Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom

90,540 views ใƒป 2011-01-03

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Youngjoo Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Atsuta Taijun
00:15
The first thing I want to do is say thank you to all of you.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
The second thing I want to do is introduce my co-author
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ €์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ €์ž์ด์ž
00:21
and dear friend and co-teacher.
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์นœ์• ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด์ž ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
Ken and I have been working together
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์ผ„๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 40๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
00:25
for almost 40 years.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
That's Ken Sharpe over there.
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์ €๊ธฐ ์ € ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ผ„ ์ƒคํ”„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
(Applause)
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(ํ™˜ํ˜ธ์„ฑ)
00:31
So there is among many people --
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š”--
00:34
certainly me and most of the people I talk to --
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €์™€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ--
00:36
a kind of collective dissatisfaction
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๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ,
00:39
with the way things are working,
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์–ด๋–ค ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
00:41
with the way our institutions run.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
Our kids' teachers seem to be failing them.
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์‹ค๋ง์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
Our doctors don't know who the hell we are,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ,
00:51
and they don't have enough time for us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ• ์• ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
We certainly can't trust the bankers,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์‹ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ ,
00:55
and we certainly can't trust the brokers.
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๋ธŒ๋กœ์ปค๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
They almost brought the entire financial system down.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธˆ์œต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆด ๋ป” ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
And even as we do our own work,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„,
01:04
all too often,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž์ฃผ,
01:06
we find ourselves having to choose
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
between doing what we think is the right thing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
01:12
and doing the expected thing,
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์˜๋ฌด์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ,
01:14
or the required thing,
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๋˜๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ,
01:16
or the profitable thing.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
So everywhere we look,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋“ ์ง€,
01:20
pretty much across the board,
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๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋ ํ…๋ฐ,
01:22
we worry that the people we depend on
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:25
don't really have our interests at heart.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
Or if they do have our interests at heart,
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ํ˜น ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
01:32
we worry that they don't know us well enough
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:34
to figure out what they need to do
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋“ค์„
01:36
in order to allow us
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ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:38
to secure those interests.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ๊นŒ๋ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
They don't understand us.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
They don't have the time to get to know us.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
There are two kinds of responses
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:46
that we make
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:48
to this sort of general dissatisfaction.
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๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
If things aren't going right,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ผ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด,
01:54
the first response is:
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€์‘์ฑ…์€:
01:56
let's make more rules,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
01:58
let's set up a set
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
02:00
of detailed procedures
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
02:02
to make sure that people will do the right thing.
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์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Give teachers scripts
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ณธ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ
02:07
to follow in the classroom,
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์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:09
so even if they don't know what they're doing
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์„ค๋ น ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ 
02:11
and don't care about the welfare of our kids,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์ง€์— ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„,
02:14
as long as they follow the scripts,
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๋Œ€๋ณธ๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:16
our kids will get educated.
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Give judges a list of mandatory sentences
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ํŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฌด ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ˜•์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
02:21
to impose for crimes,
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
02:23
so that you don't need to rely
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ์ •์—
02:25
on judges using their judgment.
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์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
Instead, all they have to do
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๋Œ€์‹ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋งŒ
02:30
is look up on the list
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๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๊ณ 
02:32
what kind of sentence goes with what kind of crime.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ์–ด๋–ค ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ์•Œ๋งž์€์ง€ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Impose limits
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์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”
02:37
on what credit card companies can charge in interest
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์ด์ž๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:40
and on what they can charge in fees.
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ํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ
02:42
More and more rules
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์ด
02:44
to protect us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
against an indifferent, uncaring
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ค„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•œ
02:48
set of institutions we have to deal with.
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ œ๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Or -- or maybe and --
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๋˜๋Š” -- ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  --
02:53
in addition to rules,
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๊ทœ์น™๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:55
let's see if we can come up
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…(์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ)์„
02:57
with some really clever incentives
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๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด ๋‚ด์–ด,
02:59
so that, even if the people we deal with
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
03:01
don't particularly want to serve our interests,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ น ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
03:04
it is in their interest
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
03:06
to serve our interest --
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. --
03:08
the magic incentives
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๋งˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค์€
03:10
that will get people to do the right thing
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
even out of pure selfishness.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
So we offer teachers bonuses
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:17
if the kids they teach
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์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ์ผ์ œ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
03:19
score passing grades on these big test scores
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์šฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”
03:22
that are used to evaluate
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
03:24
the quality of school systems.
