Can we create new senses for humans? | David Eagleman

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

We are built out of very small stuff,

Sačinjeni smo od vrlo malih dijelova,

and we are embedded in a very large cosmos,

a nalazimo se u veoma velikom svemiru,

and the fact is that we are not very good at understanding reality

a činjenica je da nam ne ide dobro razumijevanje stvarnosti

at either of those scales,

ni na jednoj od tih skala,

and that's because our brains

i to zato što naš mozak

haven't evolved to understand the world at that scale.

nije evoluirao u razumijevanju svijeta u tim skalama.

Instead, we're trapped on this very thin slice of perception

Umjesto toga, zarobljeni smo u ovom vrlo uskom dijelu percepcije

right in the middle.

točno u sredini.

But it gets strange, because even at that slice of reality that we call home,

Ali još čudnije, čak ni u tom dijelu stvarnosti koji nazivamo dom,

we're not seeing most of the action that's going on.

ne vidimo većinu radnji koje se dešavaju.

So take the colors of our world.

Uzmite boje za primjer.

This is light waves, electromagnetic radiation that bounces off objects

Ovo je svjetlosni val, elektromagnetsko zračenje koje odskače od objekata

and it hits specialized receptors in the back of our eyes.

i pogađa specijalizirane receptore u pozadini našeg oka.

But we're not seeing all the waves out there.

Ali ne vidimo sve valove koji postoje.

In fact, what we see

Zapravo, ono što vidimo

is less than a 10 trillionth of what's out there.

je manje od 10 trilijuntinki od onoga što postoji.

So you have radio waves and microwaves

Postoje radio valovi i mikrovalovi,

and X-rays and gamma rays passing through your body right now

i x-zrake, i gama zrake koje trenutno prolaze kroz vaše tijelo

and you're completely unaware of it,

i niste nimalo svjesni toga,

because you don't come with the proper biological receptors

jer nemate prikladne biološke receptore za

for picking it up.

opažanje tih signala.

There are thousands of cell phone conversations

Vodi se tisuće razgovora mobilnim telefonom

passing through you right now,

koji trenutno prolaze kroz vas,

and you're utterly blind to it.

i krajnje ste slijepi za njih.

Now, it's not that these things are inherently unseeable.

Ove stvari nisu inherentno nevidljive.

Snakes include some infrared in their reality,

Zmije vide dio infracrvenog spektra u svojoj stvarnosti,

and honeybees include ultraviolet in their view of the world,

a pčele uključuju ultraljubičasto u svoj pogled na svijet,

and of course we build machines in the dashboards of our cars

i naravno, mi ugrađujemo uređaje u naše automobile

to pick up on signals in the radio frequency range,

koji primaju signale u rasponu radijske frekvencije,

and we built machines in hospitals to pick up on the X-ray range.

i izumili smo uređaje u bolnicama koji detektiraju raspon x-zraka.

But you can't sense any of those by yourself,

Ali ne možete osjetiti ništa od toga sami,

at least not yet,

bar ne još,

because you don't come equipped with the proper sensors.

jer ne dolazite opremljeni s pravim senzorima.

Now, what this means is that our experience of reality

Sad, što to znači je da je naš doživljaj stvarnosti

is constrained by our biology,

ograničen našom biologijom,

and that goes against the common sense notion

a to govori protiv opće prihvaćene ideje

that our eyes and our ears and our fingertips

da naše oči i naše uši, i naši prsti

are just picking up the objective reality that's out there.

osjete objektivnu stvarnost koja je vani.

Instead, our brains are sampling just a little bit of the world.

Umjesto toga, naš mozak vidi samo mali dio svijeta.

Now, across the animal kingdom,

Sad, u životinjskom carstvu,

different animals pick up on different parts of reality.

različite životinje detektiraju različite dijelove stvarnosti.

So in the blind and deaf world of the tick,

U slijepom i gluhom svijetu krpelja,

the important signals are temperature and butyric acid;

važni signali su temperatura i maslačna kiselina;

in the world of the black ghost knifefish,

u svijetu ribe duha

its sensory world is lavishly colored by electrical fields;

njezin osjetni svijet je obojan električnim poljem;

and for the echolocating bat,

a za šišmiša s eholokacijom,

its reality is constructed out of air compression waves.

stvarnost je stvorena pomoću valova stlačenog zraka.

