Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom

Translator: Elona Eski Reviewer: Helena Bedalli

The first thing I want to do is say thank you to all of you.

Se pari, dua t`ju falenderoj te gjitheve.

The second thing I want to do is introduce my co-author

Se dyti, dua te prezantoj bashkeautorin,

and dear friend and co-teacher.

mikun e dashur dhe kolegun tim.

Ken and I have been working together

Ken dhe une kemi punuar bashke

for almost 40 years.

per pothuajse 40 vjet.

That's Ken Sharpe over there.

Para jush Ken Sharpe.

(Applause)

(Duartrokitje)

So there is among many people --

Shume njerez --

certainly me and most of the people I talk to --

nder ta une dhe shumica e njerezve me te cilet flas--

a kind of collective dissatisfaction

kane nje fare pakenaqesie kolektive

with the way things are working,

per menyren si funksionojne gjerat,

with the way our institutions run.

per menyren si funksionojne institucionet tona.

Our kids' teachers seem to be failing them.

Mesuesit e femijeve tane duket se po i marrin ne qafe ata.

Our doctors don't know who the hell we are,

Doktoret tane nuk e dine kush dreqin jemi ne,

and they don't have enough time for us.

ata nuk kane mjaft kohe per ne.

We certainly can't trust the bankers,

Ne sigurisht nuk mund t`i besojme bankiereve,

and we certainly can't trust the brokers.

dhe me siguri nuk mund t`i besojme komisionereve.

They almost brought the entire financial system down.

Ata pothuajse e shkaterruan te gjithe sistemin financiar.

And even as we do our own work,

Dhe edhe kur ne e bejme punen tone,

all too often,

shpesh,

we find ourselves having to choose

e gjejme vetem se duhet te zgjedhim

between doing what we think is the right thing

midis te berit te asaj qe ne mendojme eshte gjeja e duhur

and doing the expected thing,

dhe te berit e asaj qe pritet,

or the required thing,

ose ate qe kerkohet,

or the profitable thing.

ose ate qe ka fitim.

So everywhere we look,

Keshtu qe kudo qe shikojme,

pretty much across the board,

praktikisht gjithandej,

we worry that the people we depend on

ne shqetesohemi qe njerez nga te cilet varemi

don't really have our interests at heart.

nuk i kane interesat tona perzemer.

Or if they do have our interests at heart,

Ose nese ata i kane interesat tona perzemer,

we worry that they don't know us well enough

ne shqetesohemi qe ata nuk na njohin mire

to figure out what they need to do

te kuptojne se cfare duhet te bejne ata

in order to allow us

ne menyre qe te na lejojne

to secure those interests.

te sigurojme ato interesa.

They don't understand us.

Ata nuk na kuptojne.

They don't have the time to get to know us.

Ata nuk kane kohe te na njohin.

There are two kinds of responses

Ka dy tipe pergjigjesh

that we make

qe ne japim

to this sort of general dissatisfaction.

per keto pakenaqesira te pergjithshme.

If things aren't going right,

Nqse gjerat nuk ecin mire,

the first response is:

pergjigja e pare eshte:

let's make more rules,

Le te krijojme ca rregulla,

let's set up a set

le te krijojme nje set

of detailed procedures

me procedura te detajuara

to make sure that people will do the right thing.

per t`u siguruar qe njerezit do te bejne gjene e duhur.

Give teachers scripts

T`i japim profesoreve nje udhezues

to follow in the classroom,

per t`u zbatuar ne klase,

so even if they don't know what they're doing

keshtu qe edhe nqs ata nuk e dine cfare bejne

and don't care about the welfare of our kids,

dhe nuk jane te interesuar per mireqenien e femijeve tane,

as long as they follow the scripts,

per sa kohe ata ndjekin udhezuesin,

our kids will get educated.

femijet tane arsimohen.

Give judges a list of mandatory sentences

Jepi gjykatesve nje liste me denime te detyruara

to impose for crimes,

te vendosin per krimet,

so that you don't need to rely

keshtu qe ti nuk ke nevoje te bazohesh

on judges using their judgment.

ne gjykimin e gjykatesve.

Instead, all they have to do

Ne vend te kesaj, gjithe ajo qe ata kane per te bere

is look up on the list

eshte te shikojne ne liste

what kind of sentence goes with what kind of crime.

cfare denimi i perket nje krimi te tille.

Impose limits

Vendos limite

on what credit card companies can charge in interest

ne interesat qe kompanite e kartave te kreditit mund te kerkojne si interes

and on what they can charge in fees.

dhe ne cfare ata mund te bejne te paguash si komision.

More and more rules

Gjithmone e me shume rregulla

to protect us

te na mbrojne

against an indifferent, uncaring

kundra nje grupi institutesh qe jane indiferente dhe nuk duan t`ja dijne

set of institutions we have to deal with.

dhe me te cilat duhet te japim e te marrim.

