Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom

Prevoditelj: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

The first thing I want to do is say thank you to all of you.

Prva stvar koju želim napraviti jest zahvaliti se svima vama.

The second thing I want to do is introduce my co-author

Druga stvar koju želim napraviti jest predstaviti vam mog ko-autora

and dear friend and co-teacher.

i dragog prijatelja i ko-učitelja.

Ken and I have been working together

Ken i ja radimo zajedno

for almost 40 years.

gotovo 40 godina.

That's Ken Sharpe over there.

Ono tamo je Ken Sharpe.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

So there is among many people --

Među mnogim ljudima --

certainly me and most of the people I talk to --

svakako sa mnom i ljudima s kojima razgovaram --

a kind of collective dissatisfaction

postoji neka vrsta kolektivnog nezadovoljstva

with the way things are working,

načinom na koji stvari funkcioniraju,

with the way our institutions run.

s načinom na koji naše institucije rade.

Our kids' teachers seem to be failing them.

Čini se kako učitelji znaju iznevjeriti našu djecu.

Our doctors don't know who the hell we are,

Naši doktori nemaju pojma tko smo,

and they don't have enough time for us.

i nemaju dovoljno vremena za nas.

We certainly can't trust the bankers,

Svakako ne možemo vjerovati našim bankarima,

and we certainly can't trust the brokers.

i sigurno ne možemo vjerovati brokerima.

They almost brought the entire financial system down.

Oni su gotovo slomili cijeli financijski sustav.

And even as we do our own work,

I čak kada radimo naš posao,

all too often,

prečesto,

we find ourselves having to choose

se nalazimo u situacijama gdje moramo birati

between doing what we think is the right thing

između onoga što mislimo da je pravilno

and doing the expected thing,

i onoga što se očekuje,

or the required thing,

ili traži,

or the profitable thing.

ili onoga što je profitabilno.

So everywhere we look,

Gdje god pogledamo,

pretty much across the board,

skoro u svim sferama,

we worry that the people we depend on

brinemo se da ljudi o kojima ovisimo

don't really have our interests at heart.

nemaju stvarni interes za nas.

Or if they do have our interests at heart,

Ili ako imaju interes,

we worry that they don't know us well enough

brinemo se da nas ne poznaju dovoljno

to figure out what they need to do

kako bi spoznali što trebaju napraviti

in order to allow us

da bi nam dozvolili

to secure those interests.

da osiguramo svoje interese.

They don't understand us.

Oni nas ne razumiju.

They don't have the time to get to know us.

Nemaju vremena upoznati nas.

There are two kinds of responses

Postoje dvije vrste odgovora

that we make

koje imamo

to this sort of general dissatisfaction.

na ovu vrstu općeg nezadovoljstva.

If things aren't going right,

Ako stvari ne idu u dobrom smjeru

the first response is:

prvi odgovor je:

let's make more rules,

napravimo još pravila,

let's set up a set

uspostavimo niz

of detailed procedures

detaljnih procedura

to make sure that people will do the right thing.

kako bismo bili sigurni da će ljudi napraviti pravu stvar.

Give teachers scripts

Dajte učiteljima skripte

to follow in the classroom,

koje će pratiti u učionicama,

so even if they don't know what they're doing

tako kada i ne znaju što rade

and don't care about the welfare of our kids,

i ne brinu o dobrobiti naše djece,

as long as they follow the scripts,

dokle god prate skripte,

our kids will get educated.

naša djeca će se obrazovati.

Give judges a list of mandatory sentences

Dajte sucima listu obveznih kazni

to impose for crimes,

koje će primjeniti na kriminal,

so that you don't need to rely

kako se ne bi pouzdali

on judges using their judgment.

u njihove procjene.

Instead, all they have to do

Umjesto toga, sve što trebaju napraviti

is look up on the list

jest pogledati na listu

what kind of sentence goes with what kind of crime.

kakva vrsta kazne ide s kakvom vrstom kriminala.

Impose limits

Uvedite ograničenja

on what credit card companies can charge in interest

koliko kompanije kreditnih kartica mogu zaračunavati kamata

and on what they can charge in fees.

i na što mogu zaračunavati svoje provizije.

More and more rules

Sve više pravila

to protect us

kako bi nas zaštitila

against an indifferent, uncaring

od ravnodušnog, nezainteresiranog

set of institutions we have to deal with.

niza institucija s kojima se moramo baviti.

