Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom

Translator: David J. Kreps Finnemann Reviewer: Anders Finn Jørgensen

The first thing I want to do is say thank you to all of you.

Det første jeg vil gøre, er at sige tak til jer alle sammen.

The second thing I want to do is introduce my co-author

Den anden ting jeg vil gøre er at introducere jer for min medforfatter

and dear friend and co-teacher.

og kære ven og medlærer.

Ken and I have been working together

Ken og jeg har arbejdet sammen

for almost 40 years.

i mere end 40 år.

That's Ken Sharpe over there.

Det er Ken Sharpe derovre.

(Applause)

(Bifald)

So there is among many people --

Så der er blandt mange mennesker --

certainly me and most of the people I talk to --

bestemt mig selv og de fleste mennesker jeg taler med --

a kind of collective dissatisfaction

en slags kollektiv utilfredshed

with the way things are working,

med måden hvorpå tingene fungerer,

with the way our institutions run.

med måden hvorpå institutionerne fungerer.

Our kids' teachers seem to be failing them.

Vores børns lærere lader til at svigte dem.

Our doctors don't know who the hell we are,

Vores læger ved ikke hvem søren vi er,

and they don't have enough time for us.

og de har ikke tid nok til os.

We certainly can't trust the bankers,

Vi kan helt sikkert ikke stole på bankfolkene,

and we certainly can't trust the brokers.

og vi kan bestemt ikke stole på børsmæglerne.

They almost brought the entire financial system down.

De kørte næsten hele det økonomiske system i sænk.

And even as we do our own work,

Og selv mens vi gør vores eget arbejde,

all too often,

alt for ofte,

we find ourselves having to choose

finder vi os selv i valget

between doing what we think is the right thing

mellem at gøre det vi tror er den rigtige ting

and doing the expected thing,

og at gøre den forventede ting,

or the required thing,

eller den påkrævede ting,

or the profitable thing.

eller den indbringende ting.

So everywhere we look,

Så overalt hvor vi kigger,

pretty much across the board,

mere eller mindre over det hele,

we worry that the people we depend on

bekymrer vi os over at de mennesker vi er afhængige af

don't really have our interests at heart.

ikke virkelig har vores bedste interesse for øje.

Or if they do have our interests at heart,

Eller hvis de har vores interesser for øje,

we worry that they don't know us well enough

bekymrer vi os over at de ikke kender os godt nok

to figure out what they need to do

til at regne ud hvad de skal gøre

in order to allow us

for at tillade os

to secure those interests.

at sikre vores interesser.

They don't understand us.

De forstår os ikke.

They don't have the time to get to know us.

De har ikke tiden til at lære os at kende.

There are two kinds of responses

Der er to slags svar

that we make

som vi kommer med

to this sort of general dissatisfaction.

til denne form for generelle utilfredshed.

If things aren't going right,

Hvis tingene ikke går godt

the first response is:

er det første svar:

let's make more rules,

lad os lave flere regler,

let's set up a set

lad os lave et sæt

of detailed procedures

detaljerede procedurer

to make sure that people will do the right thing.

for at sikre, at mennesker vil gøre det rigtige.

Give teachers scripts

Giv lærere manuskripter

to follow in the classroom,

de kan følge i klasseværelset,

so even if they don't know what they're doing

så selvom de ikke ved hvad de laver

and don't care about the welfare of our kids,

og er lige glade med vores børns velfærd,

as long as they follow the scripts,

så længe de følger manuskripterne,

our kids will get educated.

vil vores børn blive uddannet.

Give judges a list of mandatory sentences

Giv dommere en liste over obligatoriske domme

to impose for crimes,

til at give kriminelle,

so that you don't need to rely

så man ikke behøver at være afhængige af

on judges using their judgment.

dommere der bruger deres dømmekraft.

Instead, all they have to do

I stedet er det eneste de behøver at gøre

is look up on the list

er at finde i deres liste

what kind of sentence goes with what kind of crime.

hvilken dom der passer til den slags forbrydelse.

Impose limits

Indfør grænser

on what credit card companies can charge in interest

på hvad udlånsfirmaer må tage i rente

and on what they can charge in fees.

og på hvilke ting de kan kræve i gebyr.

More and more rules

Flere og flere regler

to protect us

til at beskytte os

against an indifferent, uncaring

mod en række ligeglade, følelseskolde

set of institutions we have to deal with.

institutioner som vi skal beskæftige os med.