That's the slice of their ecosystem that they can pick up on,

To je dio njihovog ekosustava koji mogu osjetiti,

and we have a word for this in science.

i imamo znanstvenu riječ za to.

It's called the umwelt,

To se zove umwelt,

which is the German word for the surrounding world.

što je njemačka riječ za svijet oko nas.

Now, presumably, every animal assumes

Sad, vjerojatno, svaka životinja pretpostavlja

that its umwelt is the entire objective reality out there,

da je njezin umwelt cijela objektivna stvarnost koja postoji,

because why would you ever stop to imagine

jer zašto bi ste ikada stali i zamislili

that there's something beyond what we can sense.

da postoji nešto izvan onoga što osjetimo.

Instead, what we all do is we accept reality

Umjesto toga, ono što svi radimo je prihvaćamo stvarnost

as it's presented to us.

kakva nam je prikazana.

Let's do a consciousness-raiser on this.

Hajdemo podići svijest o ovome

Imagine that you are a bloodhound dog.

Zamislite da ste pas tragač.

Your whole world is about smelling.

Vaš cijeli život je mirisanje.

You've got a long snout that has 200 million scent receptors in it,

Imate dugu njušku koja ima 200 milijuna mirisnih receptora u sebi,

and you have wet nostrils that attract and trap scent molecules,

i imate mokre nosnice koje privlače i hvataju mirisne molekule,

and your nostrils even have slits so you can take big nosefuls of air.

i vaše nosnice čak imaju otvore tako da možete ispuniti nos zrakom.

Everything is about smell for you.

Sve oko vas se vrti oko mirisa.

So one day, you stop in your tracks with a revelation.

Jednog dana, zastanete u svom traganju s otkrićem.

You look at your human owner and you think,

Pogledate svog ljudskog vlasnika i pomislite,

"What is it like to have the pitiful, impoverished nose of a human?

"Kako je to imati tako jadan, osiromašen nos kao čovjek?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

What is it like when you take a feeble little noseful of air?

Kako je to udahnuti mizerno male količine zraka?

How can you not know that there's a cat 100 yards away,

Kako možete neznati da je tamo mačka udaljena 100 metara,

or that your neighbor was on this very spot six hours ago?"

ili da je vaš susjed bio na upravo ovom mjestu prije šest sati?"

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So because we're humans,

Zbog toga što smo ljudi,

we've never experienced that world of smell,

nikada nismo doživjeli taj svijet mirisa,

so we don't miss it,

pa nam ne nedostaje,

because we are firmly settled into our umwelt.

jer smo čvrsto postavljeni u naš umwelt.

But the question is, do we have to be stuck there?

Pitanje je, moramo li biti u njemu?

So as a neuroscientist, I'm interested in the way that technology

Kao neuroznanstvenik, zainteresiran sam na koje načine tehnologija

might expand our umwelt,

možda može proširiti naš umwelt,

and how that's going to change the experience of being human.

i kako će to promjeniti iskustvo bivanja čovjekom.

So we already know that we can marry our technology to our biology,

Već znamo da možemo spojiti našu tehnologiju s biologijom,

because there are hundreds of thousands of people walking around

jer postoje stotine tisuća ljudi koji hodaju uokolo

with artificial hearing and artificial vision.

s umjetnim sluhom i umjetnim vidom.

So the way this works is, you take a microphone and you digitize the signal,

Način na koji to radi je, uzmete mikrofon i digitalizirate signal,

and you put an electrode strip directly into the inner ear.

i postavite jedan kraj elektrode direktno u unutarnje uho.

Or, with the retinal implant, you take a camera

Ili ako se radi o implantatima retine, uzmete kameru

and you digitize the signal, and then you plug an electrode grid

i digitalizirate signal, i zatim stavite ploču elektroda

directly into the optic nerve.

direktno u optički živac.

And as recently as 15 years ago,

A čak prije 15 godina

there were a lot of scientists who thought these technologies wouldn't work.

postojalo je mnogo znanstvenika koji su mislili da ovakva tehnologija neće raditi.