Or -- or maybe and --

Ili -- ili možda i --

in addition to rules,

u dodatku na pravila,

let's see if we can come up

idemo vidjeti možemo li osmisliti

with some really clever incentives

s nekim stvarno pametnim poticajima

so that, even if the people we deal with

tako da, čak i ako ljudi s kojima radimo

don't particularly want to serve our interests,

koji ne žele posebno brinuti o našem interesu,

it is in their interest

da bude u njihovom interesu

to serve our interest --

da se brinu o našem interesu --

the magic incentives

magični poticaj

that will get people to do the right thing

koji će potaknuti ljude da čine pravu stvar

even out of pure selfishness.

čak i iz čiste sebičnosti.

So we offer teachers bonuses

Tako ponudimo učiteljima bonuse

if the kids they teach

ako djeca koju uče

score passing grades on these big test scores

dobe prolazne ocjene na tim velikim testovima

that are used to evaluate

koji se koriste za procjenu

the quality of school systems.

kvalitete školskog sustava.

Rules and incentives --

Pravila i poticaji --

"sticks" and "carrots."

štap i mrkva.

We passed a bunch of rules

Usvojili smo niz pravila

to regulate the financial industry

za reguliranje financijske industrije

in response to the recent collapse.

kao odgovor na nedavni kolaps.

There's the Dodd-Frank Act,

Postoji Dodd-Frank zakon,

there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency

postoji nova Agencija za financijsku zaštitu potrošača

that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor

koju privremeno pokušava progurati na zadnja vrata

by Elizabeth Warren.

Elizabeth Warren.

Maybe these rules

Možda će ta pravila

will actually improve

stvarno poboljšati

the way these financial services companies behave.

način na koji se ponašaju te kompanije za financijske usluge.

We'll see.

Vidjeti ćemo.

In addition, we are struggling

Pored toga, borimo se

to find some way to create incentives

da pronađemo način za stvaranje poticaja

for people in the financial services industry

tim ljudima iz financijske industrije

that will have them more interested

koji će ih zainteresirati

in serving the long-term interests

da služe dugoročnim interesima

even of their own companies,

čak i njihovih kompanija,

rather than securing short-term profits.

umjesto da osiguravaju kratkoročne profite.

So if we find just the right incentives,

Dakle ako pronađemo prave poticaje,

they'll do the right thing -- as I said -- selfishly,

oni će napraviti pravu stvar -- kao što sam rekao -- sebično,

and if we come up with the right rules and regulations,

i ako osmislimo odgovarajuća pravila i propise,

they won't drive us all over a cliff.

neće nas sve gurnuti preko ivice ponora.

And Ken [Sharpe] and I certainly know

I Ken [Sharpe] i ja svakako znamo

that you need to reign in the bankers.

da morate zauzdati bankare.

If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse

Ako postoji lekcija koja se mora naučiti iz financijskog kolapsa

it is that.

onda je to ta.

But what we believe,

Ali ono što mi vjerujemo,

and what we argue in the book,

i ono što argumentiramo u knjizi,

is that there is no set of rules,

jest da ne postoji niz pravila,

no matter how detailed,

bez obzira koliko detaljna bila,

no matter how specific,

bez obzira koliko specifična,

no matter how carefully monitored

bez obzira koliko pažljivo budu praćena

and enforced,

i nametnuta,

there is no set of rules

ne postoji set pravila

that will get us what we need.

koji će nam dati ono što trebamo.

Why? Because bankers are smart people.

Zašto? Jer su bankari pametni ljudi.

And, like water,

I, poput vode,

they will find cracks

oni će pronaći pukotine

in any set of rules.

u svakom nizu pravila.

You design a set of rules that will make sure

Trebate dizajnirati niz pravila koja će osigurati

that the particular reason

da se partikularni razlog

why the financial system "almost-collapse"

zbog kojeg je financijski sustav skoro propao

can't happen again.

ne može dogoditi opet.

It is naive beyond description

Neopisivo je naivno

to think that having blocked

misliti da ako ste blokirali

this source of financial collapse,

taj uzrok financijskog kraha,

you have blocked all possible sources of financial collapse.

da ste blokirali sve moguće izvore financijskog kraha.

So it's just a question of waiting for the next one

Dakle to je jednostavno pitanje čekanja slijedećeg

and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid

i onda ćemo se ponovno pitati kako smo mogli biti tako glupi

as not to protect ourselves against that.

da se nismo zaštitili od toga.

What we desperately need,

Ono što mi očajnički trebamo,

beyond, or along with, better rules

više, ili uz, bolja pravila

and reasonably smart incentives,

i pametnije poticaje,

is we need virtue.

jest da nam je potrebna vrlina,

We need character.

potreban nam je karakter,

We need people who want to do the right thing.

potrebni su nam ljudi koji žele napraviti pravu stvar.

