Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom

譯者: Luyao Chen 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

The first thing I want to do is say thank you to all of you.

首先，我想要感謝你們所有的人。

The second thing I want to do is introduce my co-author

第二，我要介紹我的合著者，

and dear friend and co-teacher.

我親愛的朋友和合作老師，

Ken and I have been working together

--Ken 他和我在一起工作

for almost 40 years.

已經有將近40年了。

That's Ken Sharpe over there.

Ken Sharpe 就在那裡。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So there is among many people --

所以，在許多人中-

certainly me and most of the people I talk to --

包括我，和我接觸的大部份人中-

a kind of collective dissatisfaction

有一種集體的不滿--

with the way things are working,

對於事情運作的方式不滿，

with the way our institutions run.

對於機構周轉的方式不滿。

Our kids' teachers seem to be failing them.

我們孩子的老師似乎在辜負他們；

Our doctors don't know who the hell we are,

我們的醫生不知道我們究竟如何，

and they don't have enough time for us.

也沒有足夠的時間給我們。

We certainly can't trust the bankers,

我們當然也不能信任銀行家，

and we certainly can't trust the brokers.

更不能相信股票經紀人，

They almost brought the entire financial system down.

是他們幾乎弄垮了整個財務系統。

And even as we do our own work,

甚至當我們只是做自己的工作，

all too often,

經常會

we find ourselves having to choose

會發現自己不得不選擇

between doing what we think is the right thing

要做我們認為是對的事，

and doing the expected thing,

還是做被期待的事，

or the required thing,

或是做被要求的事，

or the profitable thing.

還是做有利益的事。

So everywhere we look,

所以環顧周圍，

pretty much across the board,

基本上的情況都是，

we worry that the people we depend on

我們擔心我們所依靠的人

don't really have our interests at heart.

並不真的在乎我們的權益；

Or if they do have our interests at heart,

或即使他們在乎，

we worry that they don't know us well enough

我們擔心他們不足夠瞭解我們

to figure out what they need to do

來弄清他們該做什麽

in order to allow us

才能讓我們

to secure those interests.

獲取我們的權益。

They don't understand us.

他們不理解我們。

They don't have the time to get to know us.

他們也沒有時間來認識我們。

There are two kinds of responses

對這種普遍的不滿足感，

that we make

我們做出

to this sort of general dissatisfaction.

兩種不同的回應。

If things aren't going right,

如果事情不順，

the first response is:

第一種回應是：

let's make more rules,

讓我們制定更多的規則，

let's set up a set

讓我們設定一系列

of detailed procedures

更細的程序

to make sure that people will do the right thing.

來確保人們做對的事。

Give teachers scripts

給老師在教室裡

to follow in the classroom,

要遵守的教學守則，

so even if they don't know what they're doing

那麼即使他們不知道他們在做什麽，

and don't care about the welfare of our kids,

也不在乎我們孩子的福利，

as long as they follow the scripts,

只要他們遵守這些守則，

our kids will get educated.

孩子們就能得到教育。

Give judges a list of mandatory sentences

給法官一列對罪行實施的

to impose for crimes,

強制判決令清單，

so that you don't need to rely

所以你不再需要依賴

on judges using their judgment.

法官們自己的判斷。

Instead, all they have to do

相反，他們所需做的一切

is look up on the list

只是查考清單-

what kind of sentence goes with what kind of crime.

什麽判決對應什麽罪行。

Impose limits

對信用卡公司，

on what credit card companies can charge in interest

在他們能收取什麽為利息。

and on what they can charge in fees.

能收取什麽費用上-施加限制。

More and more rules

有越來越多的條例

to protect us

來保護我們

against an indifferent, uncaring

對付那些我們得應對的

set of institutions we have to deal with.