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๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
Rules and incentives --
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๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…๋“ค์€ --
03:29
"sticks" and "carrots."
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์ฑ„์ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹น๊ทผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
We passed a bunch of rules
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
03:33
to regulate the financial industry
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๊ธˆ์œต ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
03:35
in response to the recent collapse.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„ ๋ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
There's the Dodd-Frank Act,
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๋„๋“œ-ํ”„๋žญํฌ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ฐœํ˜๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:39
there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency
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์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
03:42
that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ์›Œ๋Ÿฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ
03:45
by Elizabeth Warren.
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์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
Maybe these rules
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์€
03:49
will actually improve
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
03:52
the way these financial services companies behave.
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๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—…๊ณ„๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
We'll see.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:58
In addition, we are struggling
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:00
to find some way to create incentives
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๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:03
for people in the financial services industry
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ
04:06
that will have them more interested
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๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:08
in serving the long-term interests
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
04:10
even of their own companies,
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์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ
04:12
rather than securing short-term profits.
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์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
So if we find just the right incentives,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋”ฑ ์•Œ๋งž์€ ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…(์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ)๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:18
they'll do the right thing -- as I said -- selfishly,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ --์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ-- ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
and if we come up with the right rules and regulations,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:24
they won't drive us all over a cliff.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚œ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
And Ken [Sharpe] and I certainly know
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ„[์ƒคํ”„] ๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
04:30
that you need to reign in the bankers.
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์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ์žก์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse
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๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:36
it is that.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
But what we believe,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
04:40
and what we argue in the book,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
04:42
is that there is no set of rules,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ทœ์น™๋„,
04:45
no matter how detailed,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด,
04:47
no matter how specific,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ์ง€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด,
04:49
no matter how carefully monitored
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ 
04:51
and enforced,
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์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด,
04:53
there is no set of rules
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”
04:55
that will get us what we need.
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ทœ์น™๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
Why? Because bankers are smart people.
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”? ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
And, like water,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
05:03
they will find cracks
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–คํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์—์„œ๋„
05:05
in any set of rules.
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๋นˆํ‹ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
You design a set of rules that will make sure
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ด์œ ,
05:11
that the particular reason
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์ฆ‰, ๊ธˆ์œต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€
05:13
why the financial system "almost-collapse"
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก
05:15
can't happen again.
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
It is naive beyond description
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ
05:19
to think that having blocked
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์ˆœ์ง„ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
this source of financial collapse,
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๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
05:23
you have blocked all possible sources of financial collapse.
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๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทผ์›์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:26
So it's just a question of waiting for the next one
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
05:29
and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid
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ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๋งŒํผ
05:32
as not to protect ourselves against that.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
What we desperately need,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
05:37
beyond, or along with, better rules
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ
05:40
and reasonably smart incentives,
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…์„ ๋„˜์–ด
05:42
is we need virtue.
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๋ฏธ๋•๊ณผ
05:45
We need character.
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๊ธฐ๊ฐœ์™€
05:47
We need people who want to do the right thing.
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
And in particular,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ,
05:52
the virtue that we need most of all
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋•์€
05:55
is the virtue that Aristotle called
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์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ
05:57
"practical wisdom."
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์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
Practical wisdom
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์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ˜œ๋Š”
06:02
is the moral will
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
06:04
to do the right thing
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๋„๋•์  ์˜์ง€์ด๊ณ 
06:06
and the moral skill
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ณ์€์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:08
to figure out what the right thing is.
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๋„๋•์  ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
So Aristotle was very interested in watching
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์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ณต์˜ˆ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
06:14
how the craftsmen around him worked.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
And he was impressed
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š”
06:19
at how they would improvise
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด (์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์—) ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ--
06:21
novel solutions to novel problems --
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฐธ์‹ ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„
06:23
problems that they hadn't anticipated.