And in particular,

A posebno,

the virtue that we need most of all

vrlina koja nam treba više od svih

is the virtue that Aristotle called

jest vrlina koju Aristotel naziva

"practical wisdom."

praktična mudrost.

Practical wisdom

Praktična mudrost

is the moral will

jest moralno htjenje

to do the right thing

da se napravi prava stvar

and the moral skill

i moralna vještina

to figure out what the right thing is.

kako bi se osmislilo što prava stvar jest.

So Aristotle was very interested in watching

Aristotel je bio jako zainteresiran promatrati

how the craftsmen around him worked.

kako zanatlije oko njega rade.

And he was impressed

I bio je impresioniran

at how they would improvise

načinom na koji improviziraju

novel solutions to novel problems --

nova rješenja na nove probleme --

problems that they hadn't anticipated.

probleme koje nisu anticipirali.

So one example is he sees these stonemasons

Jedan je primjer gdje vidi te klesare

working on the Isle of Lesbos,

koji rade na otoku Lesbos,

and they need to measure out

i oni moraju izmjeriti

round columns.

okrugle stupove.

Well if you think about it,

Ako razmislite o tome,

it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler.

stvarno je teško izmjeriti okrugle stupove koristeći ravnalo.

So what do they do?

Dakle, što su oni napravili?

They fashion a novel solution to the problem.

Osmislili su novo rješenje problema.

They created a ruler that bends,

Kreirali su ravnalo koje se savija,

what we would call these days a tape measure --

ono što bismo danas nazivali krojačkim metrom --

a flexible rule,

fleksibilno pravilo,

a rule that bends.

pravilo koje se savija.

And Aristotle said,

I Aristotel je rekao,

"Hah, they appreciated that sometimes

oni su procijenili da ponekad

to design rounded columns,

kako bi kreirao okrugle stupove,

you need to bend the rule."

moraš saviti pravila.

And Aristotle said

I Aristotel je rekao

often in dealing with other people,

kako često dok radimo s ljudima,

we need to bend the rules.

moramo saviti pravila.

Dealing with other people

Rad s drugim ljudima

demands a kind of flexibility

zahtjeva neku vrstu fleksibilnosti

that no set of rules can encompass.

koju niti jedan niz pravila ne može obuhvatiti.

Wise people know when and how

Mudri ljudi znaju kada i kako

to bend the rules.

saviti pravila.

Wise people know how to improvise.

Mudri ljudi znaju kako improvizirati.

The way my co-author , Ken, and I talk about it,

Način na koji moj ko-autor, Ken, i ja to vidimo,

they are kind of like jazz musicians.

jest da su oni neka vrsta jazz muzičara;

The rules are like the notes on the page,

pravila su poput nota na stranici,

and that gets you started,

i ona vas pokrenu,

but then you dance around the notes on the page,

ali onda plešete oko nota na stranici,

coming up with just the right combination

dolazeći s pravom kombinacijom

for this particular moment

za taj posebni trenutak

with this particular set of fellow players.

s tim posebinm nizom kolega svirača.

So for Aristotle,

Dakle, za Aristotela,

the kind

ta vrsta

of rule-bending,

savijanja pravila,

rule exception-finding and improvisation

pronalaženja izuzetaka i improvizacije

that you see in skilled craftsmen

koju vidite kod vještih zanatlija

is exactly what you need

je točno što vam treba

to be a skilled moral craftsman.

kako biste bili vješti moralni zanatlija.

And in interactions with people,

I u interakciji s ljudima,

almost all the time,

gotovo uvijek,

it is this kind of flexibility that is required.

ta je vrsta fleksibilnosti nužna.

A wise person knows when to bend the rules.

Mudra osoba zna kada treba saviti pravila.

A wise person knows when to improvise.

Mudra osoba zna kada treba improvizirati.

And most important,

I najvažnije,

a wise person does this improvising and rule-bending

mudra osoba improvizira i savija pravila

in the service of the right aims.

u službi pravih ciljeva.

If you are a rule-bender and an improviser

Ako ste vi onaj koji savija pravila i improvizira

mostly to serve yourself,

kako biste služili sebi,

what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people.

ono što dobijete jest nemilosrdna manipulacija drugih ljudi.

So it matters that you do this wise practice

Zato je važno da ovo mudro prakticirate

in the service of others

kako biste služili drugima

and not in the service of yourself.

a ne sebi.

And so the will to do the right thing

I želja da napravite pravu stvar

is just as important as the moral skill

je jednako važna kao i moralna vještina

of improvisation

improvizacije

and exception-finding.

i pronalaženja izuzetaka.

Together they comprise practical wisdom,

Zajedno oni obuhvaćaju praktičnu mudrost,

which Aristotle thought

za koju je Aristotel mislio

was the master virtue.

da je majstorska vrlina.