Or -- or maybe and --

Eller -- eller måske --

in addition to rules,

i tillæg til regler,

let's see if we can come up

lad os se om vi kan finde på

with some really clever incentives

nogle virkelig smarte tilskyndelser,

so that, even if the people we deal with

så selvom de mennesker vi beskæftiger os med

don't particularly want to serve our interests,

ikke i særdeleshed vil have vores interesser for øje,

it is in their interest

det er i deres interesse

to serve our interest --

at holde vores interesser for øje --

the magic incentives

de magiske tilskyndelser

that will get people to do the right thing

der vil få mennesker til at gøre det rigtige

even out of pure selfishness.

selvom det kommer af ren egoisme.

So we offer teachers bonuses

Så vi tilbyder lærere en bonus

if the kids they teach

hvis de børn de underviser

score passing grades on these big test scores

opnår beståede karakterer på disse store tests

that are used to evaluate

der bliver brugt til at evaluere

the quality of school systems.

kvaliteten af vores uddannelsessystem.

Rules and incentives --

Regler og tilskyndelser --

"sticks" and "carrots."

"stok" og "gulerod."

We passed a bunch of rules

Vi vedtog en stak regler

to regulate the financial industry

til at regulere den finansielle industri

in response to the recent collapse.

som svar på det seneste kollaps.

There's the Dodd-Frank Act,

Der er Dodd-Frank Act,

there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency

der er den nye Consumer Financial Protection Agency

that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor

der midlertidigt bliver ledt gennem bagdøren

by Elizabeth Warren.

af Elizabeth Warren.

Maybe these rules

Måske vil disse regler

will actually improve

faktisk forbedre

the way these financial services companies behave.

måden hvorpå disse finansielle service virksomheder opfører sig på.

We'll see.

Vi får at se.

In addition, we are struggling

Derudover, kæmper vi med

to find some way to create incentives

at finde på en måde at skabe tilskyndelser

for people in the financial services industry

for mennesker i den finansielle service industri

that will have them more interested

der vil få dem til at være mere interesserede

in serving the long-term interests

i at have langtids interesser for øje

even of their own companies,

selv deres egne virksomheders,

rather than securing short-term profits.

i stedet for at sikre sig kortsigtede profitter.

So if we find just the right incentives,

Så hvis vi finder de rigtige tilskyndelser,

they'll do the right thing -- as I said -- selfishly,

vil de gøre det rigtige -- som jeg sagde -- egoistisk,

and if we come up with the right rules and regulations,

og hvis vi kommer med de rette regler og tilskyndelser,

they won't drive us all over a cliff.

vil de ikke køre os ud over afgrunden.

And Ken [Sharpe] and I certainly know

Og Ken [Sharpe] og jeg ved bestemt

that you need to reign in the bankers.

at man skal holde bankfolk i en stram snor.

If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse

Hvis der er noget vi har lært af den finansielle kollaps

it is that.

er det det.

But what we believe,

Men det vi mener,

and what we argue in the book,

og det vi argumenterer for i bogen,

is that there is no set of rules,

er at der ikke er et sæt regler,

no matter how detailed,

uanset hvor detaljeret,

no matter how specific,

og uanset hvor specifikt,

no matter how carefully monitored

uanset hvor omhyggeligt det bliver overvåget

and enforced,

og håndhævet,

there is no set of rules

er der ikke et sæt regler

that will get us what we need.

der vil give os det vi har brug for.

Why? Because bankers are smart people.

Hvorfor? Fordi bankfolk er smarte mennesker.

And, like water,

Og, ligesom vand,

they will find cracks

vil de finde sprækker

in any set of rules.

i ethvert regelsæt.

You design a set of rules that will make sure

Man udvikler et sæt regler der vil sikre

that the particular reason

at den bestemte grund

why the financial system "almost-collapse"

til at det finansielle systems "næsten-kollaps"

can't happen again.

ikke kan ske igen.

It is naive beyond description

Det er naivt ud over enhver beskrivelse

to think that having blocked

at tro, at have blokeret

this source of financial collapse,

denne kilde til finansielt kollaps,

you have blocked all possible sources of financial collapse.

så har man blokeret alle mulige kilder til et finansielt kollaps.

So it's just a question of waiting for the next one

Så det er kun et spørgsmål om at vente på den næste

and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid

og så blive forbavset over hvordan vi kunne have været så dumme

as not to protect ourselves against that.

at vi ikke har beskyttet os mod det.

What we desperately need,

Det vi desperat har brug for,

beyond, or along with, better rules

ud over, eller sammen med, bedre regler

and reasonably smart incentives,

og forholdsvis smarte tilskyndelser,

is we need virtue.

er at vi har brug for dyd.

We need character.

Vi har brug for karakter.

We need people who want to do the right thing.