漠不關心的機構。

Or -- or maybe and --

或者，或許-

in addition to rules,

除了規章條例

let's see if we can come up

看看我們還能不能想出

with some really clever incentives

一些聰明的激勵機制。

so that, even if the people we deal with

那樣即使如果我們接觸的人

don't particularly want to serve our interests,

并不特別想滿足我們的利益，

it is in their interest

爲了他們自己的利益

to serve our interest --

他們也會來滿足我們需要--

the magic incentives

奇妙的激勵措施

that will get people to do the right thing

竟能讓人們即使出於單單私心

even out of pure selfishness.

也會做對的事。

So we offer teachers bonuses

所以我們給老師提供獎金

if the kids they teach

一旦他們所教的學生

score passing grades on these big test scores

能通過那些重要考試

that are used to evaluate

用來衡量學校系統質量的

the quality of school systems.

標準考試。

Rules and incentives --

規矩和獎勵 --

"sticks" and "carrots."

軟硬兼施

We passed a bunch of rules

我們通過了一串規條

to regulate the financial industry

針對最近的崩盤和蕭條

in response to the recent collapse.

來規範金融業。

There's the Dodd-Frank Act,

有 Dodd-Frank 法案 （美國華爾街改革和個人消費者保護法案）

there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency

有新的暫時由Elizabeth Warren 為首

that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor

通過後門的

by Elizabeth Warren.

消費者金融保護局。

Maybe these rules

也許這些條例

will actually improve

真能改善

the way these financial services companies behave.

金融服務公司表現的方式

We'll see.

我們還需拭目以待。

In addition, we are struggling

另一方面， 我們努力

to find some way to create incentives

尋找創建激勵機制的方法

for people in the financial services industry

給金融服務業界的人

that will have them more interested

能讓他們甚至只是出於所在的公司

in serving the long-term interests

能對實現長遠的利益

even of their own companies,

更感興趣，

rather than securing short-term profits.

而不只是爲了取得一時的利益

So if we find just the right incentives,

那樣如果我們能找到那個對的激勵，

they'll do the right thing -- as I said -- selfishly,

他們也會“自私地”，如我所講，做對的事。

and if we come up with the right rules and regulations,

所以如果我們能制定對的規章條例，

they won't drive us all over a cliff.

他們就不會置我們與莫大的風險。

And Ken [Sharpe] and I certainly know

然而Ken [Sharpe]和我知道

that you need to reign in the bankers.

你們需要支配掌握銀行家！

If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse

如果從這次金融大衰退中我們能學的什麽

it is that.

就是這個。

But what we believe,

但是我們相信

and what we argue in the book,

我們在書中也爭辯，

is that there is no set of rules,

沒有那麼一系列條例，

no matter how detailed,

無論多細節，

no matter how specific,

無論多具體，

no matter how carefully monitored

無論監管、

and enforced,

實施多有力，

there is no set of rules

沒有哪一列條例

that will get us what we need.

能讓我們得到我們真正所需的。

Why? Because bankers are smart people.

爲什麽？因為銀行家很聰明

And, like water,

像水一樣，

they will find cracks

他們任何條例中

in any set of rules.

都會找到漏洞鑽。

You design a set of rules that will make sure

你設訂一系列法案來確保

that the particular reason

那個使整個金融系統

why the financial system "almost-collapse"

幾乎崩潰的特定原因

can't happen again.

不再發生；

It is naive beyond description

但若認為你阻擋了

to think that having blocked

這個使經濟蕭條的源頭

this source of financial collapse,

就阻擋了所有崩毀金融的源頭，

you have blocked all possible sources of financial collapse.

那未免太天真了。

So it's just a question of waiting for the next one

所以這只是等待下一次危機

and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid

然後驚異與我們爲什麽這麼愚蠢

as not to protect ourselves against that.

竟然沒有針對其保護好自己。

What we desperately need,

我們真正急需想要的，

beyond, or along with, better rules

超過、或伴隨，更好的條例

and reasonably smart incentives,

和有效的激勵

is we need virtue.

是我們需要-品德

We need character.

我們需要人格

We need people who want to do the right thing.

我們需要想要做對的事的人

And in particular,

特別地，

the virtue that we need most of all

我們最需要的品德

is the virtue that Aristotle called

是亞里斯多德所稱的

"practical wisdom."