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์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฐ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
So one example is he sees these stonemasons
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„๊ณต๋“ค์ด
06:27
working on the Isle of Lesbos,
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๋ ˆ์Šค๋ณด์Šค์„ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:30
and they need to measure out
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์˜ ๋‘˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ
06:32
round columns.
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์ธก์ •ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
Well if you think about it,
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๋ญ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
06:36
it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler.
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์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์„ ์žฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
So what do they do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:41
They fashion a novel solution to the problem.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
They created a ruler that bends,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํœ˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ,
06:47
what we would call these days a tape measure --
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-- ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ค„์ž --
06:50
a flexible rule,
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์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
06:52
a rule that bends.
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ํœ˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ž(ruler)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
And Aristotle said,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
"Hah, they appreciated that sometimes
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ํ•˜, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
06:59
to design rounded columns,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •(rule)์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
07:02
you need to bend the rule."
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์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
And Aristotle said
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š”
07:07
often in dealing with other people,
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๋•Œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
07:10
we need to bend the rules.
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๊ทœ์น™(rule)์„ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
Dealing with other people
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
07:15
demands a kind of flexibility
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค๋„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
07:18
that no set of rules can encompass.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
Wise people know when and how
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
07:23
to bend the rules.
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๊ทœ์น™์„ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
Wise people know how to improvise.
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ• ์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
The way my co-author , Ken, and I talk about it,
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์ €์™€ ๊ณต๋™์ €์ž์ธ ์ผ„์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
07:31
they are kind of like jazz musicians.
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์žฌ์ฆˆ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
07:33
The rules are like the notes on the page,
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๊ทœ์น™์€ ์ข…์ด์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ์Œํ‘œ์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ ,
07:35
and that gets you started,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ
07:37
but then you dance around the notes on the page,
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์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋Š” ์•…๋ณด ์œ„์˜ ์Œํ‘œ๋“ค ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๋“ฏ
07:40
coming up with just the right combination
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๊ทธ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:42
for this particular moment
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์•Œ๋งž์€ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„
07:44
with this particular set of fellow players.
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์ด ํŠน์ • ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
So for Aristotle,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”,
07:49
the kind
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
07:52
of rule-bending,
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์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
07:55
rule exception-finding and improvisation
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์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์„๊ณต๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:58
that you see in skilled craftsmen
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:00
is exactly what you need
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๋ฐ”๋กœ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋„๋•์  ์žฅ์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:02
to be a skilled moral craftsman.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
And in interactions with people,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ,
08:07
almost all the time,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ,
08:09
it is this kind of flexibility that is required.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
A wise person knows when to bend the rules.
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
A wise person knows when to improvise.
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
And most important,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
08:18
a wise person does this improvising and rule-bending
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋ฅผ
08:21
in the service of the right aims.
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์•Œ๋งž์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
If you are a rule-bender and an improviser
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:28
mostly to serve yourself,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
08:30
what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฌด์ž๋น„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
So it matters that you do this wise practice
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„
08:35
in the service of others
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๋‹น์‹  ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
08:37
and not in the service of yourself.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And so the will to do the right thing
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€
08:42
is just as important as the moral skill
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์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜์™€
08:44
of improvisation
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์˜ˆ์™ธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š”
08:46
and exception-finding.
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋งŒํผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
Together they comprise practical wisdom,
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๊ทธ ๋‘˜์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:51
which Aristotle thought
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ
08:53
was the master virtue.
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๋ฏธ๋•์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
So I'll give you an example
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
08:57
of wise practice in action.
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ์‹คํ–‰์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
It's the case of Michael.
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๋งˆ์ดํด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
Michael's a young guy.
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๋งˆ์ดํด์€ ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
He had a pretty low-wage job.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฝค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
He was supporting his wife and a child,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์•„์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
09:09
and the child was going to parochial school.
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์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ถ€์† ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
Then he lost his job.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
He panicked
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ
09:16
about being able to support his family.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋ถ€์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณตํ™ฉ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
One night, he drank a little too much,
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋ฐค, ์ˆ ์„ ์ข€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์…จ๊ณ ,
09:22
and he robbed a cab driver --
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ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
09:24
stole 50 dollars.
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$50๋ฅผ ํ›”์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
He robbed him at gunpoint.
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์ด์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:28
It was a toy gun.