Vi har brug for mennesker der har lyst til at gøre det rigtige.

And in particular,

Og især,

the virtue that we need most of all

dyden som vi frem for alt har brug for

is the virtue that Aristotle called

er dyden som Aristoteles kaldte

"practical wisdom."

"praktisk visdom."

Practical wisdom

Praktisk visdom

is the moral will

er den moralske vilje

to do the right thing

til at gøre det rigtige

and the moral skill

den moralske evne

to figure out what the right thing is.

til at regne ud hvad der er det rigtige.

So Aristotle was very interested in watching

Så Aristoteles var meget interesseret i at se

how the craftsmen around him worked.

hvordan fagmændene rundt om ham arbejdede.

And he was impressed

Og han var imponeret

at how they would improvise

over hvordan de ville improvisere

novel solutions to novel problems --

nye løsninger på nye problemer --

problems that they hadn't anticipated.

problemer som de ikke havde forudset.

So one example is he sees these stonemasons

Så et eksempel er at han se disse murere

working on the Isle of Lesbos,

der arbejder på øen Lesbos,

and they need to measure out

og de skal udmåle

round columns.

runde søjler.

Well if you think about it,

Jamen hvis man tænker over det,

it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler.

er det i virkeligheden ret svært at udmåle runde søjler ved hjælp af en lineal.

So what do they do?

Så hvad gør de?

They fashion a novel solution to the problem.

De finder på en ny løsning på problemet.

They created a ruler that bends,

De lavede en lineal der bøjer,

what we would call these days a tape measure --

det vi i dag ville kalde et målebånd --

a flexible rule,

en fleksibel lineal,

a rule that bends.

en lineal der kan bøjes.

And Aristotle said,

Og Aristoteles sagde,

"Hah, they appreciated that sometimes

"Hah, de værdsatte at man nogen gange

to design rounded columns,

for at designe rundede søjler,

you need to bend the rule."

skal man være i stand til at bøje linealen."

And Aristotle said

Og Aristoteles sagde

often in dealing with other people,

tit når han beskæftigede sig med andre mennesker,

we need to bend the rules.

skal vi være i stand til at bøje reglerne.

Dealing with other people

At beskæftige sig med andre mennesker

demands a kind of flexibility

kræver en form for fleksibilitet

that no set of rules can encompass.

som intet sæt regler kan omfatte.

Wise people know when and how

Vise mennesker ved hvornår og hvordan

to bend the rules.

man bøjer reglerne.

Wise people know how to improvise.

Vi mennesker ved hvordan de skal improvisere.

The way my co-author , Ken, and I talk about it,

Måden hvorpå min medforfatter, Ken, og jeg talte om det,

they are kind of like jazz musicians.

er de lidt ligesom jazzmusikere.

The rules are like the notes on the page,

Reglerne er ligesom noderne på siden,

and that gets you started,

og det får en i gang,

but then you dance around the notes on the page,

men så danser man rundt om noderne på siden,

coming up with just the right combination

og finder på den helt rigtige kombination

for this particular moment

for dette bestemte øjeblik

with this particular set of fellow players.

med dette bestemte set af medspillere.

So for Aristotle,

Så for Aristoteles,

the kind

den slags

of rule-bending,

regelbøjning,

rule exception-finding and improvisation

undtagelse til regelsøgning og improvisation

that you see in skilled craftsmen

som man ser hos dygtige fagfolk

is exactly what you need

er præcis det man har brug for

to be a skilled moral craftsman.

for at være en dygtig, moralsk fagmand.

And in interactions with people,

Og i interaktionerne med mennesker,

almost all the time,

næsten hele tiden,

it is this kind of flexibility that is required.

er denne form for fleksibilitet påkrævet.

A wise person knows when to bend the rules.

En vis person ved hvornår man bøjer reglerne.

A wise person knows when to improvise.

En vis person ved hvornår man skal improvisere.

And most important,

Og vigtigst af alt,

a wise person does this improvising and rule-bending

en vis person laver denne improvisation og regelbøjning

in the service of the right aims.

på grund af de rigtige mål.

If you are a rule-bender and an improviser

Hvis man er en regel bøjer og en improvisator

mostly to serve yourself,

mest for at hjælpe en selv,

what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people.

får man en nådesløs manipulation af andre mennesker.

So it matters that you do this wise practice

Så det betyder noget at man udfører denne vise praksis

in the service of others

for at hjælpe andre

and not in the service of yourself.

og ikke for at hjælpe en selv.