So I'll give you an example

Dati ću vam primjer

of wise practice in action.

mudre prakse u akciji.

It's the case of Michael.

To je slučaj Michaela.

Michael's a young guy.

Michael je mladi dečko.

He had a pretty low-wage job.

Imao je prilično slabo plaćeni posao.

He was supporting his wife and a child,

Brinuo se o ženi i djetetu,

and the child was going to parochial school.

i djete mu je išlo u župnu školu.

Then he lost his job.

Onda je izgubio posao.

He panicked

Počeo je paničariti

about being able to support his family.

hoće li biti i dalje sposoban uzdržavati obitelj.

One night, he drank a little too much,

Jedne noći, malo je više popio,

and he robbed a cab driver --

i orobio je vozača taksija --

stole 50 dollars.

ukravši 50$.

He robbed him at gunpoint.

Orobio ga je pištoljem.

It was a toy gun.

Bila je to igračka.

He got caught. He got tried.

Uhvatili su ga, došao je na suđenje,

He got convicted.

i osuđen je.

The Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines

Pennsylvanijske upute za izricanje kazne

required a minimum sentence for a crime like this

zahtjevaju minimalnu kaznu za ovakav zločin

of two years, 24 months.

od dvije godine, 24 mjeseca.

The judge on the case, Judge Lois Forer

Sutkinja na slučaju, sutkinja Lois Forer

thought that this made no sense.

mislila je kako to nema smisla.

He had never committed a crime before.

Nikada prije toga nije počinio zločin.

He was a responsible husband and father.

Bio je odgovoran muž i otac.

He had been faced with desperate circumstances.

Bio je suočen s beznadnim okolnostima.

All this would do is wreck a family.

Sve što bi se time postiglo jest da bi se uništila obitelj.

And so she improvised a sentence -- 11 months,

I tako je ona improvizirala kaznu -- 11 mjeseci.

and not only that,

I ne samo to,

but release every day to go to work.

već ga je pustila da svaki dan ide na posao.

Spend your night in jail, spend your day holding down a job.

Provedi noć u zatvoru, a dan tako da zadržiš posao.

He did. He served out his sentence.

I je. Odslužio je kaznu.

He made restitution

Vratio se iz zatvora

and found himself a new job.

i pronašao si novi posao.

And the family was united.

I obitelj je ostala ujedinjena.

And it seemed on the road

I činilo se kako će imati

to some sort of a decent life --

neku vrstu pristojnog života --

a happy ending to a story

sretan završetak priče

involving wise improvisation

koji uključuje pametnu improvizaciju

from a wise judge.

od pametne sutkinje.

But it turned out

Ali ispostavilo se

the prosecutor was not happy

kako tužitelj nije zadovoljan

that Judge Forer ignored the sentencing guidelines

da je sutkinja ignorirala direktive o kažnjavanju

and sort of invented her own,

i na neki način osmislila svoje,

and so he appealed.

i tako je uložio žalbu.

And he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence

I zatražio obveznu minimalnu kaznu

for armed robbery.

za oružanu pljačku.

He did after all have a toy gun.

Ipak je imao igračku oružje.

The mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery

Obvezna minimalna kazna za oružanu pljačku

is five years.

je pet godina.

He won the appeal.

Dobio je na prizivu.

Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.

Michael je bio osuđen na pet godina zatvora.

Judge Forer had to follow the law.

Sutkinja Forer se morala držati zakona.

And by the way, this appeal went through

I uz put, žalba je uložena

after he had finished serving his sentence,

nakon što je odslužio svoju kaznu,

so he was out and working at a job

tako da je bio vani i radio svoj posao

and taking care of his family

i brinuo se o obitelji

and he had to go back into jail.

i tako je morao nazad u zatvor.

Judge Forer did what she was required to do,

Sutkinja Forer je napravila ono što je zakon tražio,

and then she quit the bench.

i onda je dala otkaz.

And Michael disappeared.

A Michael je nestao.

So that is an example,

Dakle to je jedan primjer,

both of wisdom in practice

mudrosti u praksi

and the subversion of wisdom

i subverzije mudrosti

by rules that are meant, of course, to make things better.

od strane pravila koju su zamišljena, naravno, da učine stvari boljima.

Now consider Ms. Dewey.

Sada razmislite o gđi. Dewey.

Ms. Dewey's a teacher in a Texas elementary school.

Gđa. Dewey je učiteljica u teksaškoj osnovnoj školi.