Why? It's because these technologies speak the language of Silicon Valley,

Zašto? Jer ova tehnologija priča jezikom Silicijske doline,

and it's not exactly the same dialect as our natural biological sense organs.

a to nije ni sličan dijalekt poput naših prirodnih bioloških osjetnih organa.

But the fact is that it works;

Ali činjenica je da radi;

the brain figures out how to use the signals just fine.

mozak je vrlo uspješno shvatio signale.

Now, how do we understand that?

Kako da ovo shvatimo?

Well, here's the big secret:

Ovo je velika tajna:

Your brain is not hearing or seeing any of this.

vaš mozak ne čuje ili vidi ništa od ovoga.

Your brain is locked in a vault of silence and darkness inside your skull.

Vaš mozak je zaključan u trezoru tišine i mraka unutar vaše lubanje.

All it ever sees are electrochemical signals

Sve što ikada vidi su elektrokemijski signali

that come in along different data cables,

koji dolaze različitim žicama za podatke

and this is all it has to work with, and nothing more.

i jedino to obrađuje, ništa više.

Now, amazingly,

Sad, nevjerojatno,

the brain is really good at taking in these signals

mozak je vrlo sposoban u primanju ovih signala

and extracting patterns and assigning meaning,

i razlučivanju obrazaca, i pridavajući im značenja,

so that it takes this inner cosmos and puts together a story

što uzima ovaj unutarnji svemir i od toga sastavlja priču

of this, your subjective world.

ovoga, vašeg subjektivnog svijeta.

But here's the key point:

Ovo je ključna stvar:

Your brain doesn't know, and it doesn't care,

Vaš mozak ne zna i ne zanima ga

where it gets the data from.

odakle prima podatke.

Whatever information comes in, it just figures out what to do with it.

Koja god informacija dolazi, on prepozna što treba raditi s njom.

And this is a very efficient kind of machine.

I to je vrlo efikasan uređaj.

It's essentially a general purpose computing device,

To je računalo za generalnu upotrebu,

and it just takes in everything

uzima sve unutra

and figures out what it's going to do with it,

i prepoznaje što treba raditi s time,

and that, I think, frees up Mother Nature

i to, mislim, oslobađa Majku prirodu

to tinker around with different sorts of input channels.

da isprobava s različitim metodama ulaza.

So I call this the P.H. model of evolution,

Ovo zovem P.H. model evolucije,

and I don't want to get too technical here,

i ne bi govorio previše o tehnikalijama,

but P.H. stands for Potato Head,

ali P.H znači Potato Head [Krumpirova Glava],

and I use this name to emphasize that all these sensors

koristim to ime kako bih naglasio sve ove senzore

that we know and love, like our eyes and our ears and our fingertips,

koje znamo i volimo, poput naših očiju i naših ušiju i naših prstiju,

these are merely peripheral plug-and-play devices:

svi su oni periferni plug-and-play uređaji:

You stick them in, and you're good to go.

priključite ih i možete se igrati.

The brain figures out what to do with the data that comes in.

Mozak odlučuje što će napraviti s podacima koji ulaze.

And when you look across the animal kingdom,

I kada pogledate životinjsko carstvo,

you find lots of peripheral devices.

vidite mnogo perifernih uređaja.

So snakes have heat pits with which to detect infrared,

Zmije imaju svoje toplinske jamice pomoću kojih detektiraju infracrveno,

and the ghost knifefish has electroreceptors,

riba duh ima elektroreceptore,

and the star-nosed mole has this appendage

a zvjezdasta krtica ima ovaj nastavak

with 22 fingers on it

s 22 prsta na njemu

with which it feels around and constructs a 3D model of the world,

kojim osjeti okolinu i stvara 3D model svijeta,

and many birds have magnetite so they can orient

i mnoge ptice imaju magnetit pa se mogu orijentirati

to the magnetic field of the planet.

prema magnetskom polju planeta

So what this means is that nature doesn't have to continually

To znači da priroda ne mora konstantno

redesign the brain.

redizajnirati mozak.