And so the will to do the right thing

Så viljen til at gøre det rigtige

is just as important as the moral skill

er lige så vigtig som den moralske evne

of improvisation

til improvisation

and exception-finding.

og at finde undtagelsen.

Together they comprise practical wisdom,

Sammen udgør de praktisk visdom,

which Aristotle thought

som Aristoteles mente

was the master virtue.

var den vigtigste dyd.

So I'll give you an example

Så jeg vil give jer et eksempel

of wise practice in action.

på vis praksis i action.

It's the case of Michael.

Det er sagen om Michael.

Michael's a young guy.

Michael er en ung fyr.

He had a pretty low-wage job.

Han havde et temmelig lavtlønnet job.

He was supporting his wife and a child,

Han forsørgede sin kone og et barn,

and the child was going to parochial school.

og barnet gik på en lokal skole.

Then he lost his job.

Så mistede han sit arbejde.

He panicked

Han gik i panik

about being able to support his family.

over at være i stand til at forsørge sin familie.

One night, he drank a little too much,

En aften drak han lidt for meget,

and he robbed a cab driver --

og han røvede en taxachauffør --

stole 50 dollars.

stjal 50 dollars.

He robbed him at gunpoint.

Han røvede ham med trukket pistol.

It was a toy gun.

Det var en legetøjspistol.

He got caught. He got tried.

Han blev fanget. Han kom for retten.

He got convicted.

Han fik en dom.

The Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines

Pennsylvania retningslinjer for domsafsigelse

required a minimum sentence for a crime like this

krævede en minimumsstraf for en forbrydelse som denne

of two years, 24 months.

på to år, 24 måneder.

The judge on the case, Judge Lois Forer

Dommeren på sagen, dommer Lois Forer

thought that this made no sense.

tænkte at det ikke gav nogen mening.

He had never committed a crime before.

Han havde aldrig begået en forbrydelse før.

He was a responsible husband and father.

Han var en ansvarlig mand og far.

He had been faced with desperate circumstances.

Han havde stået overfor desperate omstændigheder.

All this would do is wreck a family.

Det eneste dette ville gøre er at smadre familien.

And so she improvised a sentence -- 11 months,

Så hun improviserede en dom -- 11 måneder,

and not only that,

og ikke nok med det,

but release every day to go to work.

men løsladt hver dag for at tage på arbejde.

Spend your night in jail, spend your day holding down a job.

Tilbring din nat i fængslet, tilbring din dag med at fastholde et job.

He did. He served out his sentence.

Det gjorde han. Han afsonede sin dom.

He made restitution

Han restituerede sig

and found himself a new job.

og fandt et nyt job.

And the family was united.

Og familien blev forenet.

And it seemed on the road

Og det lod til at være på vej

to some sort of a decent life --

mod en form for et anstændigt liv --

a happy ending to a story

en lykkelig slutning på en historie

involving wise improvisation

der involverede vis improvisation

from a wise judge.

fra en vis dommer.

But it turned out

Men det viste sig

the prosecutor was not happy

at anklageren ikke var glad

that Judge Forer ignored the sentencing guidelines

over at dommer Forer havde ignoreret retningslinjerne for strafudmåling

and sort of invented her own,

og på en måde havde opfundet sine egne,

and so he appealed.

så han appellerede.

And he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence

Og han bad om den obligatoriske minimumsstraf

for armed robbery.

for væbnet røveri.

He did after all have a toy gun.

Han havde trods alt en legetøjspistol.

The mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery

Den obligatoriske minimumsstraf for væbnet røveri

is five years.

er fem år.

He won the appeal.

Han vandt appellen.

Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.

Michael blev idømt fem år i fængslet.

Judge Forer had to follow the law.

Dommer Forer skulle følge loven.

And by the way, this appeal went through

Og for øvrigt, appellen kom igennem

after he had finished serving his sentence,

efter han havde afsonet sin straf,

so he was out and working at a job

så han var ude og arbejdede

and taking care of his family

og forsørgede sin familie

and he had to go back into jail.

og han skulle tilbage til fængslet.

Judge Forer did what she was required to do,

Dommer Forer gjorde hvad hun var påkrævet at gøre,

and then she quit the bench.

og så sagde hun sit dommersæde op.

And Michael disappeared.

Og Michael forsvandt.

So that is an example,

Så det er et eksempel,

both of wisdom in practice

på både visdom i praksis

and the subversion of wisdom

og undermineringen af visdom

by rules that are meant, of course, to make things better.

af regler der er til for, selvfølgelig, at gøre tingene bedre.

Now consider Ms. Dewey.

Overvej fr. Dewey.

Ms. Dewey's a teacher in a Texas elementary school.