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์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ์ด์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
He got caught. He got tried.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ™์žกํ˜”๊ณ , ์†Œ์†ก ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
09:34
He got convicted.
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์œ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
The Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines
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ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ง€์นจ์€
09:39
required a minimum sentence for a crime like this
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์—
09:42
of two years, 24 months.
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์ตœ์†Œ 2๋…„, 24๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
The judge on the case, Judge Lois Forer
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์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ํŒ์‚ฌ, ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ํฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”
09:47
thought that this made no sense.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
He had never committed a crime before.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „๊ณผ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
09:53
He was a responsible husband and father.
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์ฑ…์ž„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
He had been faced with desperate circumstances.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
All this would do is wreck a family.
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์ด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
And so she improvised a sentence -- 11 months,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž„์˜๋กœ 11๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
and not only that,
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์ด ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:06
but release every day to go to work.
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งค์ผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
Spend your night in jail, spend your day holding down a job.
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ , ๋‚ฎ์—๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
He did. He served out his sentence.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜•์„ ๋‹ค ์ฑ„์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
He made restitution
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:16
and found himself a new job.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
And the family was united.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
And it seemed on the road
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿญ์ €๋Ÿญ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ
10:23
to some sort of a decent life --
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์ ‘์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
10:26
a happy ending to a story
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ํŒ์‚ฌ์˜
10:29
involving wise improvisation
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž„๊ธฐ์‘๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ง๋กœ
10:31
from a wise judge.
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์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
But it turned out
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š”
10:37
the prosecutor was not happy
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ํฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
10:40
that Judge Forer ignored the sentencing guidelines
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์ž์ฒด์ ์ธ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
10:43
and sort of invented her own,
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ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ 
10:45
and so he appealed.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•ญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
And he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ตœ์†Œ ์˜๋ฌด ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์„
10:51
for armed robbery.
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์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
He did after all have a toy gun.
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์–ด์ฐŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ์ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:56
The mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery
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๋ฌด์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ˜•์€
10:58
is five years.
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์ตœ์†Œ 5๋…„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
He won the appeal.
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.
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์ด๋กœ์ธํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํด์€ ์ง•์—ญ 5๋…„์„ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
11:07
Judge Forer had to follow the law.
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ํฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
And by the way, this appeal went through
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, ์ด ํ•ญ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„  11๊ฐœ์›”์˜
11:13
after he had finished serving his sentence,
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๋ณต์—ญ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งˆ์นœ ํ›„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
so he was out and working at a job
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ถœ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:18
and taking care of his family
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๋˜ ์ค‘์—
11:20
and he had to go back into jail.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
Judge Forer did what she was required to do,
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ํฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
11:25
and then she quit the bench.
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ํŒ์‚ฌ์ง์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋’€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
And Michael disappeared.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ดํด์€ ์–ด๋””๋ก ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
So that is an example,
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
11:35
both of wisdom in practice
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์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ˜œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ž„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—
11:37
and the subversion of wisdom
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์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด
11:39
by rules that are meant, of course, to make things better.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
Now consider Ms. Dewey.
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์ด์ œ ๋“€์ด์”จ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:44
Ms. Dewey's a teacher in a Texas elementary school.
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๋“€์ด์”จ๋Š” ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
She found herself listening to a consultant one day
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ด๋‹น ํ•™์ƒ ์„ฑ์  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
11:50
who was trying to help teachers
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์ƒ๋‹ด๊ฐ€์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:52
boost the test scores of the kids,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€
11:54
so that the school
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์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋„๋ก
11:56
would reach the elite category
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ผ์ • ๋น„์œจ์—
11:59
in percentage of kids passing big tests.
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๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
All these schools in Texas compete with one another
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:03
to achieve these milestones,
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์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:05
and there are bonuses and various other treats
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฉด
12:08
that come if you beat the other schools.
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๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ์ข… ํ˜œํƒ์ด ๋”ฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
So here was the consultant's advice:
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์ƒ๋‹ด๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถฉ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
12:14
first, don't waste your time on kids
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋˜
12:17
who are going to pass the test no matter what you do.
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์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.