實用智慧。

Practical wisdom

實用智慧-

is the moral will

是做正確的事

to do the right thing

的道德意志；

and the moral skill

是知道什麽是正確的

to figure out what the right thing is.

道德技巧。

So Aristotle was very interested in watching

所以亞里斯多德對於觀察

how the craftsmen around him worked.

他周圍的工匠如何工作很感興趣。

And he was impressed

他對於他們

at how they would improvise

如何即興針對

novel solutions to novel problems --

他們也沒意料的新問題想出

problems that they hadn't anticipated.

新奇的解決法案印象深刻。

So one example is he sees these stonemasons

一個例子是他看到一些石匠

working on the Isle of Lesbos,

在萊斯博斯島做工

and they need to measure out

他們需要測量

round columns.

那裡的圓柱

Well if you think about it,

如果你想想的話

it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler.

用直尺量圓柱真的很難

So what do they do?

所以他們怎麼辦呢？

They fashion a novel solution to the problem.

他們發明了一種新奇的手段

They created a ruler that bends,

他們製作了一種可以彎曲的尺

what we would call these days a tape measure --

今日被叫做-捲尺

a flexible rule,

一把靈活的尺

a rule that bends.

可彎曲的尺。

And Aristotle said,

亞里斯多德就說

"Hah, they appreciated that sometimes

哈，他們領會到有時

to design rounded columns,

要造園的柱子

you need to bend the rule."

你需要通融（放鬆規定）。

And Aristotle said

亞里斯多德又說

often in dealing with other people,

和別人相處

we need to bend the rules.

我們也需要時常通融

Dealing with other people

與人相處，

demands a kind of flexibility

要求一種靈活

that no set of rules can encompass.

那是沒有任何規章條例可以包括的。

Wise people know when and how

智慧的人知道什麽時候，怎麼樣

to bend the rules.

調整規矩；

Wise people know how to improvise.

智慧的人知道如何即興發揮。

The way my co-author , Ken, and I talk about it,

我的合著者Ken和我說起這個，

they are kind of like jazz musicians.

他們就像爵士音樂家；

The rules are like the notes on the page,

規矩就像紙上的音符，

and that gets you started,

你從音符開始，

but then you dance around the notes on the page,

但是接著你便從中發揮，讓音符自由飛舞，

coming up with just the right combination

從中來的是對那特定時刻的

for this particular moment

伴隨那特定共演者的

with this particular set of fellow players.

最佳組合。

So for Aristotle,

所以對於亞里斯多德，

the kind

這種

of rule-bending,

調整規矩、

rule exception-finding and improvisation

通融規定-你從熟練工匠中

that you see in skilled craftsmen

能看到的發現和即興發揮

is exactly what you need

正是你們要成為一個道德上的工匠

to be a skilled moral craftsman.

所需要的。

And in interactions with people,

和人相處，

almost all the time,

幾乎任何時候，

it is this kind of flexibility that is required.

這種程度的靈活是需要的。

A wise person knows when to bend the rules.

智慧的人知道何時調整規矩

A wise person knows when to improvise.

智慧的人知道何時即興發揮

And most important,

最重要的是，

a wise person does this improvising and rule-bending

智慧的人做這種即興發揮和規章調整

in the service of the right aims.

是為著正義的目的。

If you are a rule-bender and an improviser

如果你是一個通融者，即興表演家

mostly to serve yourself,

只是爲了自己，

what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people.

你能得到的就是對他人無情的控制。

So it matters that you do this wise practice

所以重要的是你做這種智行

in the service of others

是爲了他人

and not in the service of yourself.

而不是為自己。

And so the will to do the right thing

所以想要做正義事的願望

is just as important as the moral skill

與即興發揮

of improvisation

特例發現

and exception-finding.

的道德技巧一樣重要。

Together they comprise practical wisdom,

他們一起就組成了

which Aristotle thought

被亞里斯多德認為是

was the master virtue.