Fr. Dewes er lærer på en folkeskole i Texas.

She found herself listening to a consultant one day

Hun lyttede en dag til en konsulent

who was trying to help teachers

der prøvede at hjælpe lærere

boost the test scores of the kids,

med at løfte børnenes scorer,

so that the school

så skolen

would reach the elite category

ville opnå den elite kategori

in percentage of kids passing big tests.

procentvis i antallet af børn der består de store test.

All these schools in Texas compete with one another

Alle disse skoler i Texas konkurrerer med hinanden

to achieve these milestones,

til at opnå disse milepæle,

and there are bonuses and various other treats

og der er bonusser og forskellige andre goder

that come if you beat the other schools.

der kommer hvis man vinder over de andre skoler.

So here was the consultant's advice:

Så her var konsulentens råd:

first, don't waste your time on kids

for det første, spild ikke tiden på børn

who are going to pass the test no matter what you do.

der består testen uanset hvad man gør.

Second, don't waste your time

For det andet, spild ikke tiden

on kids who can't pass the test

på børn der ikke består testen

no matter what you do.

uanset hvad man gør.

Third, don't waste your time

For det tredje, spild ikke tiden

on kids who moved into the district

på børn der for sent er flyttet til distriktet

too late for their scores to be counted.

for at deres scorer tæller med.

Focus all of your time and attention

Fokuser al ens tid og opmærksomhed

on the kids who are on the bubble,

på de børn der er boblere,

the so-called "bubble kids" --

de såkaldte "bobler børn" --

kids where your intervention

børn hvor ens indgriben

can get them just maybe over the line

med nød og næppe kan få dem over linjen

from failing to passing.

fra at dumpe til at bestå.

So Ms. Dewey heard this,

Så fr. Dewey hørte dette,

and she shook her head in despair

og hun rystede på hovedet i afmagt

while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on

mens medkollegaer mere eller mindre opmuntrede hinanden

and nodding approvingly.

og nikkede billigende.

It's like they were about to go play a football game.

Det er som om de skulle til at spille amerikansk fodbold.

For Ms. Dewey,

For fr. Dewey

this isn't why she became a teacher.

er dette ikke grunden til at hun blev lærer.

Now Ken and I are not naive,

Nu er Ken og jeg ikke naive,

and we understand that you need to have rules.

og vi forstår at man skal have regler.

You need to have incentives.

Man har brug for tilskyndelse.

People have to make a living.

Mennesker skal tjene penge.

But the problem

Men problemet

with relying on rules and incentives

med at sætte sin lid til regler og tilskyndelse

is that they demoralize

er at de demoraliserer

professional activity,

professionel aktivitet,

and they demoralize professional activity

og de demoraliserer professionel aktivitet

in two senses.

på to måder.

First, they demoralize the people

For det første, demoraliserer de mennesker

who are engaged in the activity.

der er engagerede i aktiviteten.

Judge Forer quits,

Dommer Forer siger op,

and Ms. Dewey in completely disheartened.

og fr. Dewey er blevet totalt nedslået.

And second,

Og for det andet,

they demoralize the activity itself.

de demoraliserer selve aktiviteten.

The very practice is demoralized,

Selve fremgangsmåden er demoraliserende,

and the practitioners are demoralized.

og de praktiserende bliver demoraliserede.

It creates people --

Det skaber mennesker --

when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing --

når man manipulerer tilskyndelser til at få mennesker til at gøre det rigtige --

it creates people

skaber det mennesker

who are addicted to incentives.

der er afhængige af tilskyndelse.

That is to say, it creates people

Det vil sige, det skaber mennesker

who only do things for incentives.

der kun gør ting for at få tilskyndelse.

Now the striking thing about this

Det slående ved dette

is that psychologists have known this

er at psykologer har vidst dette

for 30 years.

i 30 år.

Psychologists have known

Psykologer har kendt til

about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything

de negative konsekvenser af at skabe et incitament af alt

for 30 years.

i 30 år.

We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures,

Vi ved, at hvis man belønner børn for at tegne billeder,

they stop caring about the drawing

bliver de ligeglade med det at tegne

and care only about the reward.

og tænker kun på belønningen.

If you reward kids for reading books,

Hvis man belønner børn for at læse bøger,

they stop caring about what's in the books

bliver de ligeglade med hvad der er i bøgerne

and only care about how long they are.

og tænker kun på hvor lange de er.

If you reward teachers for kids' test scores,

Hvis man belønner lærere for børns score,

they stop caring about educating

bliver de ligeglade med at uddanne

and only care about test preparation.

og tænker kun på at forberede til test.