Instead, with the principles of brain operation established,

Umjesto toga, s postavljenim osnovama funkcioniranja mozga,

all nature has to worry about is designing new peripherals.

sve o čemu se priroda mora brinuti je dizajniranje novih periferija.

Okay. So what this means is this:

Dobro. To znači ovo:

The lesson that surfaces

Ono što proizlazi iz svega

is that there's nothing really special or fundamental

je da ne postoji ništa stvarno specijalno ili fundamentalno

about the biology that we come to the table with.

oko biologije s kojom dolazimo na ovaj svijet.

It's just what we have inherited

To je samo ono što smo naslijedili

from a complex road of evolution.

iz kompleksnog puta evolucije.

But it's not what we have to stick with,

Ali ne moramo se toga pridržavati,

and our best proof of principle of this

naš najbolji dokaz toga načela

comes from what's called sensory substitution.

dolazi iz nečega što se zove osjetna supstitucija.

And that refers to feeding information into the brain

A ona se odnosi na unošenje informacija u mozak

via unusual sensory channels,

kroz neobične osjetne puteve,

and the brain just figures out what to do with it.

a mozak prepoznaje što raditi s njima.

Now, that might sound speculative,

Sad, ovo možda zvuči spekulativno

but the first paper demonstrating this was published in the journal Nature in 1969.

ali prvi članak koji prikazuje ovo je objavljen u časopisu Nature 1969.

So a scientist named Paul Bach-y-Rita

Znanstvenik, koji se zvao Paul Bach-y-Rita,

put blind people in a modified dental chair,

stavio je slijepe ljude u prerađenu zubarsku stolicu

and he set up a video feed,

i postavio je video kameru,

and he put something in front of the camera,

i stavio je nešto ispred kamere,

and then you would feel that

i tada bi ste to osjetili

poked into your back with a grid of solenoids.

kako vas bode u leđa uz pomoć ploče uzvojnica.

So if you wiggle a coffee cup in front of the camera,

Ako postavite šalicu kave ispred kamere,

you're feeling that in your back,

osjetit ćete to na svojim leđima,

and amazingly, blind people got pretty good

i nevjerojatno, slijepi ljudi su vrlo dobro

at being able to determine what was in front of the camera

mogli odrediti što je ispred kamere

just by feeling it in the small of their back.

jednostavno osjetivši to u dijelu njihovih leđa.

Now, there have been many modern incarnations of this.

Sad, postoje razni moderni modeli ovoga.

The sonic glasses take a video feed right in front of you

Zvučne naočale snimaju video onoga što je ispred vas

and turn that into a sonic landscape,

i pretvaraju to u zvučni pejzaž,

so as things move around, and get closer and farther,

kako se stvari pomjeraju, postaju bliže i dalje,

it sounds like "Bzz, bzz, bzz."

to zvuči poput "Bzz, bzz, bzz."

It sounds like a cacophony,

Zvuči kao kakofonija,

but after several weeks, blind people start getting pretty good

ali nakon nekoliko tjedana, slijepi ljudi postaju vrlo dobri

at understanding what's in front of them

u razlikovanju što je ispred njih

just based on what they're hearing.

samo bazirano na tome što čuju.

And it doesn't have to be through the ears:

i to ne mora biti kroz uši:

this system uses an electrotactile grid on the forehead,

ovaj sustav koristi elektrotaktilnu ploču na čelu,

so whatever's in front of the video feed, you're feeling it on your forehead.

štogod se nalazi ispred kamere, to osjetite na vašem čelu.

Why the forehead? Because you're not using it for much else.

Zašto čelo? jer ga ne koristite previše za nešto drugo.

The most modern incarnation is called the brainport,

Najbolji moderni model se zove brainport,

and this is a little electrogrid that sits on your tongue,

a to je mala elektroploča koja se nalazi na vašem jeziku,

and the video feed gets turned into these little electrotactile signals,

a video signal se pretvara u male elektrotaktilne signale

and blind people get so good at using this that they can throw a ball into a basket,

i slijepi ljudi postanu dobri u korištenju ovoga da uspiju ubaciti loptu u koš

or they can navigate complex obstacle courses.

ili mogu prolaziti kroz složen poligon s preprekama.