品德之首的實用智慧。

So I'll give you an example

讓我再舉一個

of wise practice in action.

這種智慧實踐的例子。

It's the case of Michael.

這是Michael的故事

Michael's a young guy.

Michael是一個年輕人。

He had a pretty low-wage job.

他有一份低薪的工作，

He was supporting his wife and a child,

他得養活他妻子和一個孩子

and the child was going to parochial school.

孩子將要上教區學校。

Then he lost his job.

然而他丟了他的工作

He panicked

他極度驚慌擔憂

about being able to support his family.

能不能繼續養家糊口。

One night, he drank a little too much,

一天，他喝的有點多，

and he robbed a cab driver --

搶劫了一個出租司機-

stole 50 dollars.

偷了50美金。

He robbed him at gunpoint.

他用持槍搶劫。

It was a toy gun.

用的是把玩具槍。

He got caught. He got tried.

他被抓，被控告，

He got convicted.

被定罪。

The Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines

賓夕法尼亞的判決條例

required a minimum sentence for a crime like this

要求對于這類罪行的處罰

of two years, 24 months.

最低為兩年，24個月。

The judge on the case, Judge Lois Forer

這個案例的法官，法官Lois Forer

thought that this made no sense.

認為那沒有意義也講不通。

He had never committed a crime before.

Michael沒有任何犯罪記錄。

He was a responsible husband and father.

他是一個負責的丈夫和父親。

He had been faced with desperate circumstances.

他面對著絕望的處境。

All this would do is wreck a family.

那個判決所能做的就是毀了這個家

And so she improvised a sentence -- 11 months,

所以她應對發揮了一個判決-11個月。

and not only that,

不僅那樣，

but release every day to go to work.

每天予以釋放讓他去工作。

Spend your night in jail, spend your day holding down a job.

晚上坐監，白天工作。

He did. He served out his sentence.

Michael這麼做了。他服完了他的判決。

He made restitution

他做出了賠償。

and found himself a new job.

他找到了新工作

And the family was united.

家庭復原。

And it seemed on the road

一切似乎在通往

to some sort of a decent life --

一種得體生活的正軌上

a happy ending to a story

一個故事的完美結局

involving wise improvisation

有著來自一個智慧法官的

from a wise judge.

智慧的即興而行

But it turned out

但是結果呢，

the prosecutor was not happy

檢察官不高興

that Judge Forer ignored the sentencing guidelines

說Forer法官忽略了判決條例

and sort of invented her own,

她發明了自己的判決，

and so he appealed.

所以他再上訴。

And he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence

他要求規定的對於持槍搶劫的

for armed robbery.

最低處罰。

He did after all have a toy gun.

畢竟，Michael的確用了一把玩具槍。

The mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery

持槍搶劫的最低處罰

is five years.

是 5 年

He won the appeal.

檢察官贏了上訴。

Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.

Micheal被判坐監5年。

Judge Forer had to follow the law.

Forer法官必須遵守法律。

And by the way, this appeal went through

另外說一句， 上訴通過時，

after he had finished serving his sentence,

是在Micheal已經結束服刑后

so he was out and working at a job

所以他已經在外開始工作

and taking care of his family

開始照料他的家庭

and he had to go back into jail.

但他現在得重返監獄

Judge Forer did what she was required to do,

Forer法官做了她被要求做的，

and then she quit the bench.

接著她放棄了法官的職位。

And Michael disappeared.

Michael呢，消失了。

So that is an example,

所以就是這個例子

both of wisdom in practice

同時有實踐的智慧

and the subversion of wisdom

和智慧的顛覆-

by rules that are meant, of course, to make things better.

根據規定，當然，是為了讓事情更好。

Now consider Ms. Dewey.

現在想想 Dewey女士。

Ms. Dewey's a teacher in a Texas elementary school.

