushoovustest.

So we'll report on that later to see how well this goes.

Kindlasti anname teile teada, kui hästi see katse õnnestus.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

Here's another thing we're doing:

Tegeleme veel ühe väikese eksperimendiga.

During the talks this morning, we've been automatically scraping Twitter

Tänase TEDi ajal oleme Twitteris filtreerinud

for the TED2015 hashtag,

TED2015 teemaviitega postitusi

and we've been doing an automated sentiment analysis,

ja nende põhjal meelestatust analüüsinud,

which means, are people using positive words or negative words or neutral?

sõltuvalt sellest, kas rohkem kasutatakse

positiivseid, negatiivseid või neutraalseid sõnu.

Ja samal ajal olen ma seda kõike vesti abil tundnud.

And while this has been going on,

I have been feeling this,

and so I am plugged in to the aggregate emotion

Niisiis olen ma reaalajas ühendatud

of thousands of people in real time,

tuhandete inimeste emotsioonidega

and that's a new kind of human experience, because now I can know

ning see on täiesti uudne inimkogemus,

sest nüüd ma tean, kuidas teil läheb

how everyone's doing and how much you're loving this.

ja kui väga teile kõigile see meeldib.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Naer)

(Aplaus)

It's a bigger experience than a human can normally have.

See on rikkalikum kogemus, kui inimesele tavaliselt osaks saab.

We're also expanding the umvelt of pilots.

Me püüame ka pilootide omailma laiendada.

So in this case, the vest is streaming nine different measures

See vest annab juhile üheksa olulist infokildu

from this quadcopter,

taamal lendavast helikopterist

so pitch and yaw and roll and orientation and heading,

Kõrgus-, pöörde- ja kaldtüür ning suund ja kurss on juhile tuntavad

and that improves this pilot's ability to fly it.

ja see parandab piloodi võimekust õhusõiduki juhtimisel.

It's essentially like he's extending his skin up there, far away.

Põhimõtteliselt on tegu piloodi tajupikendusega õhuruumis.

And that's just the beginning.

Ja see on alles algus.

What we're envisioning is taking a modern cockpit full of gauges

Meie kujutluses ei ole tuleviku kokpit täis mõõdikuid.

and instead of trying to read the whole thing, you feel it.

Info lugemise asemel piloot tunneb seda.

We live in a world of information now,

Me elame infoajastul

ja on suur vahe,

and there is a difference between accessing big data

kas inimene peab infot jälgima

and experiencing it.

või ta saab seda vahetult tunnetada.

So I think there's really no end to the possibilities

Usun, et inimese taju arengul ei ole mingeid piire.

on the horizon for human expansion.

Just imagine an astronaut being able to feel

Kujutage ette kosmonauti, kes on võimeline tunnetama

the overall health of the International Space Station,

rahvusvahelise kosmosejaama üldist seisundit

or, for that matter, having you feel the invisible states of your own health,

Või kujutage, et suudate tunnetada oma tervise nähtamatuid näitajaid,

like your blood sugar and the state of your microbiome,

nagu näiteks veresuhkru taset ja mikrobioomi seisundit.

or having 360-degree vision or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.

Mis tunne oleks näha 360 kraadi ulatuses ja näha UV- ja infrapunakiirgust.

So the key is this: As we move into the future,

Põhimõte on selles, et mida kaugemale me areneme,

we're going to increasingly be able to choose our own peripheral devices.

seda rohkem saame valida oma tajuseadmeid.

We no longer have to wait for Mother Nature's sensory gifts

Enam pole vaja loota vaid looduse poolt antud meeltele tema mõõtkavas.

on her timescales,

but instead, like any good parent, she's given us the tools that we need

Nagu iga hea lapsevanem, on loodus meile andnud vajalikud tööriistad,

to go out and define our own trajectory.

et me saaksime edasi minna ja ise oma tee valida.

So the question now is,

Nüüd on jäänud vaid üks küsimus.

how do you want to go out and experience your universe?

Millise tee me oma maailma avardamiseks valime?

Thank you.

Tänan teid!

(Applause)

(Aplaus)

Chris Anderson: Can you feel it? DE: Yeah.

Chris Anderson: Kas sa tunned seda?

DE: Jah

Actually, this was the first time I felt applause on the vest.

Tegelikult nüüd ma tundsingi aplausi esimest korda vestil.

It's nice. It's like a massage. (Laughter)

Päris mõnus on, nagu massaaž.

CA: Twitter's going crazy. Twitter's going mad.