If you were to reward doctors

Hvis man ville belønne læger

for doing more procedures --

for at udføre flere indgreb --

which is the current system -- they would do more.

som er et nuværende system -- vil de udføre flere.

If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures,

Hvis man i stedet belønner læger for at udføre færre indgreb,

they will do fewer.

vil de udføre færre.

What we want, of course,

Det vi vil have, selvfølgelig,

is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures

er at lægerne der udfører præcis det rigtige antal indgreb

and do the right amount for the right reason --

og udfører det rigtige antal for de rigtige grunde --

namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.

nemlig, at sørge for patienternes ve og vel.

Psychologists have known this for decades,

Psykologer har vidst dette i årtier,

and it's time for policymakers

og det er på tide for beslutningstagere

to start paying attention

at begynde at lægge mærke

and listen to psychologists a little bit,

og lytte til psykologer en lille smule,

instead of economists.

i stedet for økonomer.

And it doesn't have to be this way.

Og det behøver ikke at være på denne måde.

We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.

Vi mener, Ken og jeg, at der er virkelige kilder til håb.

We identify one set of people

Vi identificerer en slags mennesker

in all of these practices

i alle disse kutymer

who we call canny outlaws.

som vi kalder kloge lovløse.

These are people

Der er mennesker

who, being forced to operate

der, bliver tvunget til at operere

in a system that demands rule-following

i et system der kræver at man følger regler

and creates incentives,

og skaber tilskyndelser,

find away around the rules,

finder en måde rundt om reglerne,

find a way to subvert the rules.

finder en måde til at omstyrte reglerne.

So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow,

Så der er lærere der har manuskripter de skal følge,

and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.

og de ved at de skal følge disse manuskripter, vil børnene ikke lære noget.

And so what they do is they follow the scripts,

Så det de gør er at de følger manuskripterne,

but they follow the scripts at double-time

men de følger manuskripterne dobbelt så hurtigt

and squirrel away little bits of extra time

og gemmer små ekstra stykker tid

during which they teach in the way

hvori de underviser på måden

that they actually know is effective.

som de faktisk ved er effektive.

So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes,

Så dette er små almindelige, helte i hverdagen,

and they're incredibly admirable,

og de er utrolig beundringsværdigt,

but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity

men der er ikke nogen måde hvorpå de kan bevare denne slags aktivitet

in the face of a system

overfor et system

that either roots them out

der enten udrydder dem

or grinds them down.

eller slider dem ned.

So canny outlaws are better than nothing,

Så kloge lovløse er bedre end ingenting,

but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw

men det er svært at forstille sig en klog lovløs

sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.

der fastholder det i en ubestemt tidsperiode.

More hopeful

De folk vi kalder

are people we call system-changers.

systemforandrerer.

These are people who are looking

Dette er mennesker der ser efter

not to dodge the system's rules and regulations,

ikke at undvige systemets regler og reguleringer,

but to transform the system,

men at forandre systemet,

and we talk about several.

og vi taler om adskillige.

One in particular

En bestemt

is a judge named Robert Russell.

er en dommer der hedder Robert Russell.

And one day he was faced

Og en dag blev han konfronteret

with the case of Gary Pettengill.

med sagen om Gary Pettengill.

Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet

Pettengill var en 23-årig krigsveteran

who had planned to make the army a career,

der havde planlagt at gøre karriere i hæren,

but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq,

men så fik han en alvorlig rygskade i Irak,

and that forced him to take a medical discharge.

og det tvang ham til at tage en helbredsmæssig hjemsendelse.

He was married, he had a third kid on the way,

Han blev gift, han havde et tredje barn på vej,

he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back,

han led af PTSD, ud over den dårlige ryg,

and recurrent nightmares,

og tilbagevendende mareridt,

and he had started using marijuana

og han begyndte at bruge marihuana

to ease some of the symptoms.

til at lindre nogle af symptomerne.

He was only able to get part-time work because of his back,

Han var kun i stand til at få et deltidsarbejde på grund af sin ryg,

and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table

så han var ikke i stand til at tjene nok til at få mad på bordet

and take care of his family.

og forsørge sin familie.

So he started selling marijuana.

Så han begyndte at sælge marihuana.

He was busted in a drug sweep.

Han blev taget i en narkorazzia.

His family was kicked out of their apartment,

Han familie blev sparket ud af deres lejlighed,

and the welfare system

og velfærdssystemet

was threatening to take away his kids.

truede med at tage hans børn fra ham.