She found herself listening to a consultant one day

Jednoga dana je slušala konzultanta

who was trying to help teachers

koji je pokušao pomoći učiteljima

boost the test scores of the kids,

da poboljšaju rezultate testova djece,

so that the school

kako bi škola

would reach the elite category

ušla u elitnu kategoriju

in percentage of kids passing big tests.

po postotku djece koja su prolazila veliki test.

All these schools in Texas compete with one another

Sve te škole u Teksasu se natječu jedna s drugom

to achieve these milestones,

kako bi postigle te ciljeve,

and there are bonuses and various other treats

i postoje bonusi i razne druge pogodnosti

that come if you beat the other schools.

koje dolaze ako pobjedite druge škole.

So here was the consultant's advice:

Dakle, tu je konzultantov savjet:

first, don't waste your time on kids

prvo, ne trošite svoje vrijeme na djecu

who are going to pass the test no matter what you do.

koja će proći test bez obzira na to što učinili.

Second, don't waste your time

Drugo, ne trošite svoje vrijeme

on kids who can't pass the test

na djecu koja ne mogu proći test

no matter what you do.

bez obzira na to što učinili.

Third, don't waste your time

Treće, nemojte trošiti svoje vrijeme

on kids who moved into the district

na djecu koja su se preselila u okrug

too late for their scores to be counted.

prekasno da se njihovi rezultati računaju.

Focus all of your time and attention

Fokusirajte svo svoje vrijeme i pažnju

on the kids who are on the bubble,

na djecu koja su na rubu uspjeha,

the so-called "bubble kids" --

takozvanu nadarenu djecu --

kids where your intervention

na djecu koju vaša intervencija

can get them just maybe over the line

može podići iznad praga

from failing to passing.

od pada do prolaza.

So Ms. Dewey heard this,

Tako je gđa. Dewey to čula,

and she shook her head in despair

i protresla glavom u očaju

while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on

dok su se kolege učitelji međusobno bodrili

and nodding approvingly.

i klimali odobravajuće.

It's like they were about to go play a football game.

Činilo se kao da će igrati nogometnu utakmicu.

For Ms. Dewey,

Gđa. Dewey,

this isn't why she became a teacher.

nije zbog ovoga postala učiteljicom.

Now Ken and I are not naive,

Ken i ja nismo naivni,

and we understand that you need to have rules.

i razumijemo da morate imati pravila.

You need to have incentives.

Morate imati poticaje.

People have to make a living.

Ljudi moraju zaraditi za život.

But the problem

Ali problem

with relying on rules and incentives

u tome da se pouzdate u pravila i poticaje

is that they demoralize

jest da ona demoraliziraju

professional activity,

profesionalnu aktivnost.

and they demoralize professional activity

I demoraliziraju profesionalnu aktivnost

in two senses.

na dva načina.

First, they demoralize the people

Prvo, demoraliziraju ljude

who are engaged in the activity.

koji su uključeni u aktivnost.

Judge Forer quits,

Sutkinja Forer je dala otkaz,

and Ms. Dewey in completely disheartened.

a gđa. Dewey je bila potpuno obeshrabrena.

And second,

I drugo,

they demoralize the activity itself.

oni demoraliziraju aktivnost samu po sebi.

The very practice is demoralized,

Sama profesija je demoralizirana,

and the practitioners are demoralized.

i praktičari su demoralizirani.

It creates people --

To stvara ljude --

when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing --

kada manipulirate poticajima kako biste dobili ljude da rade prave stvari --

it creates people

to stvara ljude

who are addicted to incentives.

koji su ovisni o poticajima.

That is to say, it creates people

To znači, da stvara ljude

who only do things for incentives.

koji rade stvari samo za poticaje.

Now the striking thing about this

Frapantna stvar o ovome je

is that psychologists have known this

da su psiholozi znali za to

for 30 years.

30 godina.

Psychologists have known

Psiholozi su znali

about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything

o negativnim posljedicama poticanja svega

for 30 years.

30 godina.

We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures,

Znamo da ako nagradite djecu za crtanje crteža,

they stop caring about the drawing

prestanu željeti crtati

and care only about the reward.

i žele samo nagradu.

If you reward kids for reading books,

Ako nagradite djecu zbog čitanja knjiga

they stop caring about what's in the books

prestati će se brinuti o tome što je u knjigama

and only care about how long they are.

i samo će brinuti o tome koliko su dugačke.

If you reward teachers for kids' test scores,

Ako nagradite učitelje za rezultate djece na testovima

they stop caring about educating

oni se prestanu brinuti za edukaciju

and only care about test preparation.

i brinuti će se samo za pripremu testova.

If you were to reward doctors

Ako ćete nagraditi doktore

for doing more procedures --

za više operacija --

which is the current system -- they would do more.

a tako trenutno sustav funkcionira -- oni će ih obavljati više.