Dewey女士是德州小學的一名教師

She found herself listening to a consultant one day

一天她在聽一個諮詢師

who was trying to help teachers

諮詢師想幫助老師

boost the test scores of the kids,

提高學生成績，

so that the school

那樣學校

would reach the elite category

就會因為通過大考學生的比例

in percentage of kids passing big tests.

成為精英學校。

All these schools in Texas compete with one another

所以這些在德州的學校相互競爭

to achieve these milestones,

來實現這些里程碑，

and there are bonuses and various other treats

根據你是否戰勝其他學校

that come if you beat the other schools.

有各種各樣的獎勵和威脅。

So here was the consultant's advice:

所以諮詢師的建議是：

first, don't waste your time on kids

第一：不要在那些不管你做什麽，都會通過考試的

who are going to pass the test no matter what you do.

學生身上浪費時間；

Second, don't waste your time

第二，不要在不管你做什麽

on kids who can't pass the test

都不會通過考試的學生身上

no matter what you do.

浪費時間；

Third, don't waste your time

第三，不要浪費時間在那些

on kids who moved into the district

太遲進入這個學區

too late for their scores to be counted.

成績不會被記入計算的學生。

Focus all of your time and attention

集中你的時間和注意力

on the kids who are on the bubble,

在那些在邊緣的孩子

the so-called "bubble kids" --

邊緣孩子

kids where your intervention

你的介入

can get them just maybe over the line

也許能讓他們跨過那條線

from failing to passing.

從不及格到通過。

So Ms. Dewey heard this,

所以Dewey 女士聽到了這個

and she shook her head in despair

在絕望中她搖頭

while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on

然而她的同事老師們卻互相歡呼

and nodding approvingly.

贊許地點頭-

It's like they were about to go play a football game.

就好像他們都正要去一場橄欖球比賽一樣。

For Ms. Dewey,

對於Dewey 女士，

this isn't why she became a teacher.

這不是她想要成為一名老師的目的啊。

Now Ken and I are not naive,

現在，Ken和我並不天真，

and we understand that you need to have rules.

我們也理解你需要規章條例。

You need to have incentives.

你也學要刺激激勵。

People have to make a living.

人們需要謀生，

But the problem

但是依賴規矩和激勵

with relying on rules and incentives

的問題在于

is that they demoralize

他們使職業行為

professional activity,

士氣低落。

and they demoralize professional activity

他們使職業活動士氣低落，

in two senses.

表現在兩方面。

First, they demoralize the people

第一，他們使參與活動的

who are engaged in the activity.

人喪失士氣。

Judge Forer quits,

Forer法官放棄了，

and Ms. Dewey in completely disheartened.

Dewey女士完全地沮喪。

And second,

第二，

they demoralize the activity itself.

他們使活動本身洩氣。

The very practice is demoralized,

活動是無士氣的，

and the practitioners are demoralized.

實施者是沮喪的，

It creates people --

它使人們--

when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing --

當你想操控、刺激人們做對的事時--

it creates people

這讓人們對

who are addicted to incentives.

這些激勵措施上癮。

That is to say, it creates people

也就是說，它造就了

who only do things for incentives.

只爲獎勵做事的人。

Now the striking thing about this

引人注目的是，

is that psychologists have known this

心理學家已經知道一點

for 30 years.

已經有30年。

Psychologists have known

心理學家都知道

about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything

全盤激勵的負面結果

for 30 years.

有30年。

We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures,

我們知道如果你獎勵孩子畫畫，

they stop caring about the drawing

他們停止關心畫畫本身

and care only about the reward.

而只在乎獎勵；

If you reward kids for reading books,

如果你獎勵孩子讀書，

they stop caring about what's in the books

他們停止關心書的內容

and only care about how long they are.

而只關心書有多厚；

If you reward teachers for kids' test scores,

如果你為孩子的成績獎勵老師，

they stop caring about educating

他們停止關心教育本身

and only care about test preparation.

單單在乎準備考試；

If you were to reward doctors

如果你要去獎勵醫生，

for doing more procedures --

為更多的檢查手續--

which is the current system -- they would do more.