CA: Twitter on hullumas, inimesed on täiesti pöörased.

So that stock market experiment.

Niisiis, see aktsiaturu eksperiment.

This could be the first experiment that secures its funding forevermore,

See on ehk esimene eksperiment, mille rahastusega probleeme ei teki,

right, if successful?

on mul õigus?

DE: Well, that's right, I wouldn't have to write to NIH anymore.

DE: Tõsi, ma ei peaks enam kirjutama taotlusi Riiklikule Terviseinstituudile

CA: Well look, just to be skeptical for a minute,

CA: Oleme hetkeks skeptilised.

I mean, this is amazing, but isn't most of the evidence so far

Kõik see on täiesti vapustav, kuid kas katsed ei näita mitte,

that sensory substitution works,

et tajuasendus töötab küll,

not necessarily that sensory addition works?

kuid tajulisandus ei pruugi töötada?

I mean, isn't it possible that the blind person can see through their tongue

Kas ei ole võimalik, et pime suudab keelega näha seepärast,

because the visual cortex is still there, ready to process,

et nende nägemiskeskus ajukoores on tegelikult olemas ja töökorras

and that that is needed as part of it?

ning see on tajumiseks hädavajalik?

DE: That's a great question. We actually have no idea

DE: Suurepärane küsimus.

Tegelikult me ei tea, mis piirid ajus info vastuvõtmisel on.

what the theoretical limits are of what kind of data the brain can take in.

The general story, though, is that it's extraordinarily flexible.

Üldiselt aga on aju väga paindlik.

So when a person goes blind, what we used to call their visual cortex

Kui inimene jääb pimedaks, siis see osa ajukoorest, kus oli nägemiskeskus

gets taken over by other things, by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.

võetakse üle kompamise, kuulmise, kõnelemise ja muu poolt.

So what that tells us is that the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.

See näitab, et ajukoore osadel ei ole spetsiifilist funktsiooni.

It just runs certain kinds of computations on things.

Ta juhib lihtsalt teatud info töötlemist.

And when we look around at things like braille, for example,

Ja kui me uurime näiteks punktkirja lugemist,

people are getting information through bumps on their fingers.

siis me näeme, et inimene võib infot saada ka sõrmeotste kaudu.

So I don't think we have any reason to think there's a theoretical limit

Seega ma ei usu, et eksisteeriks mingisugune teoreetiline piir

that we know the edge of.

mida saaksime täpselt määratleda.

CA: If this checks out, you're going to be deluged.

CA: Kui see kõik tõsi on, siis jätkub teil tööd väga pikaks ajaks.

There are so many possible applications for this.

Taolisele tehnoloogiale leidub tohutult palju väljundeid.

Are you ready for this? What are you most excited about, the direction it might go?

Kas olete selleks valmis?

Milline suund on teile kõige huvitavam?

DE: I mean, I think there's a lot of applications here.

DE: Muidugi, siin on mitmeid võimalikke rakendusi.

In terms of beyond sensory substitution, the things I started mentioning

Rääkides tajuasendusest, siis mainisin enne põgusalt kosmonaute kosmosejaamades,

about astronauts on the space station, they spend a lot of their time

kes kulutavad palju aega seadmeid jälgides,

monitoring things, and they could instead just get what's going on,

kuigi nad võiksid lihtsalt tunnetada jaamas toimuvat.

because what this is really good for is multidimensional data.

See seade on suurepärane mitmemõõtmelise teabe tarbeks.

The key is this: Our visual systems are good at detecting blobs and edges,

Meie nägemismeel on mõeldud vaid tähtsaima hoomamiseks,

but they're really bad at what our world has become,

kuid on vähetõhus tänapäeva maailmas,

which is screens with lots and lots of data.

kus on tohutul hulgal ekraane ja infot.

We have to crawl that with our attentional systems.

Me peame need seadmed oma tajuga ühendama.

So this is a way of just feeling the state of something,

See oleks võimalus seisukorra tunnetamiseks samamoodi,

just like the way you know the state of your body as you're standing around.

nagu tunnetatakse oma keha.

So I think heavy machinery, safety, feeling the state of a factory,

Rasketehnika, tööohutus,

tootmise ja tehnika seisundi seire on valdkonnad,

of your equipment, that's one place it'll go right away.

kus see seade kiiresti rakenduse leiaks.

CA: David Eagleman, that was one mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.

CA: David Eagleman, see oli tõesti erakordne kõne, suur aitäh!

DE: Thank you, Chris. (Applause)

Aitäh sulle, Chris.

(Aplaus)