They can come to see through their tongue.

Mogu vidjeti kroz svoj jezik.

Now, that sounds completely insane, right?

To zvuči potpuno ludo, zar ne?

But remember, all vision ever is

Zapamtite, vid je samo

is electrochemical signals coursing around in your brain.

elektrokemijski signal koji putuje kroz vaš mozak.

Your brain doesn't know where the signals come from.

Vaš mozak ne zna odakle je signal došao.

It just figures out what to do with them.

Samo prepoznaje što raditi s njim.

So my interest in my lab is sensory substitution for the deaf,

Ono što radim u laboratoriju je zamjena osjetila za gluhe,

and this is a project I've undertaken

i ovo je projekt koji sam započeo

with a graduate student in my lab, Scott Novich,

sa svojim studentom u labosu, Scott Novich

who is spearheading this for his thesis.

koji ovo obrađuje u svom diplomskom.

And here is what we wanted to do:

Ovo je ono što smo htjeli učiniti:

we wanted to make it so that sound from the world gets converted

htjeli smo da se zvuk iz svijeta prevede

in some way so that a deaf person can understand what is being said.

u neki oblik kako bi gluha osoba razumjela što je rečeno.

And we wanted to do this, given the power and ubiquity of portable computing,

Htjeli smo to napraviti, jer zbog sveprisutnost prijenosnih računala

we wanted to make sure that this would run on cell phones and tablets,

htjeli smo biti sigurni da ovo djeluje putem mobitela ili tableta,

and also we wanted to make this a wearable,

također htjeli smo omogućiti nošenje,

something that you could wear under your clothing.

nešto što možete nositi ispod odjeće.

So here's the concept.

Ovo je koncept.

So as I'm speaking, my sound is getting captured by the tablet,

Dok pričam, moj zvuk se snima uz pomoć tableta,

and then it's getting mapped onto a vest that's covered in vibratory motors,

a zatim se mapira na prsluku koji je pokriven s vibrirajućim motorima,

just like the motors in your cell phone.

poput motora u vašem mobitelu.

So as I'm speaking,

Dok ja govorim,

the sound is getting translated to a pattern of vibration on the vest.

zvuk se prevodi u obrazac vibracija na vesti.

Now, this is not just conceptual:

Sad, ovo nije samo koncept:

this tablet is transmitting Bluetooth, and I'm wearing the vest right now.

ovaj tablet odašilje Bluetooth, a ja trenutno koristim prsluk.

So as I'm speaking -- (Applause) --

Pa, dok ja govorim -- (Pljesak) --

the sound is getting translated into dynamic patterns of vibration.

zvuk se prevodi u dinamički obrazac vibracija.

I'm feeling the sonic world around me.

Osjetim svijet zvuka oko mene.

So, we've been testing this with deaf people now,

Testirali smo ovo s gluhim ljudima,

and it turns out that after just a little bit of time,

i ispalo je da nakon samo malo vremena,

people can start feeling, they can start understanding

ljudi počinju osjećati, počinju razumijeti

the language of the vest.

jezik prsluka.

So this is Jonathan. He's 37 years old. He has a master's degree.

Ovo je Jonathan. On je star 37 godina. Diplomirao je.

He was born profoundly deaf,

Rođen je posve gluh,

which means that there's a part of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.

što znači da postoji dio njegovog umwelta koji mu je nedostupan.

So we had Jonathan train with the vest for four days, two hours a day,

Jonathan je vježbao s prslukom četiri dana, dva sata po danu,

and here he is on the fifth day.

i evo ga petog dana.

Scott Novich: You.

Scott Novich: Vi.

David Eagleman: So Scott says a word, Jonathan feels it on the vest,

David Eagleman: Scott kaže riječ, Jonathan ju osjeti na vesti,

and he writes it on the board.

i zapiše na ploču.

SN: Where. Where.

SN: Gdje. Gdje.

DE: Jonathan is able to translate this complicated pattern of vibrations

DE: Jonathan je sposoban prevesti ovaj komplicirani obrazac vibracija

into an understanding of what's being said.

u razumijevanje što je rečeno.