Or -- or maybe and --

Ose -- ndoshta dhe ---

in addition to rules,

pervec rregullave,

let's see if we can come up

le te shikojme nqs mund te nxjerrim

with some really clever incentives

ca nxitje vertet inteligjente

so that, even if the people we deal with

keshtu qe, edhe nqs njerezit me te cilet kemi te bejme

don't particularly want to serve our interests,

nuk duan t`ja dijne ti sherbejne interesave tona,

it is in their interest

eshte ne interesin e tyre

to serve our interest --

t`i sherbejne interesave tona --

the magic incentives

magjia e nxitjeve

that will get people to do the right thing

qe do ti beje njerezit te bejne gjene e duhur

even out of pure selfishness.

edhe pse kjo ndodh prej nje egoizmi te paster.

So we offer teachers bonuses

Keshtu ne i ofrojme bonuse mesuesve

if the kids they teach

nqs femijet qe ata mesojne

score passing grades on these big test scores

marrin nota te larta ne testet e gjata

that are used to evaluate

qe perdoren per te vleresuar

the quality of school systems.

cilesine e sistemit shkollor.

Rules and incentives --

Rregulla dhe nxitje --

"sticks" and "carrots."

"shkopinj" dhe "karrota".

We passed a bunch of rules

Ne krijuam shume rregulla

to regulate the financial industry

per te kontrolluar industrine financiare

in response to the recent collapse.

si pergjigje te deshtimeve te fundit.

There's the Dodd-Frank Act,

Akti Dodd-Frank,

there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency

Agjencia per Mbrojtjen Financiare te Konsumatoreve

that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor

qe eshte perkohesisht e drejtuar per se prapthi

by Elizabeth Warren.

nga Elizabeth Warren.

Maybe these rules

Ndoshta keto rregulla

will actually improve

do te permiresojne ne fakt

the way these financial services companies behave.

menyren si sillen keto kompani.

We'll see.

Do te shikojme.

In addition, we are struggling

Pervec kesaj, ne jemi duke luftuar

to find some way to create incentives

te gjejme disa menyra te krijojme nxitje

for people in the financial services industry

per njerezit e industrise se sherbimeve financiare

that will have them more interested

qe t`i bejme ata me te interesuar

in serving the long-term interests

per t`i sherbyer interesave afat-gjate

even of their own companies,

te kompanive te tyre,

rather than securing short-term profits.

ne vend qe te sigurojne perfitime afat-shkurtera.

So if we find just the right incentives,

Keshtu qe nqs gjejme nxitjet e duhura,

they'll do the right thing -- as I said -- selfishly,

ata do te bejne gjene e duhur -- sic e thashe -- ne menyre egoiste,

and if we come up with the right rules and regulations,

dhe nqs ne vijme me rregullat e duhura dhe ligjet,

they won't drive us all over a cliff.

ata nuk do te na cojne te gjithe ne ne humnere.

And Ken [Sharpe] and I certainly know

Une dhe Ken [Sharpe] e dime

that you need to reign in the bankers.

qe ti duhet te mbreterosh mbi bankat.

If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse

Nqs eshte nje mesim per t`u mesuar nga kolapsi financiar

it is that.

ky eshte ai.

But what we believe,

Por cfare besoj,

and what we argue in the book,

dhe ai qe bejme fjale ne liber,

is that there is no set of rules,

eshte qe nuk ka nje set rregullash,

no matter how detailed,

sado i detajuar,

no matter how specific,

sado specifik,

no matter how carefully monitored

sado i monitoruar ne menyre te kujdesshme

and enforced,

dhe i detyruar,

there is no set of rules

nuk ka nje set rregullash

that will get us what we need.

qe do te na jape ate qe kemi nevoje.

Why? Because bankers are smart people.

Pse? Sepse bankieret jane njerez te zgjuar

And, like water,

dhe, si uji,

they will find cracks

ata gjejne te cara

in any set of rules.

ne cdo set rregullash.

You design a set of rules that will make sure

Ti dizenjon nje sere rregullash qe do ta bejne te sigurt

that the particular reason

qe arsyeja per te cilen

why the financial system "almost-collapse"

sistemi financiar pothuajse u shkaterrua

can't happen again.

nuk do te ndodhe me.

It is naive beyond description

Eshte naive pertej pershkrimit

to think that having blocked

te mendosh qe duke e bllokuar kete burim

this source of financial collapse,

te nje kolapsi financiar,

you have blocked all possible sources of financial collapse.

i ke bllokuar te gjitha burimet e kolapsit financiar.

So it's just a question of waiting for the next one

Keshtu qe kjo eshte vetem nje ceshtje e te priturit te kolapsit tjeter

and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid

dhe pastaj te habitemi si mund te ishim aq budallenj

as not to protect ourselves against that.

qe nuk arritem dot te mbroheshim ndaj kesaj.

What we desperately need,

Ajo qe ne kemi nevoje ne menyre te deshperuar,

beyond, or along with, better rules

pertej, ose me mire, bashke me rregulla me te mira

and reasonably smart incentives,

dhe nxitje te zgjuara te arsyetueshme

is we need virtue.

eshte qe ne kemi nevoje per virtut.

We need character.

Ne kemi nevoje per karakter.

We need people who want to do the right thing.

Ne kemi nevoje per njerez qe duan te bejne gjene e duhur.