12:21
Second, don't waste your time
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๋‘˜์งธ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๋˜
12:23
on kids who can't pass the test
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์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:26
no matter what you do.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.
12:28
Third, don't waste your time
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์…‹์งธ, ์ด ๊ต์œก๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ์˜จ ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด
12:30
on kids who moved into the district
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์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:33
too late for their scores to be counted.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.
12:36
Focus all of your time and attention
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„
12:39
on the kids who are on the bubble,
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ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค,
12:42
the so-called "bubble kids" --
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์ผ๋ช… '๋ฒ„๋ธ” ํ‚ค์ฆˆ'๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” --
12:44
kids where your intervention
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด
12:46
can get them just maybe over the line
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๋‚™์ œ์—์„œ ์•„์Šฌ์•„์Šฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ
12:48
from failing to passing.
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๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์Ÿ์•„๋ผ.
12:50
So Ms. Dewey heard this,
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๋“€์ด์”จ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ ,
12:52
and she shook her head in despair
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์ ˆ๋ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ €์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on
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๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‘์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
12:58
and nodding approvingly.
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์ˆ˜๊ธํ•˜๋“ฏ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
It's like they were about to go play a football game.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‹น์žฅ ์ถ•๊ตฌ์‹œํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
For Ms. Dewey,
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๋“€์ด์”จ๋Š”
13:04
this isn't why she became a teacher.
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์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
Now Ken and I are not naive,
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์ž, ์ผ„๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆœ์ง„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ๋„ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ,
13:09
and we understand that you need to have rules.
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๊ทœ์น™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
You need to have incentives.
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ํฌ์ƒ๋„ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
People have to make a living.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
But the problem
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:18
with relying on rules and incentives
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๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:20
is that they demoralize
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์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ง์—… ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
13:23
professional activity,
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์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
and they demoralize professional activity
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ง์—… ํ™œ๋™์˜
13:27
in two senses.
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์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
First, they demoralize the people
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ทธ ์ผ(ํ™œ๋™)์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
13:31
who are engaged in the activity.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บพ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
Judge Forer quits,
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ํฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ณ ,
13:35
and Ms. Dewey in completely disheartened.
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๋“€์ด์”จ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚™์‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
And second,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘˜์งธ,
13:39
they demoralize the activity itself.
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์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
The very practice is demoralized,
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์—…๋ฌด ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊บพ์ด๊ณ ,
13:44
and the practitioners are demoralized.
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๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊บพ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
It creates people --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ --
13:48
when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing --
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ํฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด --
13:51
it creates people
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ํฌ์ƒ๊ธˆ์— ์ค‘๋…๋œ
13:53
who are addicted to incentives.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
That is to say, it creates people
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…์€ ์˜ค์ง ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:57
who only do things for incentives.
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์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
Now the striking thing about this
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์ž, ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€
14:01
is that psychologists have known this
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
14:03
for 30 years.
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์ด๋ฏธ 30๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
Psychologists have known
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
14:07
about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋ คํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
14:10
for 30 years.
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์ง€๋‚œ 30๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด,
14:15
they stop caring about the drawing
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
14:17
and care only about the reward.
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๋ณด์ƒ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
If you reward kids for reading books,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:21
they stop caring about what's in the books
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์•„์ด๋Š” ์ฑ… ์†์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
14:24
and only care about how long they are.
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์ฑ…์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ธด ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
If you reward teachers for kids' test scores,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:29
they stop caring about educating
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
14:31
and only care about test preparation.
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์˜ค์ง ์‹œํ—˜ ์ค€๋น„์—๋งŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
If you were to reward doctors
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๋งŒ์ผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
14:35
for doing more procedures --
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:37
which is the current system -- they would do more.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures,
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:42
they will do fewer.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋œ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
What we want, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
14:46
is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํšŸ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„
14:48
and do the right amount for the right reason --
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์˜ณ์€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
14:51
namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
Psychologists have known this for decades,
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
14:56
and it's time for policymakers
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์ •์ฑ…์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ
14:59
to start paying attention
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค ๋Œ€์‹ 
15:01
and listen to psychologists a little bit,
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
15:04
instead of economists.
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๋” ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
And it doesn't have to be this way.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ๊ผญ ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.