If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures,

Ako umjesto toga nagradite doktore za čim manje procedura

they will do fewer.

oni će ih imati manje.

What we want, of course,

Ono što želimo, naravno,

is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures

jesu doktori koji će imati pravu količinu procedura

and do the right amount for the right reason --

i odraditi pravu količinu zbog pravih razloga --

namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.

konkretno, služiti dobrobiti svojih pacijenata.

Psychologists have known this for decades,

Psiholozi znaju za to desetljećima,

and it's time for policymakers

i vrijeme je da oni koji odlučuju

to start paying attention

počnu obraćati pažnju

and listen to psychologists a little bit,

i slušati malo psihologe,

instead of economists.

umjesto ekonomista.

And it doesn't have to be this way.

I sve to ne mora biti tako.

We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.

Mi mislimo, Ken i ja, kako postoje izvori nade.

We identify one set of people

Identificirali smo grupu ljudi

in all of these practices

u svim tim zanimanjima

who we call canny outlaws.

koje nazivamo lukavim izgnanicima.

These are people

To su ljudi

who, being forced to operate

koji, prisiljeni operirati

in a system that demands rule-following

u sustavu koji zahtjeva potpuno praćenje pravila

and creates incentives,

i kreira poticaje,

find away around the rules,

pronalaze put zaobilazeći ta pravila,

find a way to subvert the rules.

pronalaze put rušeći pravila.

So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow,

Postoje učitelji koji imaju te skripte koje prate,

and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.

i znaju da ako prate te skripte, djeca neće ništa naučiti.

And so what they do is they follow the scripts,

I ono što oni rade jest da prate skripte,

but they follow the scripts at double-time

ali prate skripte duplo brže

and squirrel away little bits of extra time

i pronalaze komadiće ekstra vremena

during which they teach in the way

tijekom kojeg podučavaju na način

that they actually know is effective.

za koji znaju da je učinkovit.

So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes,

Dakle to su mali obični, svakodnevni heroji,

and they're incredibly admirable,

i oni zaslužuju divljenje,

but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity

ali nema načina da održe ovakvu vrstu aktivnosti

in the face of a system

suočeni sa sustavom

that either roots them out

koji ih ili odstranjuje

or grinds them down.

ili ih ubija u pojam.

So canny outlaws are better than nothing,

Dakle lukavi izgnanici su bolji od ničega,

but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw

ali je teško zamisliti nekoga takvoga

sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.

koji se može održati u nedogled.

More hopeful

Više nade nam daju

are people we call system-changers.

oni ljudi koji mjenjaju sustav.

These are people who are looking

To su oni ljudi koji ne gledaju

not to dodge the system's rules and regulations,

kako se dodvoriti sustavu pravila i regulacija,

but to transform the system,

već ga žele transformirati,

and we talk about several.

i pričati ćemo o nekoliko njih.

One in particular

Jedan posebno

is a judge named Robert Russell.

jest sudac Robert Russell.

And one day he was faced

I jednog dana se suočio

with the case of Gary Pettengill.

sa slučajem Garya Pettengilla.

Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet

Pettengill je bio 23-godišnji veteran

who had planned to make the army a career,

koji je planirao napraviti karijeru u vojsci

but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq,

ali onda je imao tešku ozljedu leđa u Iraku,

and that forced him to take a medical discharge.

i to ga je prisililo da zatraži medicinski otpust.

He was married, he had a third kid on the way,

Bio je oženjen, i treće dijete mu je bilo na putu,

he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back,

patio je od PTSP-a, u dodatku na loša leđa,

and recurrent nightmares,

i povremene noćne more,

and he had started using marijuana

i počeo je koristiti marihuanu

to ease some of the symptoms.

kako bi si olakšao neke od tih simptoma.

He was only able to get part-time work because of his back,

Zbog leđa je mogao dobiti samo poslove sa skraćenim radnim vremenom,

and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table

i tako je bilo nemoguće zaraditi dovoljno da bi se stavila hrana na stol

and take care of his family.

i zbrinula obitelj.

So he started selling marijuana.

I tako je poćeo prodavati marihuanu.

He was busted in a drug sweep.

I bio je uhvaćen u jednoj čistki.

His family was kicked out of their apartment,

Njegova obitelj je bila izbačena iz stana,

and the welfare system

a centar za socijalnu skrb

was threatening to take away his kids.

se prijetio kako će i oduzeti djecu.