And in particular,

Dhe ne vecanti,

the virtue that we need most of all

virtuti qe kemi me shume nevoje

is the virtue that Aristotle called

eshte virtuti qe Aristoteli e quajti

"practical wisdom."

"zgjuarsi praktike".

Practical wisdom

Zgjuarsia praktike

is the moral will

eshte detyra morale

to do the right thing

per te bere gjene e duhur

and the moral skill

dhe aftesia morale

to figure out what the right thing is.

per ta gjetur cila eshte gjeja e duhur.

So Aristotle was very interested in watching

Keshtu, Aristoteli ishte shume i interesuar

how the craftsmen around him worked.

si mjeshtrat rreth tij punonin.

And he was impressed

Dhe i bente pershtypje

at how they would improvise

si ata mund te improvizonin

novel solutions to novel problems --

zgjidhje te reja per problemet e reja --

problems that they hadn't anticipated.

probleme qe ata nuk i kishin parashikuar.

So one example is he sees these stonemasons

Keshtu qe nje shembull eshte qe ai i shikon keta punonjes te gurit

working on the Isle of Lesbos,

duke punuar ne ishullin e Lesbos,

and they need to measure out

dhe ata duhet te masnin

round columns.

kolonat cilindrike.

Well if you think about it,

Nqs mendohesh per kete,

it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler.

eshte shume e veshtire te masesh kolonat cilindrike me vizore.

So what do they do?

Keshtu qe cfare bene ata?

They fashion a novel solution to the problem.

Ata krijuan nje zgjidhje te re te problemit.

They created a ruler that bends,

Ata krijuan nje vizore qe perkulet,

what we would call these days a tape measure --

qe sot do ta quanim meter --

a flexible rule,

nje rregull fleksibel,

a rule that bends.

nje rregull qe perkulet.

And Aristotle said,

Dhe Aristoteli tha,

"Hah, they appreciated that sometimes

"Ha, ata e kuptuan qe ndonjehere

to design rounded columns,

te dizenjosh kolona cilindrike

you need to bend the rule."

duhet te perkulesh rregullin."

And Aristotle said

Dhe Aristoteli tha

often in dealing with other people,

shpesh kur ke te besh me njerez te tjere,

we need to bend the rules.

duhet te perkulim rregullat.

Dealing with other people

Te kesh te besh me njerez te tjere

demands a kind of flexibility

kerkon nje fare fleksibiliteti

that no set of rules can encompass.

qe asnje set rregullash mund te perfshije.

Wise people know when and how

Njerezit e zgjuar dine kur dhe si

to bend the rules.

te perkulin rregullat.

Wise people know how to improvise.

Njerezit e zgjuar dine si te improvizojne

The way my co-author , Ken, and I talk about it,

Menyra si une dhe bashkautori Ken flasim per te

they are kind of like jazz musicians.

ata jane pak a shume si muzikantet jazz

The rules are like the notes on the page,

Rregullat jane si notat ne faqe,

and that gets you started,

dhe kjo te ben te fillosh,

but then you dance around the notes on the page,

por pastaj duhet te vallezosh rreth notave ne faqe,

coming up with just the right combination

te krijosh kombinimin e duhur

for this particular moment

per kete moment te vecante

with this particular set of fellow players.

me kete set te vecante te muzikanteve.

So for Aristotle,

Keshtu per Aristotelin

the kind

tipi

of rule-bending,

i perkuljes se vizores,

rule exception-finding and improvisation

i gjetjes se perjashtimeve te rregullave dhe improvizimi

that you see in skilled craftsmen

qe shikon ne mjeshtrat

is exactly what you need

eshte egzakt cfare mungon

to be a skilled moral craftsman.

per te qene nje mjeshter i moralshem

And in interactions with people,

Dhe ne veprimet me njerezit,

almost all the time,

pothuajse gjithmone,

it is this kind of flexibility that is required.

ky tip fleksibiliteti eshte i nevojshem.

A wise person knows when to bend the rules.

Nje person i zgjuar di kur te perkule rregullat.

A wise person knows when to improvise.

Nje person i zgjuar e di kur duhet te improvizoje.

And most important,

Dhe me e rendesishmja,

a wise person does this improvising and rule-bending

nje person i zgjuar e ben kete improvizim dhe perkulje te rregullave

in the service of the right aims.

ne sherbim te qellimeve te duhura.

If you are a rule-bender and an improviser

Nqs ti je nje improvizues i mire dhe dikush qe perthyen rregullat

mostly to serve yourself,

per t`i sherbyer vetes,

what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people.

ajo qe sjell eshte manipulim i paskrupullt i njerezve te tjere.

So it matters that you do this wise practice

Keshtu qe ka rendesi qe ti te besh kete praktike te zgjuar

in the service of others

ne sherbim te te tjereve

and not in the service of yourself.

dhe jo ne sherbim te vetes.

And so the will to do the right thing

Keshtu deshira per te bere gjene e duhur

is just as important as the moral skill

eshte po aq e rendesishme sa detyra morale

of improvisation

per improvizim

and exception-finding.

dhe gjetja e nje perjashtimi.

Together they comprise practical wisdom,

Bashke ato perbejne zgjuarsine praktike

which Aristotle thought

te cilen Aristoteli mendoi

was the master virtue.

se ishte virtuti master.