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์บ”๊ณผ ์ €๋Š”, ํฌ๋ง์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ทผ์›์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
We identify one set of people
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง์—…์˜
15:14
in all of these practices
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ผ๋ช…
15:16
who we call canny outlaws.
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'์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํƒˆ์„ ์ž'๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
These are people
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
15:20
who, being forced to operate
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์›์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก
15:23
in a system that demands rule-following
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์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
15:25
and creates incentives,
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๊ฐ•์š”๋ฐ›๋Š” ์†์—์„œ๋„
15:27
find away around the rules,
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๋ฒ•์„ ์šฐํšŒํ•˜๊ณ 
15:29
find a way to subvert the rules.
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์›์น™์„ ๋’ค์ง‘๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow,
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์ž, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์•ˆ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ณ ,
15:34
and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.
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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
15:37
And so what they do is they follow the scripts,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ์ •์•ˆ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋˜,
15:40
but they follow the scripts at double-time
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์„œ
15:43
and squirrel away little bits of extra time
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ํ‹ˆํ‹ˆํžˆ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ
15:46
during which they teach in the way
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
15:48
that they actually know is effective.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์†Œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์˜์›…์ด๋ฉฐ,
15:54
and they're incredibly admirable,
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์กด๊ฒฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
15:56
but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ชป ๋ถ™์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
15:59
in the face of a system
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
16:01
that either roots them out
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ
16:03
or grinds them down.
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์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
So canny outlaws are better than nothing,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด '์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํƒˆ์„ ์ž'๋“ค์€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ซ์ง€๋งŒ,
16:07
but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด ํ™œ๋™์„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:09
sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
More hopeful
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์ข€ ๋” ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
16:14
are people we call system-changers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ '์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€'๋“ค์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
These are people who are looking
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทœ์ •์„
16:18
not to dodge the system's rules and regulations,
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๊ต๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
16:21
but to transform the system,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
16:23
and we talk about several.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
One in particular
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์ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
16:27
is a judge named Robert Russell.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
And one day he was faced
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๊ทธ๋Š”
16:32
with the case of Gary Pettengill.
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๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํŽ˜ํ…๊ธธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet
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ํŽ˜ํ…๊ธธ์€ 23์‚ด๋œ ํ‡ด์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ,
16:38
who had planned to make the army a career,
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๊ตฐ์ธ์„ ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
16:40
but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq,
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์ด๋ผํฌ์—์„œ ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
16:42
and that forced him to take a medical discharge.
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์˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์ œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
He was married, he had a third kid on the way,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ž„์‹ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
16:48
he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back,
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ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ƒ์— ์—Ž์นœ๋ฐ ๋ฎ์นœ ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ 
16:51
and recurrent nightmares,
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์•…๋ชฝ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
and he had started using marijuana
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ํŽ˜ํ…๊ธธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
16:55
to ease some of the symptoms.
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๋งˆ๋ฆฌํ™”๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
He was only able to get part-time work because of his back,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ „์ „ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ ,
17:01
and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด์‚ดํ•„ ๋งŒํผ
17:04
and take care of his family.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:06
So he started selling marijuana.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฆฌํ™”๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํŒ”๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
17:08
He was busted in a drug sweep.
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๋งˆ์•ฝ๋ฒ” ์†Œํƒ•์ž‘์ „์— ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๊ฑธ๋ ค๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
His family was kicked out of their apartment,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ ,
17:13
and the welfare system
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๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
17:15
was threatening to take away his kids.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
Under normal sentencing procedures,
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
17:19
Judge Russell would have had little choice
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๋Ÿฌ์…€ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŽ˜ํ…๊ธธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์•ฝ ์ค‘์ฃ„ ํ˜์˜๋กœ
17:22
but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ง•์—ญ์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์—
17:24
as a drug felon.
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์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
But Judge Russell did have an alternative.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Ÿฌ์…€ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
And that's because he was in a special court.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
17:33
He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‡ด์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
In the Veterans' Court --
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์ด ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์€ --
17:38
this was the first of its kind in the United States.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ‡ด์—ญ๊ตฐ์ธ ๋ฒ•์›์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
17:41
Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.