Under normal sentencing procedures,

Under normale strafudmålingsprocedurer,

Judge Russell would have had little choice

ville dommer Russell ikke have haft noget valg

but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time

ud over at idømme Pettengill alvorlig fængselsstraf

as a drug felon.

som en narkoforbryder.

But Judge Russell did have an alternative.

Men dommer Russell havde dog et alternativ.

And that's because he was in a special court.

Og det er fordi han var i en speciel retssal.

He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.

Han var i en retssal der hedder Veterans Court.

In the Veterans' Court --

I Veterans Court --

this was the first of its kind in the United States.

dette var den første af sin slags i USA.

Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.

Dommer Russell skabte Veterans Court.

It was a court only for veterans

Det var en retssal kun for veteraner

who had broken the law.

der havde brudt loven.

And he had created it exactly because

Og han havde skabt det præcis fordi

mandatory sentencing laws

obligatoriske strafudmålingslove

were taking the judgment out of judging.

tog dommen ud af det at dømme.

No one wanted non-violent offenders --

Ingen ville have ikke-voldelige lovovertrædere --

and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot --

og specielt ikke-voldelige lovovertrædere der derudover var veteraner --

to be thrown into prison.

der bliver smidt i spjældet.

They wanted to do something about what we all know,

De ville gøre noget ved det vi alle ved,

namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.

nemlig retssystemets svingdør.

And what the Veterans' Court did,

Og det Veterans' Court gjorde,

was it treated each criminal as an individual,

var at den behandlede hver kriminel som et individ,

tried to get inside their problems,

prøvede at forstå deres problemer,

tried to fashion responses to their crimes

prøvede at finde på modsvar til deres forbrydelse

that helped them to rehabilitate themselves,

der hjalp dem med at rehabilitere sig selv,

and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.

og ikke glemme dem når dommen var faldet.

Stayed with them, followed up on them,

Blev hos dem, fulgte op på dem,

made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan

sikrede at de holdte sig til den plan

had been jointly developed

de havde udviklet sammen

to get them over the hump.

for at få dem over puklen.

There are now 22 cities

Der er nu 22 byer

that have Veterans' Courts like this.

der har Veterans' Court som dette.

Why has the idea spread?

Hvorfor har ideen spredt sig?

Well, one reason is

Jamen, en grund er

that Judge Russell

at dommer Russell

has now seen 108 vets

nu har set 108 veteraner

in his Veterans' Court

i sit Veterans' Court

as of February of this year,

fra februar i år,

and out of 108,

og ud af 108,

guess how many have gone back through

gæt engang hvor mange der er gået tilbage gennem

the revolving door of justice

retfærdighedens svingdør.

into prison.

til fængslet.

None. None.

Ingen. Ingen.

Anyone would glom onto

Hvem som helst ville skele til

a criminal justice system

et retssystem

that has this kind of a record.

der har denne statistik.

So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.

Så her er en system forandrer, og det ser ud til at smitte.

There's a banker

Der er en bankmand

who created a for-profit community bank

der skabte en for-profit bank i et nærsamfund

that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe --

der opfordrer bankfolk -- jeg ved dette er svært at tro på --

encouraged bankers who worked there to do well

opfordrer bankfolk der arbejdede der, til at gøre det godt

by doing good for their low-income clients.

ved at gøre det godt for deres lav-indkomst kunder.

The bank helped finance the rebuilding

Banken hjalp med at finansiere genopbygningen

of what was otherwise a dying community.

af hvad der ellers ville have været et døende nærsamfund

Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards,

Selvom deres lån modtagere var højrisiko efter normale standarder,

the default rate was extremely low.

var standard renten ekstremt lav.

The bank was profitable.

Banken tjente penge.

The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.

Bankfolkene blev hos deres lånmodtagere.

They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.

De lavede ikke lånene og solgte derefter lånene.

They serviced the loans.

De servicerede lånene.

They made sure that their loan recipients

De sikrede sig at deres lånere

were staying up with their payments.

vedligeholdte deres betalinger.

Banking hasn't always been

Bankforretninger har ikke altid været

the way we read about it now in the newspapers.

det som vi læser om i aviserne nu.

Even Goldman Sachs

Selv Goldman Sachs

once used to serve clients,

plejede engang at servicere kunder,

before it turned into an institution

inden det blev en institution

that serves only itself.

der kun servicerer sig selv.

Banking wasn't always this way,

Bankforretninger har ikke altid været på denne måde,

and it doesn't have to be this way.

og det behøver ikke at være på denne måde.