SN: Touch. Touch.

SN: Dodir. Dodir.

DE: Now, he's not doing this --

DE: Sad, on ovo ne čini --

(Applause) --

(Pljesak) --

Jonathan is not doing this consciously, because the patterns are too complicated,

Jonathan ne čini ovo svjesno, jer obrazac je prekompliciran,

but his brain is starting to unlock the pattern that allows it to figure out

već njegov mozak počinje otključavati uzorke i prepoznaje

what the data mean,

što podatci znače,

and our expectation is that, after wearing this for about three months,

a naše očekivanje je da, nakon nošenja ovoga oko tri mjeseca,

he will have a direct perceptual experience of hearing

imat će direktno percepcijsko iskustvo sluha

in the same way that when a blind person passes a finger over braille,

na isti način kako slijepa osoba prelazi prstima preko braillea,

the meaning comes directly off the page without any conscious intervention at all.

značenje dolazi direktno bez ikakvih svjesnih radnji.

Now, this technology has the potential to be a game-changer,

Sad, ova tehnologija bi potencijalno mogla promjeniti igre,

because the only other solution for deafness is a cochlear implant,

jer jedino drugo rješenje za gluhoću je implant kohleje,

and that requires an invasive surgery.

a to zahtjeva invazivnu operaciju.

And this can be built for 40 times cheaper than a cochlear implant,

A ovo se može izgraditi 40 puta jeftinije od implantata kohleje

which opens up this technology globally, even for the poorest countries.

te je omogućena tehnologija globalno, čak i najsiromašnijim zemljama.

Now, we've been very encouraged by our results with sensory substitution,

Sad, veoma smo ohrabreni rezultatima osjetne supstitucije,

but what we've been thinking a lot about is sensory addition.

a ono o čemu smo mnogo razmišljali je osjetna nadogradnja.

How could we use a technology like this to add a completely new kind of sense,

Kako bi smo koristili tehnologiju poput ove i dodali posve novu vrstu osjetila,

to expand the human umvelt?

proširili ljudski umwelt?

For example, could we feed real-time data from the Internet

Na primjer, možemo li ubacivati trenutne podatke s Interneta

directly into somebody's brain,

direktno u nečiji mozak,

and can they develop a direct perceptual experience?

i mogu li oni razviti direktno perceptivno iskustvo?

So here's an experiment we're doing in the lab.

Ovo je eksperiment koji radimo u laboratoriju.

A subject is feeling a real-time streaming feed from the Net of data

Subjekt osjeti trenutne podatke s Interneta

for five seconds.

pet sekundi.

Then, two buttons appear, and he has to make a choice.

Zatim, pojave se dva dugmeta, i mora odlučiti.

He doesn't know what's going on.

Ne zna što se dešava.

He makes a choice, and he gets feedback after one second.

Mora odlučiti, i dobije odgovor nakon jedne sekunde.

Now, here's the thing:

Sad, stvar je:

The subject has no idea what all the patterns mean,

subjekt ne zna što ti obrazci znače,

but we're seeing if he gets better at figuring out which button to press.

ali vidimo postaje li bolji u otkrivanju koje dugme pritisnuti.

He doesn't know that what we're feeding

Ne zna da mu prenosimo

is real-time data from the stock market,

trenutne podatke s burze,

and he's making buy and sell decisions.

i on odlučuje o kupovini i prodaji.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And the feedback is telling him whether he did the right thing or not.

A odgovor mu govori je li postupio dobro ili ne.

And what we're seeing is, can we expand the human umvelt

Ono što vidimo je, možemo li proširiti ljudski umwelt

so that he comes to have, after several weeks,

tako da on ima, nakon nekoliko tjedana,

a direct perceptual experience of the economic movements of the planet.

direktno perceptivno iskustvo o ekonomskim promjenama ovoga planeta.

So we'll report on that later to see how well this goes.

Kasnije ćemo vidjeti gdje smo dospjeli s tim.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Here's another thing we're doing:

Još jedna stvar koju radimo:

During the talks this morning, we've been automatically scraping Twitter

prilikom govora ovog jutra, automatski smo pretražili Twitter

for the TED2015 hashtag,

za TED2015 hashtag,

and we've been doing an automated sentiment analysis,

i radili smo automatsku sentimentalnu analizu,

which means, are people using positive words or negative words or neutral?