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๋Ÿฌ์…€ ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฒ•์›์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
It was a court only for veterans
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ด๊ธด ํ‡ด์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
17:45
who had broken the law.
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๋ฒ•์›์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
And he had created it exactly because
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์…€ ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฒ•์›์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
17:50
mandatory sentencing laws
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์˜๋ฌด ์ง‘ํ–‰๋ฒ•์ด
17:52
were taking the judgment out of judging.
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ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์˜๋กœ์šด ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
No one wanted non-violent offenders --
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋น„ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์ด --
17:58
and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot --
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋น„ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ํ‡ด์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
18:01
to be thrown into prison.
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๋‚ด๋˜์ ธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์น˜ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
They wanted to do something about what we all know,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ตํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์˜ ํšŒ์ „๋ฌธ(์•…์ˆœํ™˜)์ด๋ผ
18:06
namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.
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๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:09
And what the Veterans' Court did,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ‡ด์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด ๋ฒ•์›์ด ํ•œ ์ผ์€,
18:11
was it treated each criminal as an individual,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ฒด๋กœ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ ,
18:14
tried to get inside their problems,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค๋ฉฐ,
18:17
tried to fashion responses to their crimes
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
18:20
that helped them to rehabilitate themselves,
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
18:22
and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง„ ํ›„์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:25
Stayed with them, followed up on them,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ 
18:28
made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚œ๊ด€์„ ํ—ค์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
18:30
had been jointly developed
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš๋“ค์„
18:32
to get them over the hump.
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์ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
There are now 22 cities
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ํ˜„์žฌ 22๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์—
18:36
that have Veterans' Courts like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‡ด์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:38
Why has the idea spread?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์„๊นŒ์š”?
18:41
Well, one reason is
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
18:43
that Judge Russell
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๋Ÿฌ์…€ ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
18:45
has now seen 108 vets
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ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์˜ฌํ•ด 2์›”๊นŒ์ง€
18:47
in his Veterans' Court
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๋ฌด๋ ค 108๋ช…์˜ ํ‡ด์—ญ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜
18:49
as of February of this year,
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์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
18:51
and out of 108,
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๊ทธ 108๋ช… ์ค‘,
18:53
guess how many have gone back through
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜
18:55
the revolving door of justice
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์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์žฌํŒ์˜ ํšŒ์ „๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
18:57
into prison.
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐ”์„์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
18:59
None. None.
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๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ช…๋„ ์•ˆ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ช…๋„.
19:01
Anyone would glom onto
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
19:04
a criminal justice system
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ํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„๋ผ๋ฉด
19:06
that has this kind of a record.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:08
So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.
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์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ-ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:11
There's a banker
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ํ•œ ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
19:13
who created a for-profit community bank
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์˜๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ์€ํ–‰์„ ์„ธ์›Œ
19:15
that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe --
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์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ -- ์ €๋„ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
19:18
encouraged bankers who worked there to do well
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์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
19:21
by doing good for their low-income clients.
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๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ์žฅ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:24
The bank helped finance the rebuilding
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์€ํ–‰์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:27
of what was otherwise a dying community.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋  ๋ป”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
19:30
Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
19:33
the default rate was extremely low.
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์—ฐ์ฒด์œจ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:36
The bank was profitable.
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์€ํ–‰์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:39
The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.
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์€ํ–‰์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:41
They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๋Œ€์ถœ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋‹ค ํŒ”์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
19:43
They serviced the loans.
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๋Œ€์ถœ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:45
They made sure that their loan recipients
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด
19:47
were staying up with their payments.
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๋Œ€์ถœ๊ธˆ์„ ์ƒํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:50
Banking hasn't always been
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์€ํ–‰์ด ๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ
19:53
the way we read about it now in the newspapers.
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์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:57
Even Goldman Sachs
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค๋„ ํ•œ๋•Œ
19:59
once used to serve clients,
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๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:02
before it turned into an institution
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์˜ค์ง ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
20:05
that serves only itself.