Under normal sentencing procedures,

Po normalnim procedurama za kažnjavanje,

Judge Russell would have had little choice

sudac Russell bi imao malo izbora

but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time

nego osuditi Pettengilla na ozbiljno vrijeme u zatvoru

as a drug felon.

pod optužbama za prodavanje droge.

But Judge Russell did have an alternative.

Ali je sudac Russell imao alternativu.

And that's because he was in a special court.

A to je zato jer je on bio na posebnom sudu.

He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.

On je bio na sudu pod nazivom Sud veterana.

In the Veterans' Court --

Na Sudu veterana --

this was the first of its kind in the United States.

to je bio prvi takve vrste u SAD-u.

Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.

Sudac Russell je stvorio Sud veterana.

It was a court only for veterans

To je bio sud samo za veterane

who had broken the law.

koji su prekršili zakon.

And he had created it exactly because

I stvorio ga je baš zbog

mandatory sentencing laws

obveznih zakona o kažnjavanju

were taking the judgment out of judging.

gdje je suđenje oduzeto sucima.

No one wanted non-violent offenders --

Nitko nije želio nenasilne prekršitelje --

and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot --

a posebno nenasilne prekršitelje koji su bili veterani --

to be thrown into prison.

baciti u zatvor.

They wanted to do something about what we all know,

Željeli su napraviti nešto oko onoga što svi znamo,

namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.

točnije rotirajućih vrata sudskog sustava.

And what the Veterans' Court did,

I ono što je Sud veterana učinio,

was it treated each criminal as an individual,

jest da je tretirao svakog kriminalca posebno,

tried to get inside their problems,

pokušao je uči u meritum problema,

tried to fashion responses to their crimes

pokušao je povezati zločin s kaznom

that helped them to rehabilitate themselves,

koji će omogučiti rehabilitaciju

and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.

i nije zaboravio zbog čega je uopće sudstvo nastalo.

Stayed with them, followed up on them,

Ostanite uz njih, pratite ih,

made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan

budite sigurni da se drže bilo kakvog plana

had been jointly developed

koji je zajednički razvijen

to get them over the hump.

kako bi izašli iz rupe.

There are now 22 cities

Sada postoje 22 grada

that have Veterans' Courts like this.

koji imaju Sudove veterana poput ovog.

Why has the idea spread?

Zašto se ta ideja raširila?

Well, one reason is

Jedan razlog je

that Judge Russell

što sudac Russell

has now seen 108 vets

je do sada vidio 108 veterana

in his Veterans' Court

u njegovom Sudu za veterane

as of February of this year,

od veljače ove godine,

and out of 108,

i od njih 108,

guess how many have gone back through

pogodite koliko njih su prošli kroz

the revolving door of justice

rotirajuća vrata pravde

into prison.

u zatvor.

None. None.

Nitko. Nitko.

Anyone would glom onto

Svatko bi poželio

a criminal justice system

takav pravni sustav

that has this kind of a record.

koji ima ovakve rezultate.

So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.

Dakle imamo kandidata koji mijenja sustav i čini se da sustav to podržava.

There's a banker

Postoji bankar

who created a for-profit community bank

koji je kreirao profitnu banku za zajednicu

that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe --

koja potiče bankare -- znam da je to teško vjerovati --

encouraged bankers who worked there to do well

potiče bankare koji tamo rade da rade dobro

by doing good for their low-income clients.

tako što će učiniti nešto dobro za klijente s nižim primanjima.

The bank helped finance the rebuilding

Banka je pomogla u ponovnoj izgradnji

of what was otherwise a dying community.

nečega što je bila umiruća zajednica.

Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards,

Premda su njihovi klijenti bili visokorizični po uobičajenim standardima,

the default rate was extremely low.

stope ljudi koji nisu vraćali kredite je bila izuzetno niska.

The bank was profitable.

Banka je bila profitablina.

The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.

Bankari su ostali sa svojim klijentima.

They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.

Oni nisu stvarali kredite i onda ih prodavali.

They serviced the loans.

Oni su servisirali kredite.

They made sure that their loan recipients

Pobrinuli su se da njihovi klijenti

were staying up with their payments.

plaćaju svoje rate.

Banking hasn't always been

Bankarstvo nije uvijek bilo

the way we read about it now in the newspapers.

napravljeno na način o kojem možemo sada čitati u novinama.

Even Goldman Sachs

Čak Goldman Sachs

once used to serve clients,

je nekada služio klijentima,

before it turned into an institution

prije nego što se pretvorio u instituciju

that serves only itself.

koja služi samoj sebi.

Banking wasn't always this way,

Bankarstvo nije uvijek bilo ovakvo

and it doesn't have to be this way.

i ne mora biti takvim.