-也就是現在的醫療系統-他們會做更多；

If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures,

如果相反，你獎勵他們精化程序，

they will do fewer.

他們就會做少一些。

What we want, of course,

我們想要的，當然，

is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures

卻是走合適數目程序的醫生：

and do the right amount for the right reason --

為正確的原因，走合適數目程序--

namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.

也就是，爲了他們病人的福利。

Psychologists have known this for decades,

心裡學家知道這個已經幾十年，

and it's time for policymakers

是時候於政策制定者

to start paying attention

該開始關注

and listen to psychologists a little bit,

和傾聽心裡學家多一點，

instead of economists.

而不是經濟學家。

And it doesn't have to be this way.

事情不必那樣。

We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.

Ken 和我認為有真正的希望來源。

We identify one set of people

我們發現在所有的工作之中

in all of these practices

有一類人

who we call canny outlaws.

可以被稱為精明的逾矩者。

These are people

這些人

who, being forced to operate

被強迫在

in a system that demands rule-following

一個要求遵規守據，製造激勵機制

and creates incentives,

的系統工作，

find away around the rules,

在規條裡鑽漏洞，

find a way to subvert the rules.

扭曲規定。

So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow,

所以有哪些有教案可參考的老師，

and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.

他們知道如果他們照本宣讀，學生什麽都學不著。

And so what they do is they follow the scripts,

他們所作的是遵循講義，

but they follow the scripts at double-time

但他們加速

and squirrel away little bits of extra time

來儲蓄多餘的一點時間

during which they teach in the way

用在他們認為真正有效的

that they actually know is effective.

教學方式上。

So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes,

所以這些才是平凡的生活中的英雄，

and they're incredibly admirable,

他們無比令人欽佩，

but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity

但是他們無法面對這麼一個體系

in the face of a system

持續他們的舉動

that either roots them out

那體系要嘛掃除了他們

or grinds them down.

要嘛磨損同化了他們。

So canny outlaws are better than nothing,

所以精明的逾矩者比沒有好。

but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw

但很難想像他們

sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.

能維持多長的時間

More hopeful

更有希望的是

are people we call system-changers.

被稱為體系革新者的人。

These are people who are looking

這些人

not to dodge the system's rules and regulations,

不避開系統的規章條例，

but to transform the system,

卻去改變這個體系，

and we talk about several.

我們知道一些這樣的人。

One in particular

其中一個很特別

is a judge named Robert Russell.

是一名叫Robert Russell的法官。

And one day he was faced

一天他面對

with the case of Gary Pettengill.

Gary Pettengill 的案例。

Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet

Pettengill是一個23歲的退役兵

who had planned to make the army a career,

曾經想過留在部隊成就一番事業，

but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq,

但在伊拉克不幸受到了一次嚴重的背傷，

and that forced him to take a medical discharge.

逼迫他因健康因素退伍。

He was married, he had a third kid on the way,

他結了婚，就要擁有第三個孩子，

he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back,

除了背傷，他還受創傷後精神障礙，

and recurrent nightmares,

和無休止噩夢的折磨，

and he had started using marijuana

所以他開始抽大麻

to ease some of the symptoms.

來緩解一些癥狀。

He was only able to get part-time work because of his back,

因為他的背，他只能做一些兼職，

and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table

所以他無法掙足夠錢

and take care of his family.

來養家糊口。

So he started selling marijuana.

所以他開始賣大麻。

He was busted in a drug sweep.

在一次毒品掃除中被抓。

His family was kicked out of their apartment,

他的一家被趕出公寓，

and the welfare system

福利機構

was threatening to take away his kids.

威脅要帶走他的孩子。

Under normal sentencing procedures,

在通常的判決條例下，

Judge Russell would have had little choice

Russell法官基本沒有選擇

but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time

只能給Pettengill 嚴重的刑期

as a drug felon.

作為毒品販的懲罰。

But Judge Russell did have an alternative.

但是Russell 的確有另一個選擇。

And that's because he was in a special court.