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๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
20:07
Banking wasn't always this way,
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๊ธˆ์œต์—…์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ,
20:09
and it doesn't have to be this way.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„์† ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ผ ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:14
So there are examples like this in medicine --
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์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
20:17
doctors at Harvard
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
20:19
who are trying to transform medical education,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š”
20:21
so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion
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์œค๋ฆฌ์˜์‹์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด์™€
20:23
and loss of empathy,
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์ •์„œ์  ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
20:25
which characterizes most medical students
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์˜๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ 
20:27
in the course of their medical training.
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๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:29
And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students
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๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ 3ํ•™๋…„ ์žฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
20:32
patients who they follow for an entire year.
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1๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋Œ๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:34
So the patients are not organ systems,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒํ•ด์„œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ '(์‹ ์ฒด)์žฅ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ'์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
20:36
and they're not diseases;
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์•„๋‹Œ,
20:38
they're people, people with lives.
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:40
And in order to be an effective doctor,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
20:42
you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:45
In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜ค๊ณ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ ์ธ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
20:48
mentoring of one student by another,
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ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
20:50
of all the students by the doctors,
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๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
20:53
and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ -- ์†Œ๋งํ•˜๊ฑด๋Œ€ -- ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
20:56
who do have time for the people they treat.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ• ์• ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:58
We'll see.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ง€์ผœ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
21:00
So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.
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์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:03
Each of them shows that it is possible
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋“ค์€, ๋•์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
21:05
to build on and nurture character
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ํ•œ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ '์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด'์—
21:08
and keep a profession
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-- ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋ผ๋ฉด '์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ธ'์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €์„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์—--
21:10
true to its proper mission --
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์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
21:12
what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:16
And Ken and I believe
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์บ”๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
21:18
that this is what practitioners actually want.
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์ „๋ฌธ์ง์—…์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:21
People want to be allowed
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
21:23
to be virtuous.
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ํ—ˆ๋ฝ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:25
They want to have permission to do the right thing.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:28
They don't want to feel
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์ผ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ
21:30
like they need to take a shower
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๋ชธ์— ๋ฒ ์ธ ๋„๋•์˜ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ
21:32
to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday
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๋ฒ—๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์”ป์–ด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„
21:35
when they come home from work.
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๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:38
Aristotle thought that practical wisdom
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์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ˜œ๊ฐ€
21:40
was the key to happiness,
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ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ด์‡ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
21:42
and he was right.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:45
There's now a lot of research being done in psychology
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
21:48
on what makes people happy,
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'์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ'์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ๋ฐ,
21:50
and the two things that jump out in study after study --
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๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์†์—์„œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:53
I know this will come as a shock to all of you --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ --
21:55
the two things that matter most to happiness
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ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ
21:58
are love and work.
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:01
Love: managing successfully
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘: ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด
22:04
relations with the people who are close to you
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€
22:06
and with the communities of which you are a part.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
22:09
Work: engaging in activities
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์ผ: ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด
22:12
that are meaningful and satisfying.
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ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
22:15
If you have that, good close relations with other people,
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€,
22:18
work that's meaningful and fulfilling,
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์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
22:21
you don't much need anything else.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ณ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:24
Well, to love well and to work well,
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
22:27
you need wisdom.
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์ง€ํ˜œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:29
Rules and incentives don't tell you
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๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…๋“ค์€
22:31
how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent,
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์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ข‹์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ,
22:34
how to be a good spouse,
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์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž,
22:36
or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer
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๋˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์ข‹์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ
22:38
or a good teacher.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:40
Rules and incentives
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๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ ค์ฑ…์€
22:42
are no substitutes for wisdom.
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์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:44
Indeed, we argue,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„
22:46
there is no substitute for wisdom.
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์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:49
And so practical wisdom
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
22:51
does not require
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์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ˜œ๋Š”
22:53
heroic acts of self-sacrifice
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์‹ค์ฒœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜์›…์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ํฌ์ƒ์„
22:56
on the part of practitioners.
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ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:59
In giving us the will and the skill
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์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ˜œ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ --
23:01
to do the right thing -- to do right by others --
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ -- ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
23:04
practical wisdom also gives us
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋กœ์ธํ•ด
23:06
the will and the skill
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
23:08
to do right by ourselves.
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์˜์ง€์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:11
Thanks.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:13
(Applause)
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(ํ™˜ํ˜ธ์„ฑ)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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