So I'll give you an example

Keshtu qe do t`ju jap nje shembull

of wise practice in action.

te zgjuarsise praktike ne veprim.

It's the case of Michael.

Eshte rasti i Michael.

Michael's a young guy.

Michael ishte nje djale i ri.

He had a pretty low-wage job.

Ai kishte nje rroge te ulet

He was supporting his wife and a child,

Ai mbante gruan dhe nje femije,

and the child was going to parochial school.

dhe femija shkonte ne shkollen parokiale.

Then he lost his job.

Pastaj ai humbi punen.

He panicked

Ai hyri ne panik

about being able to support his family.

sepse nuk do te ishte ne gjendje te mbeshteste familjen.

One night, he drank a little too much,

Nje nate ai piu shume

and he robbed a cab driver --

dhe grabiti nje shofer taksie --

stole 50 dollars.

vodhi 50 dollare.

He robbed him at gunpoint.

Ai e grabiti me revole.

It was a toy gun.

Ishte nje revole loder.

He got caught. He got tried.

Ai u kap, u gjykua

He got convicted.

dhe u denua

The Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines

Udhezimet per denimet ne Pensilvani

required a minimum sentence for a crime like this

kerkuan nje denim minimal per nje krim te tille

of two years, 24 months.

prej 2 vjetesh, 24 muaj.

The judge on the case, Judge Lois Forer

Gjykatesja e ketij rasti, Lois Forer

thought that this made no sense.

mendoi qe kjo nuk kishte kuptim.

He had never committed a crime before.

Ai nuk kishte bere kurre nje krim me perpara

He was a responsible husband and father.

Ai ishte nje burre i pergjegjshem dhe baba

He had been faced with desperate circumstances.

Ai ishte perballur me rrethana te deshperuara

All this would do is wreck a family.

Dhe gjithcka qe kjo do te bente ishte te shkaterronte familjen.

And so she improvised a sentence -- 11 months,

Keshtu ajo improvizoi nje denim -- 11 muaj,

and not only that,

dhe jo vetem kaq,

but release every day to go to work.

por edhe lirine cdo dite per te shkuar ne pune.

Spend your night in jail, spend your day holding down a job.

Kalo naten ne burg, kalo diten ne pune.

He did. He served out his sentence.

Ai e beri. Ai e mbaroi denimin.

He made restitution

Ai beri ndryshim

and found himself a new job.

dhe gjeti nje pune te re.

And the family was united.

Dhe familja u bashkua.

And it seemed on the road

Dhe dukej ne rrugen

to some sort of a decent life --

e nje fare jete decente --

a happy ending to a story

nje histori me fund te lumtur

involving wise improvisation

qe perfshin improvizime te zgjuara

from a wise judge.

nga nje gjykates i zgjuar.

But it turned out

Por doli

the prosecutor was not happy

qe prokurori nuk ishte i kenaqur

that Judge Forer ignored the sentencing guidelines

qe Gjykatesja Forer injoroi udhezimet e denimit

and sort of invented her own,

dhe pak a shume shpiku te vetat,

and so he appealed.

keshtu qe ai apeloi.

And he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence

Dhe kerkoi denimin minimal

for armed robbery.

per grabitje te armatosur.

He did after all have a toy gun.

Ai kishte nje pistolete loder.

The mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery

Denimi minimal per grabitje te armatosur

is five years.

eshte pese vjete.

He won the appeal.

Ai e fitoi gjyqin.

Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.

Michael u denua me 5 vjete ne burg.

Judge Forer had to follow the law.

Gjykatesja Forer duhej te ndiqte ligjin.

And by the way, this appeal went through

Dhe me qe ra fjala, ky gjyq u be

after he had finished serving his sentence,

pasi ai kishte mbaruar se sherbyeri denimin

so he was out and working at a job

keshtu qe ai kishte dale nga burgu dhe ishte ne pune

and taking care of his family

dhe kujdesej per familjen

and he had to go back into jail.

dhe ju desh te shkonte mbrapsht ne burg.

Judge Forer did what she was required to do,

Gjykatesja Forer beri cfare duhej te bente,

and then she quit the bench.

dhe dha doreheqjen.

And Michael disappeared.

Dhe Michael u zhduk.

So that is an example,

Ky eshte nje shembull,

both of wisdom in practice

i te dyjave, zgjuarsi ne praktike

and the subversion of wisdom

dhe e kunderta e zgjuarsise

by rules that are meant, of course, to make things better.

nga rregullat, qe jane krijuar, sigurisht, t`i bejne gjerat me mire.

Now consider Ms. Dewey.

Tani konsideroni Ms. Dewey.

Ms. Dewey's a teacher in a Texas elementary school.

Ms. Dewey eshte nje mesuese ne shkollen elementare te Texas.

She found herself listening to a consultant one day

Ajo u gjend nje dite duke degjuar nje konsultant

who was trying to help teachers

qe po mundohej te ndihmonte mesuesit

boost the test scores of the kids,

te rrisnin rezultatet e femijeve,

so that the school

qe shkolla te

would reach the elite category

mund te arrinte kategorine elite

in percentage of kids passing big tests.

ne perqindjen e femijeve qe kalonin teste te medhaja.