So there are examples like this in medicine --

Postoje slični primjeri u medicini --

doctors at Harvard

doktori na Harvardu

who are trying to transform medical education,

koji pokušavaju transformirati medicinsku edukaciju,

so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion

kako ne bi dobili etičku eroziju

and loss of empathy,

i gubitak empatije,

which characterizes most medical students

koji karakteriziraju većinu studenata medicine

in the course of their medical training.

u medicinskom obrazovanju.

And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students

I način na koji to rade jest da daju studentima treće godine

patients who they follow for an entire year.

pacijente koje će oni pratiti tijekom cijele godine.

So the patients are not organ systems,

Tako pacijenti nisu sustavi organa,

and they're not diseases;

i oni nisu bolesti;

they're people, people with lives.

oni su ljudi, ljudi sa životima.

And in order to be an effective doctor,

I kako biste postali učinkoviti doktor,

you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.

morate tretirati ljude koji imaju živote a ne samo bolesti.

In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth,

Pored toga postoji jako puno posla oko,

mentoring of one student by another,

mentoriranja jednog studenta od strane drugog,

of all the students by the doctors,

svih studenata od strane doktora,

and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors

i rezultat je generacija -- nadamo se -- doktora

who do have time for the people they treat.

koji imaju vremena za ljude koje liječe.

We'll see.

Vidjeti ćemo.

So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.

Postoji jako puno primjera o kojima govorimo.

Each of them shows that it is possible

Svaki od njih pokazuje kako je moguće

to build on and nurture character

izgraditi i njegovati karakter

and keep a profession

i zadržati profesiju

true to its proper mission --

koja će biti iskrena svojoj misiji --

what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.

onome što bi Aristotel nazivao svojim pravim telosom.

And Ken and I believe

I Ken i ja vjerujemo

that this is what practitioners actually want.

da je to što praktičari stvarno žele.

People want to be allowed

Ljudi žele da im se dozvoli

to be virtuous.

da budu moralni.

They want to have permission to do the right thing.

Žele imati dozvolu da mogu učiniti pravu stvar.

They don't want to feel

Ne žele se osjećati

like they need to take a shower

da se moraju otuširati

to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday

kako bi saprali svakodnevne moralne dvojbe

when they come home from work.

kada se vrate kući s posla.

Aristotle thought that practical wisdom

Aristotel je mislio kako je praktična mudrost

was the key to happiness,

ključ sreće,

and he was right.

i bio je u pravu.

There's now a lot of research being done in psychology

Danas se radi jako puno istraživanja u prihologiji,

on what makes people happy,

o tome što ljude čini sretnima,

and the two things that jump out in study after study --

i dvije stvari koje iskaču u svim studijama --

I know this will come as a shock to all of you --

znam da će vas to šokirati --

the two things that matter most to happiness

dvije stvari koje su najviše povezane sa srećom

are love and work.

su ljubav i posao.

Love: managing successfully

Ljubav: uspješno upravljanje

relations with the people who are close to you

odnosima s ljudima koji su vam bliski

and with the communities of which you are a part.

i zajednicima čiji ste dio.

Work: engaging in activities

Rad: angažiranje u aktivnosti

that are meaningful and satisfying.

koje su svrsishodne i zadovoljavajuće.

If you have that, good close relations with other people,

Ako imate to, prisan odnos s drugim ljudima,

work that's meaningful and fulfilling,

posao koji je svrsishodan i ispunjavajući,

you don't much need anything else.

ne treba vam puno toga.

Well, to love well and to work well,

Da biste ljubili dobro i radili dobro,

you need wisdom.

trebate mudrost.

Rules and incentives don't tell you

Pravila i poticaji vam neće reći

how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent,

kako da budete dobar prijatelj, kako da budete dobar roditelj,

how to be a good spouse,

kako da budete dobra žena,

or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer

kako da budete dobar doktor i dobar odvjetnik

or a good teacher.

ili dobar učitelj.

Rules and incentives

Pravila i poticaji

are no substitutes for wisdom.

nisu zamjena za mudrost.

Indeed, we argue,

Stvarno, uvjeravamo vas,

there is no substitute for wisdom.

nema zamjene za mudrost.

And so practical wisdom

I tako praktična mudrost

does not require

ne zahtjeva

heroic acts of self-sacrifice

herojske činove samo-žrtvovanja

on the part of practitioners.

praktičara.

In giving us the will and the skill

Dajući nam želju i vještinu

to do the right thing -- to do right by others --

da napravimo dobru stvar -- da radimo dobro drugima --

practical wisdom also gives us

praktična mudrost nam daje

the will and the skill

želju i vještinu

to do right by ourselves.

da radimo dobro sami po sebi.

Thanks.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)