što znači, koriste li ljudi pozitivne riječi, ili negativne ili neutralne?

And while this has been going on,

i dok se to radilo,

I have been feeling this,

ja sam osjetio ovo,

and so I am plugged in to the aggregate emotion

priključen sam na agregat emocija

of thousands of people in real time,

tisuće ljudi u stvarnom vremenu,

and that's a new kind of human experience, because now I can know

i ovo je novi oblik ljudskog doživljaja jer sad mogu znati

how everyone's doing and how much you're loving this.

kako se svi osjećaju i koliko vam se ovo sviđa.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh) (Pljesak)

It's a bigger experience than a human can normally have.

Veći je doživljaj no što čovjek može normalno doživjeti.

We're also expanding the umvelt of pilots.

Također širimo umwelt pilota.

So in this case, the vest is streaming nine different measures

U ovom slučaju, kroz prsluk prolaze podatci devet različitih veličina

from this quadcopter,

iz ovog quadkoptera,

so pitch and yaw and roll and orientation and heading,

i nagib, i skretanje, i okretanje, i orjentacija i slušanje

and that improves this pilot's ability to fly it.

I to poboljšava pilotovu sposobnost da leti.

It's essentially like he's extending his skin up there, far away.

U osnovi to je kao da produljuje svoju kožu tamo gore daleko.

And that's just the beginning.

I to je samo početak.

What we're envisioning is taking a modern cockpit full of gauges

Ono što predviđamo je pilotska kabina sa svim mjerilima,

and instead of trying to read the whole thing, you feel it.

i umjesto pokušavanja očitanja svega toga, možete to osjetiti.

We live in a world of information now,

Živimo u svijetu informacija,

and there is a difference between accessing big data

i postoji razlika između pristupa hrpi podataka

and experiencing it.

i doživljavanju istog.

So I think there's really no end to the possibilities

Mislim da ne postoji kraj mogućnostima

on the horizon for human expansion.

što se tiče ljudskog unaprjeđenja

Just imagine an astronaut being able to feel

Samo zamislite astronauta koji može osjetiti

the overall health of the International Space Station,

generalno zdravlje u međunarodnoj svemirskoj stanici

or, for that matter, having you feel the invisible states of your own health,

ili, na primjer, osjetiti nevidljivi oblik osobnog zdravlja

like your blood sugar and the state of your microbiome,

poput šećera u krvi i stanja svog mikrobioma,

or having 360-degree vision or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.

ili imati vid od 360 stupnjeva, ili vidjeti infracrveno ili ultraljubičasto.

So the key is this: As we move into the future,

Ključ je sljedeći: kako se krećemo prema budućnosti,

we're going to increasingly be able to choose our own peripheral devices.

moći ćemo sami odabratI naše periferne uređaje.

We no longer have to wait for Mother Nature's sensory gifts

Ne moramo više čekati na senzorne poklone prirode

on her timescales,

po njenom vremenu,

but instead, like any good parent, she's given us the tools that we need

umjesto toga, poput svakog dobrog roditelja, dala nam je oruđe koje trebamo

to go out and define our own trajectory.

kako bi sami odredili svoj put.

So the question now is,

Pitanje je sad,

how do you want to go out and experience your universe?

kako želite ići iskusiti svoj svemir?

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Chris Anderson: Can you feel it? DE: Yeah.

Chris Anderson: Možeš li to osjetiti? DE: Da.

Actually, this was the first time I felt applause on the vest.

Zapravo, ovo je prvi put da osjetim pljesak na prsluku.

It's nice. It's like a massage. (Laughter)

Lijepo je, poput masaže. (Smijeh)

CA: Twitter's going crazy. Twitter's going mad.

CA: Twitter je poludio. Twitter je poludio.

So that stock market experiment.

Onaj eksperiment s burzom.

This could be the first experiment that secures its funding forevermore,

Ovo je moguće prvi eksperiment koji sam sebi osigurava financije,

right, if successful?

ako bude uspješan?