All these schools in Texas compete with one another

Te gjitha keto shkolla ne Texas konkurrojne me njera tjetren

to achieve these milestones,

te arrijne keto pikesynime

and there are bonuses and various other treats

dhe ka bonuse dhe benefite te tjera

that come if you beat the other schools.

qe vijne nqse ti arrin te mundesh shkollat e tjera.

So here was the consultant's advice:

Keshtu, ketu ishte keshilla e konsultantit:

first, don't waste your time on kids

e para, mos harxhoni kohen me femijet

who are going to pass the test no matter what you do.

qe do te kalojne testet cfare do qe te beni.

Second, don't waste your time

E dyta, mos shpenzoni kohen

on kids who can't pass the test

me femijet qe nuk mund te kalojne testet

no matter what you do.

cfaredo qe te beni ju.

Third, don't waste your time

E treta, mos harxhoni kohen

on kids who moved into the district

me femijet qe levizen ne kete lagje

too late for their scores to be counted.

shume vone qe notat e tyre te numerohen.

Focus all of your time and attention

Perqendroheni te gjithe kohen dhe vemendjen

on the kids who are on the bubble,

ne femijet qe jane ne fllucke --

the so-called "bubble kids" --

ata qe quhen 'femije fllucke'--

kids where your intervention

femije per te cilet nderhyrja juaj

can get them just maybe over the line

mund t`i beje ata qe te kalojne vetem nje cike kufirin

from failing to passing.

nga te deshtuarit ne te kaluar.

So Ms. Dewey heard this,

Keshtu Ms. Dewey e degjoi kete,

and she shook her head in despair

dhe tundi koken ne deshperim

while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on

kurse mesuesit e tjere po gezonin me njeri tjetrin

and nodding approvingly.

dhe tunding koken ne aprovim.

It's like they were about to go play a football game.

Eshte sikur ata jane duke luajtur nje loje futbolli

For Ms. Dewey,

Per Ms. Dewey,

this isn't why she became a teacher.

nuk eshte kjo arsyeja qe ajo u be profesore.

Now Ken and I are not naive,

Tani Ken dhe une nuk jemi naive,

and we understand that you need to have rules.

dhe ne e kuptojme qe ti duhet te kesh rregulla.

You need to have incentives.

Duhet te kesh nxitje.

People have to make a living.

Njerezit duhet te fitojne per te jetuar.

But the problem

Por problemi

with relying on rules and incentives

me bazimin mbi rregullat dhe nxitjet

is that they demoralize

eshte qe ato demoralizojne

professional activity,

aktivitetin profesional

and they demoralize professional activity

dhe ato e demoralizojne aktivitetin profesional

in two senses.

ne 2 kuptime.

First, they demoralize the people

E para, demoralizojne njerezit

who are engaged in the activity.

qe jane ne kete aktivitet.

Judge Forer quits,

Gjykatesja Forer iku,

and Ms. Dewey in completely disheartened.

dhe Ms. Dewey e ka humbur komplet besimin.

And second,

Dhe e dyta,

they demoralize the activity itself.

ata demoralizojne aktivitetin vete.

The very practice is demoralized,

Praktika vete eshte e demoralizuar,

and the practitioners are demoralized.

dhe praktikuesit jane te demoralizuar.

It creates people --

Krijon njerez --

when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing --

kur manipulon nxitjet per t`i bere njerezit te bejne gjene e duhur --

it creates people

krijon njerez

who are addicted to incentives.

qe jane te varur tek nxitjet.

That is to say, it creates people

Kjo per te thene, krijon njerez

who only do things for incentives.

qe bejne gjera vetem per nxitjet.

Now the striking thing about this

Tani ajo qe te shokon ketu

is that psychologists have known this

eshte qe psikologjistet e kane ditur kete

for 30 years.

prej 30 vjetesh.

Psychologists have known

Psikologjistet i kane ditur

about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything

konsekuencat negative te nxitjeve te cdo gjeje

for 30 years.

per 30 vjet.

We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures,

Ne e dime qe nqs i jep dhurata femijeve per vizatimin,

they stop caring about the drawing

ata ndalojne te merren me me vizatimin

and care only about the reward.

dhe i japin rendesi vetem dhuratave.

If you reward kids for reading books,

Nqs i jep dhurata femijeve per te lexuar libra,

they stop caring about what's in the books

ata fillojne te pushojne se menduari cfare ka ne libra

and only care about how long they are.

dhe t`i japin rendesi sa te gjate jane ata libra.

If you reward teachers for kids' test scores,

Nqs kompenson mesuesve per rezultate ne testet e femijeve

they stop caring about educating

ata fillojne te pushojne se menduari per arsimimin

and only care about test preparation.

dhe i japin rendesi vetem pergatitjes se testeve.

If you were to reward doctors

Nqs kompenson doktoret

for doing more procedures --

per te bere me shume procedura --

which is the current system -- they would do more.

qe eshte sistemi i tashem -- ata do te bejne me shume.