因為他在一個特別的法庭

He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.

他在退伍軍人法庭。

In the Veterans' Court --

在退伍軍人法庭-

this was the first of its kind in the United States.

這是美國這一類法庭的第一個。

Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.

Russell 法官創立了退伍軍人法庭。

It was a court only for veterans

這個法庭只為違法的

who had broken the law.

退伍軍人服務。

And he had created it exactly because

他創立了這個法庭

mandatory sentencing laws

正是因為強制判刑的法律措施

were taking the judgment out of judging.

讓審判的工作脫離了判決。

No one wanted non-violent offenders --

沒人想讓並不殘暴的罪犯-

and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot --

特別是那些既不暴力，而且是退伍軍人的冒犯者

to be thrown into prison.

被投入監獄。

They wanted to do something about what we all know,

對於我們都知道的，他們想做點什麽

namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.

即-法律系統中的反反復複（抓了就放，把嫌犯隨便放回街頭的司法）

And what the Veterans' Court did,

退休軍人法庭所做的，

was it treated each criminal as an individual,

就是把每個罪犯作為個體看待，

tried to get inside their problems,

想要深入瞭解他們的問題，

tried to fashion responses to their crimes

試圖針對他們的罪行做不同回應，

that helped them to rehabilitate themselves,

幫助他們改過自新，

and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.

並且在判決後也不忘記他們。

Stayed with them, followed up on them,

與他們並駕齊驅，繼續考察他們

made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan

確保他們在堅守不管什麽

had been jointly developed

一同制定的

to get them over the hump.

幫他們越過坎坷的計劃。

There are now 22 cities

現在在22個城市，

that have Veterans' Courts like this.

已經有像那樣的退休軍人法庭了。

Why has the idea spread?

爲什麽這個主張會流傳？

Well, one reason is

一個原因是

that Judge Russell

Russell法官

has now seen 108 vets

到今年2月為止

in his Veterans' Court

已經在他的退伍軍人法庭

as of February of this year,

見過108名退伍軍人。

and out of 108,

這108人中

guess how many have gone back through

猜猜有多少因為

the revolving door of justice

把嫌犯隨便放回街頭的司法

into prison.

重返監獄？

None. None.

一個也沒有！

Anyone would glom onto

任何人都無法想像

a criminal justice system

一個刑事審判系統

that has this kind of a record.

能有這樣一番記錄。

So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.

所以這裡還有一個制度革新者,故事非常精彩。

There's a banker

有一個銀行家

who created a for-profit community bank

他創立了一個盈利的社區銀行

that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe --

來鼓勵銀行家-我知道這讓人難以置信-

encouraged bankers who worked there to do well

鼓勵在那裡工作的銀行家們通過對他們

by doing good for their low-income clients.

低收入的顧客行好事來做好工作。

The bank helped finance the rebuilding

那家銀行幫助籌資重建了

of what was otherwise a dying community.

一個原本會沒落的社區。

Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards,

雖然他們的貸款對象按常規講是高風險的，

the default rate was extremely low.

但是事實上違約率非常低。

The bank was profitable.

這家銀行非常盈利。

The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.

銀行家們與他們的貸款對象在同一陣營

They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.

他們不辦理貸款再賣出貸款。

They serviced the loans.

他們維護貸款。

They made sure that their loan recipients

他們確保他們的貸款對象

were staying up with their payments.

跟得上他們的還款。

Banking hasn't always been

銀行並不總是

the way we read about it now in the newspapers.

像我們今天在報紙上讀到的那樣。

Even Goldman Sachs

即使是高盛

once used to serve clients,

在它變成一個

before it turned into an institution

單單自利的機構前，

that serves only itself.

也一度在服務顧客。

Banking wasn't always this way,

所以銀行并不總這樣，

and it doesn't have to be this way.