So there are examples like this in medicine --

Så der er eksempler som dette indenfor medicin --

doctors at Harvard

læger på Harvard

who are trying to transform medical education,

der prøver på at forvandle medicinuddannelsen,

so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion

så man ikke får den form for etiske erosion

and loss of empathy,

og tab af empati,

which characterizes most medical students

der karakteriserer de fleste medicinstuderende

in the course of their medical training.

i løbet af deres lægeuddannelse.

And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students

Og måden hvorpå de gør det, er at give deres tredjeårs lægestuderende

patients who they follow for an entire year.

patienter som de følger i et helt år.

So the patients are not organ systems,

Så patienterne er ikke organsystemer,

and they're not diseases;

og de er ikke sygdomme;

they're people, people with lives.

de er mennesker, mennesker med liv.

And in order to be an effective doctor,

Og for at være en effektiv læge,

you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.

skal man behandle mennesker der har liv og ikke kun sygdomme.

In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth,

Derudover er der en enorm mængde frem og tilbage,

mentoring of one student by another,

mentorfunktion af en studerende af en anden,

of all the students by the doctors,

af alle studerende af en læge,

and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors

og resultatet er en generation -- håber vi -- af læger

who do have time for the people they treat.

der har tid til de mennesker de behandler.

We'll see.

Vi får at se.

So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.

Så der er mange eksempler som dette på det vi har talt om.

Each of them shows that it is possible

Hver af dem viser at det er muligt

to build on and nurture character

at bygge på og pleje karakter

and keep a profession

og sørge for at en profession

true to its proper mission --

er tro mod den virkelige mission --

what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.

det Aristoteles ville have kaldt dens virkelige telos.

And Ken and I believe

Og Ken og jeg mener

that this is what practitioners actually want.

at dette er hvad de praktiserende virkelig vil have.

People want to be allowed

Mennesker vil have lov til at

to be virtuous.

være dydige.

They want to have permission to do the right thing.

De vil have lov til at gøre det rigtige.

They don't want to feel

De vil ikke føle

like they need to take a shower

at de har brug for et bad

to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday

for at få den moralske "snavs" af deres kroppe hver dag

when they come home from work.

når de kommer hjem fra arbejde.

Aristotle thought that practical wisdom

Aristoteles mente at praktisk visdom

was the key to happiness,

var nøglen til lykke,

and he was right.

og han havde ret.

There's now a lot of research being done in psychology

Der bliver nu lavet en masse forskning i psykologi

on what makes people happy,

om hvad der gør mennesker lykkelige,

and the two things that jump out in study after study --

og de to ting der hopper frem i studie efter studie --

I know this will come as a shock to all of you --

jeg ved at dette vil komme som et chok for jer alle --

the two things that matter most to happiness

de to ting der er vigtigst for lykke

are love and work.

er kærlighed og arbejde.

Love: managing successfully

Kærlighed: på en succesfuld måde styre

relations with the people who are close to you

forholdene med de mennesker der er tætte på en

and with the communities of which you are a part.

og med de nærsamfund som man er en del af.

Work: engaging in activities

Arbejde: at deltage i aktiviteter

that are meaningful and satisfying.

der er meningsfyldte og tilfredsstillende.

If you have that, good close relations with other people,

Hvis man har det, gode, tætte forhold med andre mennesker,

work that's meaningful and fulfilling,

et arbejde der er meningsfyldt og tilfredsstillende,

you don't much need anything else.

har man ikke brug for meget andet.

Well, to love well and to work well,

Jamen, for at elske godt og for at arbejde godt,

you need wisdom.

har man brug for visdom.

Rules and incentives don't tell you

Regler og tilskyndelser fortæller ikke en

how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent,

hvordan man er en god ven, hvordan man er en god forælder,

how to be a good spouse,

hvordan man er en god ægtefælle,

or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer

eller hvordan man er en god læge eller en god advokat

or a good teacher.

eller en god lærer.

Rules and incentives

Regler og tilskyndelser

are no substitutes for wisdom.

er ikke en erstatning for visdom.

Indeed, we argue,

Bestemt, vi argumenterer for,

there is no substitute for wisdom.

at der ikke er nogen erstatning for visdom.

And so practical wisdom

Så praktisk visdom

does not require

kræver ikke

heroic acts of self-sacrifice

heroiske handlinger af selvopofrelse

on the part of practitioners.

fra den praktiserendes side.

In giving us the will and the skill

Ved at give os viljen og evnen

to do the right thing -- to do right by others --

til at gøre det rette ---til at gøre det rette for andre --

practical wisdom also gives us

giver praktisk visdom også

the will and the skill

viljen og evnen

to do right by ourselves.

til at gøre det rette for os selv.

Thanks.

Tak.

(Applause)

(Bifald)