DE: Well, that's right, I wouldn't have to write to NIH anymore.

DE: Pa, to je istina, ne bi morao više pisati NIH-u.

CA: Well look, just to be skeptical for a minute,

CA: Gledaj, hajde da budem skeptičan na minutu,

I mean, this is amazing, but isn't most of the evidence so far

ovo je nevjerojatno, ali nije li većina dokaza dosad

that sensory substitution works,

govorila da osjetna supstitucija radi,

not necessarily that sensory addition works?

ne nužno da osjetno unapređenje radi?

I mean, isn't it possible that the blind person can see through their tongue

Mislim, zar nije moguće da slijepa osoba može vidjeti kroz svoj jezik

because the visual cortex is still there, ready to process,

jer vidni korteks je još tamo, spreman za procesuiranje,

and that that is needed as part of it?

i da je to nužno kao dio toga.

DE: That's a great question. We actually have no idea

DE: To je odlično pitanje. Zapravo ne znamo

what the theoretical limits are of what kind of data the brain can take in.

što je teorijska granica koliko podataka mozak može primiiti.

The general story, though, is that it's extraordinarily flexible.

Smatra se da je nevjerojatno fleksibilan.

So when a person goes blind, what we used to call their visual cortex

Znači kada osoba oslijepi, ono što smo zvali njihovim vidnom korom

gets taken over by other things, by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.

zamjene druge stvari, dodir, sluh, vokabular.

So what that tells us is that the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.

To nam govori da kora radi jednu te istu stvar.

It just runs certain kinds of computations on things.

Jednostavno provodi neke vrste računica na stvarima.

And when we look around at things like braille, for example,

i kada pogledamo uokolo, na braillea, na primjer,

people are getting information through bumps on their fingers.

ljudi primaju informacije putem njihovih pristiju.

So I don't think we have any reason to think there's a theoretical limit

Mislim da nema razloga da mislimo kako postoji teorijski limit

that we know the edge of.

čiji rub znamo.

CA: If this checks out, you're going to be deluged.

CA: Ako ovo uspije, bit ćete preplavljeni.

There are so many possible applications for this.

Postoji jako puno mogućih primjena ovoga.

Are you ready for this? What are you most excited about, the direction it might go?

Jeste li spremni na ovo? Oko čega ste najviše uzbuđeni, smjerom kojim ovo može ići?

DE: I mean, I think there's a lot of applications here.

DE: Mislim da postoji jako puno primjena ovdje.

In terms of beyond sensory substitution, the things I started mentioning

U pogledu dalje od osjetne supstitucije, ono što sam spomenuo

about astronauts on the space station, they spend a lot of their time

o astronautima u svemirskim postajama, oni provode puno vremena

monitoring things, and they could instead just get what's going on,

promatrajući stvari, a umjesto toga mogu jednostavno dobiti što se događa,

because what this is really good for is multidimensional data.

jer ovo je jako dobro za multidimenzijske podatke.

The key is this: Our visual systems are good at detecting blobs and edges,

Ključ je u ovome: naš vidni sustav je dobar u detektiranju mrlja i rubova,

but they're really bad at what our world has become,

ali je jako loš u onome što je svijet postao,

which is screens with lots and lots of data.

što su zasloni s puno, puno podataka.

We have to crawl that with our attentional systems.

Moramo bauljati kroz to s našim sustavima za pažnju.

So this is a way of just feeling the state of something,

Dakle, ovo je način na koji jednostavno osjetimo stanje stvari,

just like the way you know the state of your body as you're standing around.

kao što znate stanje vašeg tijela dok stojite.

So I think heavy machinery, safety, feeling the state of a factory,

Smatram da teška mašinerija, sigurnost, osjećanje stanja tvornice,

of your equipment, that's one place it'll go right away.

vaše opreme, to je mjesto na kojem će ovo odmah proći.

CA: David Eagleman, that was one mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.

CA: David Eagleman, ovo je bio jedan fantastičan govor. Puno ti hvala.

DE: Thank you, Chris. (Applause)

DE: Hvala tebi, Chris. (Pljesak)