也不必像現在這樣。

So there are examples like this in medicine --

在醫學界也有這樣的例子-

doctors at Harvard

在哈佛的醫生們

who are trying to transform medical education,

正在嘗試醫學教育改革，

so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion

讓你不會像現在的醫學院學生一樣

and loss of empathy,

在他們的接受專業訓練中

which characterizes most medical students

紛紛多少道德腐化

in the course of their medical training.

同情心磨滅。

And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students

他們所採用的方法是： 給三年級的學生

patients who they follow for an entire year.

分配他們要跟隨一整年的病人。

So the patients are not organ systems,

所以病人並不是器官系統，

and they're not diseases;

也不是疾病；

they're people, people with lives.

他們也是人，有血有生命的活人。

And in order to be an effective doctor,

所以想成為一個有效率的醫生，

you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.

你得對待有生命的而不只是有疾病的人。

In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth,

另外，這其中有許多來回反復，

mentoring of one student by another,

學生之間相互幫助指導，

of all the students by the doctors,

所有學生有醫生為導師，

and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors

結果將是-我們希望-新一代

who do have time for the people they treat.

願意對醫治的病人付出時間的醫生。

We'll see.

我們拭目以待。

So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.

所以有很多像我們今天討論一樣的例子。

Each of them shows that it is possible

每一個例子都證明

to build on and nurture character

建立和培養人格，同時

and keep a profession

操守一個符合其使命-

true to its proper mission --

-亞里斯多德的稱之為"正當的終極目的”

what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.

的職業是完全有可能的.

And Ken and I believe

Ken 和我相信

that this is what practitioners actually want.

這也是實踐家真正想要的。

People want to be allowed

人們想要被允許

to be virtuous.

能是美德的。

They want to have permission to do the right thing.

他們想得到做正確的事的允許。

They don't want to feel

他們不希望感到

like they need to take a shower

每日下班回家後，

to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday

他們必須淋浴一下，

when they come home from work.

才能清除他們身上的道德污穢。

Aristotle thought that practical wisdom

亞里斯多德認為：實用智慧

was the key to happiness,

幸福快樂的關鍵，

and he was right.

他是對的。

There's now a lot of research being done in psychology

有許多心理學研究都在探索

on what makes people happy,

是什麽讓人快樂幸福，

and the two things that jump out in study after study --

有兩樣東西反復被提及出現-

I know this will come as a shock to all of you --

我知道這會讓你們所有人大吃一驚-

the two things that matter most to happiness

最影響幸福的兩樣東西是

are love and work.

愛和工作。

Love: managing successfully

愛：即成功地保持與

relations with the people who are close to you

和你親密的人以及

and with the communities of which you are a part.

你所屬社區的關係。

Work: engaging in activities

工作：參與那些

that are meaningful and satisfying.

有意義和有滿足感的活動。

If you have that, good close relations with other people,

如果你有，足夠的和他人親密的關係，

work that's meaningful and fulfilling,

有意義令人滿足的工作，

you don't much need anything else.

那你真不太需要其他什麽。

Well, to love well and to work well,

所以呢，要想好好的愛，好好的工作，

you need wisdom.

你必須要有智慧。

Rules and incentives don't tell you

規則和激勵措施不會告訴你

how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent,

怎麼當一個好朋友，好父母，

how to be a good spouse,

好的配偶

or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer

或好的老師、好的律師

or a good teacher.

好的老師。

Rules and incentives

規則和激勵措施

are no substitutes for wisdom.

不能替代智慧。

Indeed, we argue,

實施上，我們堅信，

there is no substitute for wisdom.

沒有什麽能代替智慧。

And so practical wisdom

因而實用智慧

does not require

不需要

heroic acts of self-sacrifice

在實踐家身上

on the part of practitioners.

自我犧牲的英雄作為。

In giving us the will and the skill

給了我們做正確事，為別人做正確事

to do the right thing -- to do right by others --

的願望和技巧，

practical wisdom also gives us

實用智慧也給了我們

the will and the skill

能獨立為自己

to do right by ourselves.

做正確的事的願望和技巧。

Thanks.

謝謝大家。

(Applause)

（掌聲）