If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures,

Nqs ne vend te kesaj, ti i kompenson doktoret per te bere me pak procedura,

they will do fewer.

ata do te bejne me pak.

What we want, of course,

Ajo qe duam eshte sigurisht,

is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures

qe doktoret te bejne sasine e duhur te procedurave

and do the right amount for the right reason --

dhe te bejne sasine e duhur per arsyen e duhur --

namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.

domethene, t`i sherbejne mireqenies se pacienteve.

Psychologists have known this for decades,

Psikologet e dine kete prej dekadash

and it's time for policymakers

dhe eshte koha per ata qe bejne rregullat

to start paying attention

te fillojne te mendojne

and listen to psychologists a little bit,

dhe te degjojne nje cike psikologet

instead of economists.

ne vend te ekonomisteve,

And it doesn't have to be this way.

Dhe nuk duhet te jete ne kete menyre,

We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.

Ne besojme, Ken dhe une, qe ka vertet burime shprese

We identify one set of people

Ne identifikojme nje set njerezish

in all of these practices

ne gjithe keto praktika

who we call canny outlaws.

te cilat ne i quajme perjashtime.

These are people

Keta jane njerez

who, being forced to operate

te cilet, duke u detyruar te bejne punen

in a system that demands rule-following

ne nje sistem qe kerkon te zbatohen rregulla

and creates incentives,

dhe krijon nxitje,

find away around the rules,

gjejne nje menyre te anashkalojne rregullat,

find a way to subvert the rules.

gjejne nje menyre te transformojne rregullat.

So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow,

Keshtu qe ka mesues qe kane udhezues per te ndjekur,

and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.

dhe ata e dine qe nqs ndjekin kete udhezues femijet nuk do te mesojne asgje.

And so what they do is they follow the scripts,

Dhe ajo qe bejne eshte te ndjekin udhezuesin,

but they follow the scripts at double-time

por e ndjekin udhezuesin ne kohe te dyfishte

and squirrel away little bits of extra time

dhe mundohen te heqin menjane copeza kohe

during which they teach in the way

gjate se cilave mesojne ne menyren

that they actually know is effective.

qe ata e dine eshte me efektive.

So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes,

Keshtu keta jane heronj te vegjel, te zakonshem, te perditshem,

and they're incredibly admirable,

dhe jane ne menyre te pabesueshme te admirueshem,

but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity

por ata nuk mund ta vazhdojne kete aktivitet

in the face of a system

perpara nje sistemi

that either roots them out

qe ose i nxjerr nga rrenjet

or grinds them down.

ose i bluan.

So canny outlaws are better than nothing,

Keshtu perjashtimet nga rregullat jane me mire se asgje,

but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw

por eshte e veshtire te imagjinosh qe perjashtimet

sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.

mund te jene zgjidhje per kete ne nje periudhe te vazhdueshme.

More hopeful

Me shpresedhenes

are people we call system-changers.

jane njerezit qe ne i quajme ndryshues te sistemit

These are people who are looking

Jane ata njerez qe shikojne

not to dodge the system's rules and regulations,

jo te manipulojne sistemin

but to transform the system,

por te transformojne sistemin,

and we talk about several.

dhe ne flasim per disa.

One in particular

Nje ne vecanti

is a judge named Robert Russell.

eshte nje gjykates i quajtur Robert Rusell.

And one day he was faced

Dhe nje dite ai u perballua

with the case of Gary Pettengill.

me nje rast te Gary Pettengill.

Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet

Pettengill ishte nje veteriner 23 vjec

who had planned to make the army a career,

qe kishte planifikuar te bente nje karriere ne ushtri,

but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq,

por u plagos keq ne Irak,

and that forced him to take a medical discharge.

dhe kjo e detyroi ate te linte sherbimin.

He was married, he had a third kid on the way,

Ai ishte i martuar, priste nje femije te trete,

he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back,

vuante nga PTSD, pervec dhimbjes se mesit,

and recurrent nightmares,

dhe anktheve qe riktheheshin,

and he had started using marijuana

dhe ai kishte filluar te perdorte marijuana

to ease some of the symptoms.

per te lehtesuar disa nga simptomat.

He was only able to get part-time work because of his back,

Ai ishte ne gjendje vetem te bente pune part-time per shkak te kurrizit,

and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table

dhe keshtu ai nuk ishte ne gjendje te siguronte ushqim te mjaftueshem

and take care of his family.

dhe te kujdesej per familjen.

So he started selling marijuana.

Keshtu ai filloi te shiste marijuana.

He was busted in a drug sweep.

Ai u kap ne nje shitje droge

His family was kicked out of their apartment,

dhe familja e tyre u debua nga apartamenti,

and the welfare system

dhe sistemi i asistences sociale

was threatening to take away his kids.

po i kercenonte per t`i hequr femijet.

Under normal sentencing procedures,

Nen proceduren normale te denimit,

Judge Russell would have had little choice

Gjykatesi Rusell nuk do te kishte rruge tjeter

but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time

por te denonte Pettengill me shume vite burg

as a drug felon.

si shperndares droge.

But Judge Russell did have an alternative.

Por Gjykatesi Rusell kishte nje alternative.

And that's because he was in a special court.

Dhe kjo sepse ai ishte ne nje gjykate speciale.

He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.

Ai ishte ne nje gjykate te quajtur Gjykate e Veteraneve.

In the Veterans' Court --

Ne Gjykaten e Veteraneve--

this was the first of its kind in the United States.

kjo ishte e para e ketij lloji ne SHBA

Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.

Gjykatesi Rusell krijoi Gjykaten e veteraneve,

It was a court only for veterans

ishte nje gjykate vetem per veteranet

who had broken the law.

qe kishin thyer ligjin.

And he had created it exactly because

Dhe ai e krijoi egzaktesisht sepse

mandatory sentencing laws

denimet e detyrueshme

were taking the judgment out of judging.

po merrnin ne dore gjykimin per te gjykuar.

No one wanted non-violent offenders --

Asnje nuk donte qe njerezit qe nuk ishin violente--

and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot --

dhe sidomos veteranet jo-violente--

to be thrown into prison.

te perfundonin ne burg.

They wanted to do something about what we all know,

Ata donin te benin dicka rreth asaj qe ne e njohim mire,

namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.

si nje ure ne sistemin gjyqesor te krimeve.

And what the Veterans' Court did,

Dhe ajo qe Gjykata e veteraneve beri,

was it treated each criminal as an individual,

ishte te trajtonte cdo kriminel si nje individual,

tried to get inside their problems,

mundohej te hynte ne problemet e tyre,

tried to fashion responses to their crimes

mundohej te gjente pergjigjet per krimet e tyre

that helped them to rehabilitate themselves,

qe t`i ndihmonte ata te reabilitoheshin,

and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.

dhe nuk i hidhte pas kraheve pasi gjykimi ishte kryer.

Stayed with them, followed up on them,

Rrinte me ta, i ndiqte hap pas hapi,

made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan

sigurohej qe ata ndiqnin cfaredo plani

had been jointly developed

qe kishin zhvilluar se bashku

to get them over the hump.

per t`i bere ata te kalonin problemet.

There are now 22 cities

Tani kemi 22 qytete

that have Veterans' Courts like this.

qe kane Gjykata te veteraneve si kjo.

Why has the idea spread?

Pse u shpernda kjo ide?

Well, one reason is

Ne fakt, nje arsye eshte

that Judge Russell

qe Gjykatesi Rusell

has now seen 108 vets

ka pare tani 108 veterane

in his Veterans' Court

ne Gjykaten e Veteraneve

as of February of this year,

deri ne shkurt te ketij viti,

and out of 108,

dhe prej ketyre 108,

guess how many have gone back through

gjejeni sa kane shkuar per here te dyte

the revolving door of justice

nepermjet dyerve rrethore te drejtesise

into prison.

ne burg.

None. None.

Asnje. Asnje.

Anyone would glom onto

Cdokush do t`i jepte vemendje

a criminal justice system

nje sistemi gjyqesor te krimeve

that has this kind of a record.

qe ka kete lloj rekordi.

So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.

Keshtu, para jush keni nje ndryshues sistemi, dhe duket qe po perhapet.

There's a banker

Eshte nje bankier

who created a for-profit community bank

qe krijoi nje banke komuniteti

that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe --

qe inkurajoi bankieret - E di qe kjo eshte veshtire te besohet --

encouraged bankers who worked there to do well

inkurajoi bankieret qe punonin atje te vepronin mire

by doing good for their low-income clients.

duke bere me te miren per klientet e tyre me te ardhura te vogla.

The bank helped finance the rebuilding

Banka ndihmoi ne financimin e rindertimit

of what was otherwise a dying community.

te dickaje qe ndryshe ishte nje komunitet ne zhdukje.

Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards,

Edhe pse klientet e kredive te tyre ishin me rrezik te larte sipas standardeve te zakonshme,

the default rate was extremely low.

deshtimet per te paguar kredine ishin jashtezakonisht te uleta.

The bank was profitable.

Banka kishte fitim.

The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.

Bankieret vazhduan me klientet e tyre te kredive.

They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.

Ata nuk bene kredi dhe pastaj te shisnin kredite.

They serviced the loans.

Ata i sherbyen kredive.

They made sure that their loan recipients

Ata u siguruan qe klientet e tyre te kredive

were staying up with their payments.

vazhdonin te paguanin.

Banking hasn't always been

Sistemi i bankave nuk ka qene gjithmone

the way we read about it now in the newspapers.

ne menyren qe lexojme sot neper gazeta

Even Goldman Sachs

Edhe Goldman Sachs

once used to serve clients,

dikur i sherbente klienteve,

before it turned into an institution

perpara se te kthehej ne nje institut

that serves only itself.

qe i sherben vetem vetes se vete.

Banking wasn't always this way,

Sistemi i bankave nuk ka qene gjithmone keshtu,

and it doesn't have to be this way.

dhe nuk duhet te jete keshtu.

So there are examples like this in medicine --

Keshtu ka shembuj te tille ne mjekesi --

doctors at Harvard

doktore ne Harvard

who are trying to transform medical education,

qe po mundohen te transformojne arsimimin mjekesor,

so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion

qe mos te kete nje erozion etike

and loss of empathy,

dhe mungese empatie,

which characterizes most medical students

qe karakterizon shumicen e studenteve mjeksore

in the course of their medical training.

gjate trajnimit te tyre mjeksor.

And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students

Dhe menyra per ta bere kete eshte t`i jepet studenteve te vitit te trete

patients who they follow for an entire year.

paciente qe ata i ndjekin per nje vit te tere.

So the patients are not organ systems,

Keshtu qe pacientet nuk jane sisteme organesh,

and they're not diseases;

dhe nuk jane semundje;

they're people, people with lives.

ata jane njerez, njerez me jete.

And in order to be an effective doctor,

Dhe per te qene nje doktor efektiv,

you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.

ti duhet te trajtosh njerez qe kane jete dhe jo vetem semundje.

In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth,

Pervec kesaj, ka nje sasi e madhe shkembim informacioni

mentoring of one student by another,

duke trajnuar nje student nga nje tjeter student,

of all the students by the doctors,

sesa te gjithe studenteve nga doktoret,

and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors

dhe rezultati eshte nje brez -- shpresojme -- i doktoreve

who do have time for the people they treat.

qe kane kohe per njerezit qe kurojne.

We'll see.

Do te shikojme.

So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.

Keshtu ka shume shembuj te tille per te cilet flasim.

Each of them shows that it is possible

Secili prej tyre tregon qe eshte e mundur

to build on and nurture character

te ndertosh dhe te kujdesesh per karakterin

and keep a profession

dhe te mbash nje profesion

true to its proper mission --

te vertete ne misionin e tij --

what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.

ajo qe Aristoteli do ta kishte quajtur telosi i tij.

And Ken and I believe

Dhe une me Ken besojme

that this is what practitioners actually want.

qe kjo eshte ajo qe praktikuesit ne fakt duan.

People want to be allowed

Njerezit duan te lejohen

to be virtuous.

per te qene virtuoze.

They want to have permission to do the right thing.

Ata duan te kene lejen per te bere gjene e duhur.

They don't want to feel

Ata nuk duan te ndihen

like they need to take a shower

sikur ata kane nevoje te bejne nje dush

to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday

per te hequr papastertite morale nga trupat e tyre perdite

when they come home from work.

kur kthehen nga puna ne shtepi.

Aristotle thought that practical wisdom

Aristoteli mendonte se zgjuarsia praktike

was the key to happiness,

ishte celesi per lumturine,

and he was right.

dhe ai kishte te drejte.

There's now a lot of research being done in psychology

Tani ka shume kerkime ne psikologji

on what makes people happy,

ne ate qe i ben njerezit te lumtur,

and the two things that jump out in study after study --

dhe dy gjera qe dalin ne dukje ne studime

I know this will come as a shock to all of you --

--E di qe kjo do t`ju shokoje --

the two things that matter most to happiness

dy gjera qe jane me te rendesishme per lumturine

are love and work.

jane dashuria dhe puna.

Love: managing successfully

Dashuria: te menaxhosh ne menyre te sukseshme

relations with the people who are close to you

lidhjet midis njerezve qe jane afer me ty

and with the communities of which you are a part.

dhe te komuniteteve qe ben pjese.

Work: engaging in activities

Puna: te perfshihesh ne aktivitete

that are meaningful and satisfying.

qe kane kuptim dhe te sjellin kenaqesi.

If you have that, good close relations with other people,

Ne qofte se ke kete, lidhje te mira me njerez te tjere,

work that's meaningful and fulfilling,

pune qe ka kuptim dhe qe te kenaq,

you don't much need anything else.

nuk ke nevoje per shume te tjera.

Well, to love well and to work well,

Ne fakt, te duash mire dhe te punosh mire,

you need wisdom.

ti ke nevoje per zgjuarsi.

Rules and incentives don't tell you

Rregullat dhe nxitesat nuk te tregojne

how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent,

si te jesh nje mik i mire, si te jesh nje pacient i mire,

how to be a good spouse,

si te jesh nje bashkeshort i mire,

or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer

ose si te jesh nje doktor i mire ose nje gjykates i mire

or a good teacher.

ose nje mesues i mire.

Rules and incentives

Rregullat dhe incentivat

are no substitutes for wisdom.

nuk zevendesojne zgjuarsine.

Indeed, we argue,

Ne fakt, ne argumentojme,

there is no substitute for wisdom.

qe nuk ka zevendesues per zgjuarsine.

And so practical wisdom

Dhe qe zgjuarsia praktike

does not require

nuk kerkon

heroic acts of self-sacrifice

akte heroike per vete sakrifikim

on the part of practitioners.

nga ana e praktikuesve.

In giving us the will and the skill

Duke na dhene ne deshiren dhe aftesite

to do the right thing -- to do right by others --

per te bere gjene e duhur - per te bere mire nepermjet te tjereve -

practical wisdom also gives us

zgjuarsia praktike na jep gjithashtu

the will and the skill

deshiren dhe aftesite

to do right by ourselves.

per te bere mire nepermjet vetes tone.

Thanks.

Ju falemnderit.

(Applause)

(Duartrokitje)